刑事司法改革在美國一直是一個備受關注的議題。多年以來,美國各州無論紅藍都在積極推進刑法和刑事訴訟制度改革,即便是在多事之秋的2021年也不例外。但是,美國的民事司法體系也同樣充滿不公之處,而且法院每年審理的民事案件的數量更是遠非刑事案件可比。
要想徹底糾正司法體系的種種弊端,必然需要曠日持久的全面改革。但改革的第一步卻是相對簡單的:政策制定者應該給某些創新技術開綠燈,好讓它們幫助人們更好地捍衛自身權利。
司法改革的必要性和迫切性從一項統計數據就能看出——美國每年有70%的訴訟當事人是親自應訴的,也就是說,每年都有幾百萬美國人打著沒有代理人的官司。在美國,窮人可以申請免費的法律援助,富人請得起付費的律師,不過絕大多數人卻處于一種尷尬中間態,他們需要獨自面對這個由律師設計且只有律師才玩得轉的司法體系。雖然法院也嘗試過推出一些自助式的法律服務技術,但它們要么不好用,要么用不好。這其實也是一種危險的不公平,缺乏法律知識的普通人,很有可能因為一場官司而輸掉房子,失去醫保,丟掉飯碗,甚至失去再見到親人的機會。
想想美國法庭上每天都在上演哪些案件吧:一個“背靠背”部署的退伍老兵因為拖欠賬單被告上法庭,他想向法官解釋自己為什么沒法及時付賬單,但卻怎么也說服不了法官。一個外國移民操著一口稀爛的英語,試圖告訴法官,他的房東之所以轟他出去,完全是由于種族歧視。一個單親媽媽想向法庭申請寶寶的撫養權,但她前夫卻聘請了一整個法律團隊跟她斗……實際上在很多時候,這些老兵、移民和單親媽媽甚至根本不會出現在法庭上,因為法律程序的復雜性足以“勸退”很多試圖維權的人。但是如果他們知道自己有哪些權利,知道怎么走法律流程、怎么說服法官,他們說不定就能保住自己的信用、房子和寶寶。
解決這些問題的終極方案,是一場全面的民事司法改革。這是各州立法機構必須推動的事,就像近十幾年來刑事司法改革領域所取得的進展一樣。不過改革是需要時間來探索、實施和開花結果的。而在短期內,能幫助普通人打官司的最有效的工具,仍然是科技手段。
現行的民事司法體系早已遠遠落后于當前的技術革命。大多數的法院只有一個官方網站,訴訟當事人只能在上面下載一些表格,了解一些訴訟流程或者其他一些零零碎碎的信息。對于自己打官司的當事人來說,上這些網站就好比剛買了新車但還沒背過交規,硬著頭皮開的必然后果就是撞南墻。訴訟當事人真正需要的,是深入了解自己的法律權利,有哪些方法可以為自己辯護,而這些卻是科技手段可以提供的。如今的數字化平臺已經可以引導人們走好民事司法體系的每一步,確保他們擁有捍衛自身權利所需的知識。
那么,是哪些因素阻礙了這些技術創新呢?首先,大多數州都沒有提供推動民事司法體系現代化所需的資金,還有很多州歷來對司法體系改革懷有敵意。比如佛羅里達州最近封禁了一款APP,這款APP的作用是可以讓收到超速罰單的駕駛員聯系上律師。由于當權者缺乏開放心態,導致整整一代創新者的努力被扼殺了,他們中的很多人是有使命感的,是以解決司法體系中的問題為己任的。問題是,雖然他們有這種意愿,但改革的大門卻被關上了。
好在這種情況也在發生改變。有些州已經認識到,科技可以為尋求正義的普通人帶來巨大的好處。比如猶他州的高級法院建立了一個“法律沙盒”,以試驗包括科技手段在內的各種法律服務。還有幾個州也在建立自己的“沙盒”。
各州的政策制定者,包括立法者和法官,都應該確保更多的州效仿這種做法??萍伎梢宰尭嗳双@得經濟承受范圍內的法律服務。就像TurboTax可以讓人自行報稅、Legalzoom可以讓人自行創建法律文書一樣,有了創新的科技平臺的加持,普通人就算不請律師,也有希望打贏官司。人們對這種平臺的需求是迫切的,至少70%的民事訴訟當事人都能從這種技術中受益。
從2010年代中期開始,首席大法官會議和州法院行政官會議就在呼吁各州開展民事司法改革。而加大創新技術的推廣力度,則是改革所必需的第一步。
雖然技術革新并不能解決民事司法體系里的多數弊病——這只有全面改革才能做得到,但它卻能讓這個長期缺乏創新的領域產生立竿見影的變化。人們打官司并不是為了聽天由命,打官司求的是一個戰斗的機會,來拼死保衛他們的權利。(財富中文網)
本文作者Patrick Forrest是法律服務公司Quest for Justice的聯合創始人、首席策略官,另一作者Binh Dang是該公司總裁。
譯者:樸成奎
刑事司法改革在美國一直是一個備受關注的議題。多年以來,美國各州無論紅藍都在積極推進刑法和刑事訴訟制度改革,即便是在多事之秋的2021年也不例外。但是,美國的民事司法體系也同樣充滿不公之處,而且法院每年審理的民事案件的數量更是遠非刑事案件可比。
