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停用減肥藥后,身材還能保持苗條嗎?

這些減肥初創公司告訴客戶,他們可以停止注射司美格魯肽注射液諾和泰和威哥維,并保持苗條身材。醫生持不同意見。

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被稱為GLP-1的減肥藥似乎非常有效。但如果停止服藥會發生什么情況呢?圖片來源:PHOTO BY RICARDO RUBIO/EUROPA PRESS VIA GETTY IMAGES

“不必永遠注射司美格魯肽注射液諾和泰。”

如果你在谷歌上搜索過如何減肥,或者讀過好萊塢最新的靈丹妙藥司美格魯肽注射液諾和泰(Ozempic),你的社交媒體就可能會出現這句話。這則粉色廣告是估值37億美元的減肥初創公司Noom近幾個月在Reddit、Instagram 和臉書(Facebook)上發布的宣傳活動的一部分,廣告顯示該藥物的藍色注射筆在一條不超過一年的時間軸下方來回移動。

這則廣告所承諾的正是價值900億美元的美國減肥產業的“圣杯”,是美國人(尤其是美國女性)幾代以來一直都在尋找并愿意為之付出高昂代價的良方,從而帶來無后顧之憂的全新苗條身材。實現快速減肥,然后回到你熟悉的生活,外表看起來更瘦,更健康,也更快樂。毋庸置疑,自從包括司美格魯肽注射液諾和泰、威哥維(Wegovy)和Zepbound(Tirzepatide,替西帕肽)在內的新型GLP-1抑制食欲藥物進入公眾視野以來,近10億美元的風投資金已注入這一日益壯大的減肥公司領域,根據皮特齊布克公司(Pitchbook)過去一年半的數據,目前該領域已充斥著開具此類藥物處方的初創公司。

誠然,這些藥物的減肥效果似乎驚人,改變了許多肥胖癥患者的生活。但是,一些開具這些藥物處方的初創公司所承諾的第二部分——“無需一直服藥”的那部分,或者說這些藥物可以“重置”你的新陳代謝的概念——則更有爭議。制藥商諾和諾德(Novo Nordisk)和禮來(Eli Lilly)已經非常明確地表示,這些藥物需要長期使用,就像治療高血壓的藥物一樣,不應短期服用。

事實上,接受《財富》雜志采訪的七位醫生表示,迄今為止大量醫學試驗表明,一般來說,停止服用藥物的人會在一年左右的時間內恢復減掉的大部分體重。《財富》雜志還采訪了五位停止服用GLP-1藥物的人,他們都表示,在停止服用藥物后,體重開始反彈,對食物的渴望也恢復了。

安吉拉·費奇(Angela Fitch)博士說:“根本不存在所謂的‘新陳代謝重置’。”她是初級保健和肥胖藥物提供商Knownwell的首席醫療官,也是肥胖癥醫學協會(Obesity Medicine Association)的前任主席。布列根和婦女醫院(Brigham and Women’s Hospital)體重管理與健康中心的聯合主任卡洛琳·阿波維安(Caroline Apovian)博士對此表示贊同:“研究一次又一次地表明,如果停止服藥,你的體重就會反彈回來。”

Noom并不是唯一一家將GLP-1藥物作為具有長期療效的短期用藥進行營銷的初創公司。Calibrate從2020年開始開具減肥藥,作為減肥項目的一部分,該公司在顯眼位置將這些藥物描述為“改善代謝的短期用輔助藥物”。在丹麥,一家由風投資金支持的初創公司Embla在其網站上表示,它提供GLP-1藥物的“目的很明確,即在您達到目標體重后,健康地過渡到停藥期。”(其他公司,包括減肥巨頭WeightWatchers和Ro等新近成立的公司,也開始涉足GLP-1藥物,不過它們在宣傳中都明確表示,這些藥物需要長期服用。)

Noom的一位女發言人將這一問題部分歸結為客戶需求:當被問及該公司將司美格魯肽注射液諾和泰作為一種在有限時間內服用的藥物進行營銷時,她強調,大多數患者并不希望永遠服用這種藥物,并指出,研究顯示,“68%的人在第12個月停止服用GLP-1藥物,這表明許多人不愿意永遠服用這種藥物。這一點再怎么強調都不為過。”

雖然市場上用于治療2型糖尿病的GLP-1藥物已有數十年歷史,但直到最近,部分藥物才被調整,并被美國食品藥品監督管理局(FDA)批準用于減肥治療,因此對這些藥物及其長期副作用和風險的研究仍處于起步階段。人們在停用GLP-1藥物后能否保持減肥效果仍在持續研究中:科學還遠沒有定論。

Noom、Calibrate和Embla都表示,有初步數據支持它們的觀點,即許多人在停藥后可以通過運動和飲食保持減肥效果(盡管《財富》雜志采訪的一些醫生對這些研究持懷疑態度)。有趣的是,也有一些人通過堅持嚴格的飲食和鍛煉計劃成功做到了這一點。

但很顯然,并不是每個人都能堅持如此高強度的訓練計劃,這正是減肥藥要解決的部分問題。研究人員雷根·查斯坦(Ragen Chastain)表示,由于服用或停用這類新型藥物對健康的長期影響的確切數據如此之少,減肥公司提出的可以短期服用這些藥物的建議令人擔憂。雷根·查斯坦是通過職業驗證的患者權益倡導者,也是一篇探討體重科學的通訊的作者。“他們是根據短期數據做出長期承諾。”她說,并指出即使是這些數據“實際上也不一定能支持他們的說法。”

就目前而言,藥物輔助減肥產業仍處于淘金熱時期——有些患者一生都在與體重作斗爭,但卻無法通過節食或運動來減肥——如今在服用藥物的同時實現減肥目標。

但正如Noom指出的那樣,似乎大多數服用這些新藥的人,不管是否使用減肥公司的處方,最終都會停藥,無論是因為費用、藥物短缺、副作用,還是因為厭惡長期服藥。根據最近的一項保險理賠分析,三分之二的患者在開始服藥一年內停藥。

這些放棄服藥的人能否保持體重,或者像許多其他曾快速減肥的人一樣,體重出現“溜溜球”式地反彈?在未來的幾個月甚至幾年里,這可能會成為一個越來越緊迫的問題。但這種不確定性并沒有阻止一些公司向客戶保證,他們可以隨意服用或停藥。

查斯坦指出,競爭激烈的創業世界對新藥推廣來說是個不同尋常的地方,因為風險投資人施加了擴大規模的壓力。她說:“那種‘快速行動、打破陳規’的文化一旦應用到人身上,人就變成了‘事物’,這真的很危險。”她后來補充道:“當創業文化與醫療保健碰撞時,就會產生很多潛在的危害。”

從追求苗條身材的欲望中獲利數十億美元

這就不難理解為什么投資者將GLP-1藥物市場視為一個極具規模的市場了。摩根大通資產管理(J.P. Morgan Asset Management)的數據顯示,華爾街分析師預計,未來六年內,減肥藥的年收入將在330億至1000億美元之間。諾和諾德和禮來是生產這些藥物的主要制藥公司,它們的市值已經飆升,諾和諾德的市值已經超過了其總部所在國丹麥的國內生產總值。從你最好的朋友到你最喜歡的電影明星,再到埃隆·馬斯克(Elon Musk),似乎每個人都在談論利用司美格魯肽(諾和泰和威哥維的活性成分)、替西帕肽(以Mounjaro或Zepbound的形式)或利拉魯肽(Saxenda的活性成分)來減肥。