要想徹底糾正司法體系的種種弊端,必然需要曠日持久的全面改革。但改革的第一步卻是相對簡單的:政策制定者應該給某些創新技術開綠燈,好讓它們幫助人們更好地捍衛自身權利。
司法改革的必要性和迫切性從一項統計數據就能看出——美國每年有70%的訴訟當事人是親自應訴的,也就是說,每年都有幾百萬美國人打著沒有代理人的官司。在美國,窮人可以申請免費的法律援助,富人請得起付費的律師,不過絕大多數人卻處于一種尷尬中間態,他們需要獨自面對這個由律師設計且只有律師才玩得轉的司法體系。雖然法院也嘗試過推出一些自助式的法律服務技術,但它們要么不好用,要么用不好。這其實也是一種危險的不公平,缺乏法律知識的普通人,很有可能因為一場官司而輸掉房子,失去醫保,丟掉飯碗,甚至失去再見到親人的機會。
想想美國法庭上每天都在上演哪些案件吧:一個“背靠背”部署的退伍老兵因為拖欠賬單被告上法庭,他想向法官解釋自己為什么沒法及時付賬單,但卻怎么也說服不了法官。一個外國移民操著一口稀爛的英語,試圖告訴法官,他的房東之所以轟他出去,完全是由于種族歧視。一個單親媽媽想向法庭申請寶寶的撫養權,但她前夫卻聘請了一整個法律團隊跟她斗……實際上在很多時候,這些老兵、移民和單親媽媽甚至根本不會出現在法庭上,因為法律程序的復雜性足以“勸退”很多試圖維權的人。但是如果他們知道自己有哪些權利,知道怎么走法律流程、怎么說服法官,他們說不定就能保住自己的信用、房子和寶寶。
解決這些問題的終極方案,是一場全面的民事司法改革。這是各州立法機構必須推動的事,就像近十幾年來刑事司法改革領域所取得的進展一樣。不過改革是需要時間來探索、實施和開花結果的。而在短期內,能幫助普通人打官司的最有效的工具,仍然是科技手段。
現行的民事司法體系早已遠遠落后于當前的技術革命。大多數的法院只有一個官方網站,訴訟當事人只能在上面下載一些表格,了解一些訴訟流程或者其他一些零零碎碎的信息。對于自己打官司的當事人來說,上這些網站就好比剛買了新車但還沒背過交規,硬著頭皮開的必然后果就是撞南墻。訴訟當事人真正需要的,是深入了解自己的法律權利,有哪些方法可以為自己辯護,而這些卻是科技手段可以提供的。如今的數字化平臺已經可以引導人們走好民事司法體系的每一步,確保他們擁有捍衛自身權利所需的知識。
那么,是哪些因素阻礙了這些技術創新呢?首先,大多數州都沒有提供推動民事司法體系現代化所需的資金,還有很多州歷來對司法體系改革懷有敵意。比如佛羅里達州最近封禁了一款APP,這款APP的作用是可以讓收到超速罰單的駕駛員聯系上律師。由于當權者缺乏開放心態,導致整整一代創新者的努力被扼殺了,他們中的很多人是有使命感的,是以解決司法體系中的問題為己任的。問題是,雖然他們有這種意愿,但改革的大門卻被關上了。
好在這種情況也在發生改變。有些州已經認識到,科技可以為尋求正義的普通人帶來巨大的好處。比如猶他州的高級法院建立了一個“法律沙盒”,以試驗包括科技手段在內的各種法律服務。還有幾個州也在建立自己的“沙盒”。
各州的政策制定者,包括立法者和法官,都應該確保更多的州效仿這種做法。科技可以讓更多人獲得經濟承受范圍內的法律服務。就像TurboTax可以讓人自行報稅、Legalzoom可以讓人自行創建法律文書一樣,有了創新的科技平臺的加持,普通人就算不請律師,也有希望打贏官司。人們對這種平臺的需求是迫切的,至少70%的民事訴訟當事人都能從這種技術中受益。
從2010年代中期開始,首席大法官會議和州法院行政官會議就在呼吁各州開展民事司法改革。而加大創新技術的推廣力度,則是改革所必需的第一步。
雖然技術革新并不能解決民事司法體系里的多數弊病——這只有全面改革才能做得到,但它卻能讓這個長期缺乏創新的領域產生立竿見影的變化。人們打官司并不是為了聽天由命,打官司求的是一個戰斗的機會,來拼死保衛他們的權利。(財富中文網)
本文作者Patrick Forrest是法律服務公司Quest for Justice的聯合創始人、首席策略官,另一作者Binh Dang是該公司總裁。
譯者:樸成奎
Criminal justice reform gets all the attention. For years, red and blue states alike have enacted sweeping reforms to criminal laws and sentencing, and 2021 was no exception. Yet the civil justice system is also rife with injustice, and it hears far more cases than criminal courts.