將這些藥物作為減肥項目的一部分來兜售的初創公司正不斷吸引資金。例如,Ro在2022年1月以70億美元的估值籌集了超過1.5億美元的資金。Calibrate已融資超過1.6億美元。其他十幾家初創公司也進入了這一領域,提供遠程醫療預約和GLP-1藥物處方——包括Measured、Nextmed、Mochi Health、Accomplish Health、Sunrise,以及熱門的直接面向消費者的公司Hims & Hers。包括老虎環球管理基金(Tiger Global)、General Catalyst、創始人基金(Founders Fund)和銀湖資本(Silver Lake Partners)在內的風投公司已向這些公司投入了數億美元。

考慮到停藥率,不難理解為什么暗示可以短期使用GLP-1藥物會吸引客戶。醫生告訴《財富》雜志,有些患者不喜歡終生服藥的想法。許多人還會出現令人不適的副作用,如惡心、嚴重疲勞或無法進食。在某些情況下,患者認為他們不再需要藥物治療,因為他們已經達到了自己的目標,并且覺得表現良好——攝入更少、選擇更健康的食物和鍛煉身體。

這些藥物也很昂貴:如果沒有保險,GLP-1藥物月服用量的費用通常在930美元到1350美元之間,研究表明,大多數服用GLP-1藥物的人至少要自己支付部分費用(如果不是全部的話),尤其是在一些保險計劃在支付費用方面變得越來越嚴格的情況下。

24歲的營銷策略師里·夏爾馬(Ri Sharma)在2023年注射諾和泰后體重減輕了61磅(約合27.7公斤),她表示:“實際上,我想重新注射諾和泰,從1月份開始我就一直在嘗試,但保險公司不批準任何GLP-1藥物。”夏爾馬在去年11月達到目標體重后就停藥了,但她的食欲在2月下旬再次恢復,現在體重已經反彈了一半左右。她說:“我只是比以前攝入更多食物。”

24歲的營銷策略師里·夏爾馬在達到目標體重后,于2023年停止注射諾和泰。如今,針對減肥藥的費用,她的保險不予報銷。圖片來源:COURTESY OF RI SHARMA

生產GLP-1藥物的公司不遺余力地宣稱,這些藥物不應暫時服用。諾和諾德的一位發言人說:“肥胖癥是一種慢性疾病,就像任何其他慢性疾病一樣,應被當作慢性疾病來治療。”禮來公司發言人說:"除了低熱量飲食和增加體育鍛煉外,我們還希望將Zepbound納入成人肥胖癥患者的疾病持續管理策略。”

美國食品藥品監督管理局告訴《財富》雜志,該局對處方藥的營銷和分銷進行監管,公司有責任不誤導消費者,并在產品營銷中做到誠實守信。不過,該機構拒絕對任何具體公司發表評論,也不愿透露它是否已經進行調查或發出任何警告,并指出美國食品藥品監督管理局“通常不對未決或潛在的合規問題發表評論。”

‘我們希望確保口徑一致’

Calibrate是首批進入這個已趨于飽和的領域的減肥公司之一。2019年,該公司由創業工作室ReDesign Health創立。Calibrate的創始人兼首任首席執行官伊莎貝爾·凱尼恩(Isabelle Kenyon)在肥胖科學領域的領軍人物之一唐娜·瑞安(Donna Ryan)博士和其他顧問的幫助下,設立了為期12個月的“新陳代謝重置”項目,承諾在一年內減掉10%的體重。該項目的費用為每月199美元,不包括藥物費用,其特點是提供GLP-1藥物處方和每兩周一次的一對一指導課程。

雖然該公司從未在減肥藥逐漸減量方面做過任何廣告,但在油管(YouTube)視頻和博客帖子中,Calibrate將其為期一年的項目描述為一種“重置”客戶新陳代謝的方式,并表示“Calibrate醫生開出的GLP-1藥物,是改善新陳代謝的短期用輔助藥物。”Calibrate的創始人凱尼恩在2022年的一次醫療保健會議上接受采訪時,在鏡頭前描述了Calibrate的工作方式,她說:“我們幫助人們用藥,改變其行為方式,也幫助人們實現停藥,總體護理費用對治療肥胖癥來說是合理的。”

Calibrate的一位女發言人聲稱,該公司在上市時并沒有就逐漸減少藥物使用正式表態。但兩位熟悉該公司上市情況的人士表示,Calibrate的上市戰略和對教練的指導,從一開始就圍繞著短期使用GLP-1藥物可能有效的理念展開。

伊莎貝爾·凱尼恩是專注于減肥的初創公司Calibrate的創始人兼首席執行官。圖片來源:TAYLOR HILL—GETTY IMAGES

一位前Calibrate健康教練說:“我們希望確保口徑一致:服藥是暫時的,目標是逐漸減少藥物的使用,而不是永久服用GLP-1藥物。”她在公司工作期間曾與數百名公司客戶打過交道,但她要求匿名,以便討論前雇主。一位曾參與Calibrate最初營銷策略的人士(《財富》雜志允許其匿名,因為他們仍在該領域工作,擔心遭到報復)也認為,公司一直在傳遞這樣的信息:“重置你的新陳代謝,堅持一年,然后你就可以瘦下來,重拾快樂。”凱尼恩拒絕就此發表評論。

在Calibrate成立之初,關于患者停止使用GLP-1藥物后何時或能否保持減肥效果的科學研究還很少,但此后出現的大量研究表明,很少有人能在停藥后保持減肥效果。Calibrate負責臨床開發的副總裁克里斯汀·拜爾(Kristin Baier)博士在接受《財富》雜志采訪時承認,在公司成立之初,沒有任何研究表明可以短期服用這些藥物。

這位前Calibrate健康教練提出了影響這家初創公司戰略的另一個要素:保險公司愿意為哪些藥物買單。她說,一些保險公司不愿長期為這些昂貴的藥物買單,所以Calibrate的“切入角度是:我們將利用保險公司讓人們實現他們需要的治療效果,然后一旦保險不再支付,你就無法再購買這些昂貴的藥物了。但這沒關系,因為這些減肥公司表示人們仍能保持減肥效果。但需要注意的是,你的體重會出現一點反彈,但不會反彈很多。”

Calibrate則表示,他們以患者的利益為重,并承認,考慮到供應鏈短缺、保險覆蓋范圍限制、藥物成本、副作用問題,或者患者不愿意永遠服用一種藥物,他們中的許多人不會終身服用減肥藥。

Calibrate的發言人在一份事先準備好的聲明中表示:“Calibrate并沒有拋棄這些人,而是為他們提供生活方式和指導支持,幫助他們在停藥后保持新陳代謝健康。我們的項目從來都不只針對藥物;Calibrate一直致力于為更多人提供全面代謝健康護理的機會,并實現可持續發展。作為一家公司,我們認為重要的是要認識到GLP-1藥物的使用并不總是持續的,并制定計劃和方案來支持患者的整個健康旅程。”

‘來得快,去得也快’

在Calibrate上市幾年后,該公司開始收集客戶停藥時會發生什么情況的數據。據報道,這些數據描繪了一幅患者保持減肥效果的樂觀圖景,但這些數據未經同行評議,而且是從109名客戶的相對較小的樣本中收集的,時間僅為6個半月。Calibrate拒絕向《財富》雜志分享完整的研究報告,但拜爾博士表示,在停藥后的26周內,93%的患者減重保持在10%以上,82%的患者減重保持在15%以上——前提是在藥物減量的同時改變飲食、運動、睡眠和情緒健康(這也是醫生幾十年來一直推薦的減肥方法)。

在對Calibrate首席執行官羅布·麥克諾頓(Rob MacNaughton)和拜爾博士的采訪中,兩人都引用了這些內部數據作為該公司模式的證據,并表示“相當一部分人”或“一些人”可以停藥并保持減肥效果。拜爾博士指出,那些表明必須長期服藥的大型研究是由制藥商資助的。