Ending this crisis is a long-term effort requiring comprehensive reform, but the first step is relatively simple: Policymakers should greenlight innovative technologies that will help people better defend their rights.
The need for reform is made clear by a single statistic: A stunning 70% of litigants–millions of people every year–are self-represented. The truly poor can get free lawyers through legal aid, while the rich can easily afford an attorney. The overwhelming majority of people are stuck in the middle. They’re left alone to navigate a legal system designed by lawyers and for lawyers. While courts have tried to offer self-help technology, it’s woefully inaccessible or incomplete. That’s injustice–plain and simple–because the lack of support leaves millions of people at a high risk of losing their home, their health care, their paycheck, their freedom to see loved ones, and more.
Consider the kinds of cases that play out in courtrooms every day. A veteran who was on back-to-back deployments tries to persuade a judge why he needs more time to pay his bills but can’t. An immigrant speaking broken English struggling to explain that his landlord wants to evict him for racist reasons. A single mother pleads for custody of her infant daughter, but her ex-husband’s legal team runs circles around her. In many cases, the veteran, immigrant, and mother don’t even show up to court because the legal process is too complicated. They may have kept their credit, their apartment, or their baby if they had understood their rights, the legal procedures, and how to persuade a judge.
The solution to this widespread problem is comprehensive civil justice reform. That’s something state lawmakers must drive, just as they have done for more than a decade with criminal justice reform. Worthwhile reforms will take some time to identify, implement, and take effect. In the short run, technology can help people better represent themselves.
To date, the civil justice system has been left behind by the technology revolution. Most courts only offer self-represented litigants access to a public website containing forms, logistical instructions, and fragmented information. For self-represented litigants, these websites are like getting your first car but not being taught the rules of the road–a fast track to a crash. Self-represented litigants need a deeper understanding of their legal rights and the ways to defend them, which technology can provide. Digital platforms can guide people through every stage of the civil justice system, ensuring they have the knowledge needed to defend their rights.
What’s stopping such technological innovation? Most states haven’t provided funding to modernize their civil justice systems. Many others have historically been hostile to change. For example, Florida recently banned an app that connects drivers who receive speeding tickets with lawyers. The lack of openness has stifled an entire generation of tech innovators, huge numbers of whom are mission-driven and committed to tackling problems in the justice system. The will is there, but the door has been shut.
Fortunately, that’s starting to change. Some states now recognize that technology can be a massive boon to regular people seeking justice. Utah’s Supreme Court has created a “legal sandbox” for experimentation in legal services, including through technology. Others are setting up sandboxes of their own.
Policymakers–including lawmakers and judges–should ensure that more states follow suit. Technology can transform people’s access to affordable legal support at scale. Just as TurboTax has enabled people to file their own taxes and Legalzoom has enabled them to create legal documents on their own, technology could empower self-represented litigants to succeed on their own in court. That’s an urgent need, and something seven out of 10 people who go to civil court would benefit from.
The Conference of Chief Justices and Conference of State Court Administrators have called for civil justice reform since the mid-2010s. Expanding access to innovative technology is a necessary first step.
While it cannot solve most (or even many) of the problems that bedevil the civil justice system, which only comprehensive reform can do, technology can still make an immediate impact in an area that has seen hardly any innovation to date. Society doesn’t just owe people their day in court. It owes them a fighting chance to protect their rights.
Patrick Forrest is co-founder and chief strategy officer and Binh Dang is president of Quest for Justice, which provides civil litigation assistance.