拜爾博士在隨后發出的一份書面聲明中表示:“毫無疑問,有些人在持續不間斷的藥物支持下會取得最佳效果。但其他人也許可以通過過渡到低劑量、減少注射頻率、過渡到不同的減肥藥物來保持效果,或者正如我們在糖尿病和高血壓等同樣嚴重依賴藥物治療的平行領域所看到的那樣,通過完全停藥同時改變生活方式來保持效果。”Calibrate的顧問瑞安博士說,“我們確實需要更好的證據"來證明一些人在停止服用GLP-1藥物后仍能保持減肥效果,但她認為"Calibrate所做的是與患者共同做出決策,并努力適應藥物可及性不確定的環境。”

自Calibrate上市以來,由諾和泰制造商諾和諾德資助的一項規模更大、經同行評議的研究結果于2022年公布。該研究是一項試驗的延伸,追蹤了327人,結果顯示,228名停止服用司美格魯肽的參與者在一年內平均恢復了之前減重的三分之二。2023年,由禮來(Mounjaro和Zepbound的制造商)贊助的第二項研究發表了。這項研究回顧了783名成年人在服用替西帕肽36周后的反應,發現其中335人在停藥并改用無效對照劑約一年后,體重平均恢復了14%,而另一組繼續服用GLP-1藥物的患者體重又減少了5.5%。

居住在馬薩諸塞州的54歲律師米歇爾·伊舍伍德(Michelle Isherwood)是在社交媒體上看到Calibrate后開始參與相關項目的。她使用該平臺約六個月時間,并服用GLP-1藥物,在出現不良反應后停藥時,她的體重減輕了約50磅(約合22.7公斤)。她認為停藥并不是什么大不了的事:她想減多少就減多少,而且在她看來,公司在她服藥兩年期間所傳達的信息表明,“除非你是糖尿病患者,否則沒有必要繼續服用GLP-1藥物。”但伊舍伍德告訴《財富》雜志,在六到八個月的時間里,當生活中出現壓力時,她又恢復了以前的行為方式,體重反彈了大約20磅(約合9公斤)——這是她以前經歷過的熟悉模式。

伊舍伍德說:“我只是沒有做我應該做的事情。”她說,在服藥期間,“你就是不餓”。但一旦停藥,她說:“我就更想吃了。”不過,在參加了兩年的Calibrate減肥項目后,她對自己目前的體重狀況感到滿意。

米歇爾·伊舍伍德是在社交媒體上了解Calibrate后加入相關項目。她說,該公司傳達的信息表明,“除非你是糖尿病患者,否則沒有必要繼續服用 GLP-1藥物。”圖片來源:COURTESY OF MICHELLE ISHERWOOD

在向美國聯邦貿易委員會(Federal Trade Commission)提交并通過《信息自由法》(Freedom of Information Act Request)請求獲得的關于Calibrate的匿名投訴中,一名患者寫道:“我已經恢復了最初減掉的一半體重,這意味著大約六個月的努力付之東流。”另一位客戶說,他們一停藥體重就開始反彈,于是報名參加了Calibrate第二年的項目,重新開始服藥。

其他接受《財富》雜志采訪的人也表示,他們在停藥后不久體重就反彈了。這些人直接從初級保健醫生而不是初創公司那里獲得了藥物。31歲的軟件工程師克勞迪婭·卡斯特羅(Claudia Castro)在注射諾和泰的頭兩個月里體重下降了約33磅(約合15公斤)。由于要自掏腰包和搬家,她停止了服藥,結果在幾個月后體重又反彈了約23磅(約合10公斤)——約為之前減掉的體重的70%。“來得快,去得也快,”她說,并指出她開始去看營養學家并鍛煉身體,體重又開始下降了。

南加州大學凱克醫學院(Keck Medicine of Medicine of USC)的內分泌學家艾莉莎·多明格斯(Alyssa Dominguez)博士表示:“尤其是當我們停止服用這些藥物時,極其強烈的饑餓感會重新襲來,因此停藥和體重反彈之間有很大的關聯。”還有證據表明,減肥后,許多人的新陳代謝實際上會減慢,這使得維持或繼續減重變得越來越艱難。

《華爾街日報》的編輯布拉德利·奧爾森(Bradley Olson)最近詳細講述了他在服用Mounjaro后減掉40磅(約合18公斤)體重,然后停藥的經歷。他把停藥后的四個月稱為“輪盤賭,經歷了暴飲暴食、節食、鍛煉,以及在意志力、自我形象和動力方面與自己進行精神和情感上的斗爭。”奧爾森說,他在兩個月內體重反彈了5磅(約合2.3公斤),但最終還是通過嚴格的減肥計劃實現減重目標:每周鍛煉12個小時,并攝入高蛋白飲食。

初步的或有爭議的科學

到2023年5月Noom進入GLP-1藥物領域時,由禮來和諾和諾德資助的研究都已發表,這些研究發現,大多數人在停藥后體重都會出現大幅反彈。

盡管如此,Noom的Noom Med項目——除了藥費和標準的Noom訂閱費用外,每月還還需支付49美元——開始把GLP-1藥物作為短期用藥進行營銷。該公司時任首席醫療官、現已離職的琳達·阿內加瓦(Linda Anegawa)博士在2023年10月的一次健康會議上表示,Noom估計,80%服用GLP-1藥物的客戶將能夠“成功戒斷”,即戒掉藥物。(截至發稿時,Noom尚未向《財富》雜志提供數據支持這一說法。)

Noom在Reddit、Instagram和臉書上投放了廣告,上面寫著“不必永遠服用減肥藥”,“不必永遠注射諾和泰”,“對于大多數患者來說,GLP-1藥物不是‘永久’的解決方案。”(Noom多次拒絕了讓公司人員接受采訪的請求,阿內加瓦博士多次沒有回應置評請求。)

今年2月,Noom的阿內加瓦博士在一場直播活動中進一步詳細解釋了Noom的項目是如何運作的——他說,一旦患者在服用GLP-1藥物期間達到目標,“就可以開始停藥過程”。與Calibrate類似,Noom也表示改變飲食和進行鍛煉可以保持體重。然而,在同一段視頻中,阿內加瓦博士承認,逐漸減少藥物使用“正在持續研究中”,目前還沒有研究表明患者何時可以停止服用GLP-1藥物并成功保持減肥效果。她說:“目前確實沒有任何數據表明服用GLP-1藥物的時間跨度與維持體重的能力有關。”

當《財富》雜志問及有哪些研究支持短期使用GLP-1藥物時,Noom、Calibrate和Embla都分享了相同的數據點和彼此的內部研究。他們認為,正如Noom的女發言人所說,“許多研究表明,停藥后體重持續下降。”

然而,他們提交的研究報告凸顯了這一特定領域仍處于起步階段。今年早些時候的一項研究表明,在20274名服用司美格魯肽至少減重5磅(約合2.3公斤)的患者中,超過一半的人在停藥一年后“體重保持不變”。但這項研究并未經過同行評議,三位接受《財富》雜志采訪的醫生對研究方法、納入和排除標準、其他可能未被考慮在內的藥物或手術,以及參與者在服藥后是否繼續按計劃節食和鍛煉表示擔憂。在這三位醫生中,有一位說她對這項研究持“懷疑態度”。另一位醫生則直言不諱地稱之為"垃圾"。

對許多人來說,長期服用某種藥物以保持減肥效果的想法令人生畏。圖片來源:MALCOM JACKSON—THE WASHINGTON POST/GETTY IMAGES

這兩家公司還指出,一項研究表明,運動對保持減肥效果至關重要,它們還指出了彼此公布的未經同行評議的數據——Calibrate關于109名客戶的數據,以及Embla對85名GLP-1藥物使用者的追蹤調查,該公司稱,這些患者在停藥26周后體重保持"穩定"。

Embla的首席醫療官亨里克·林德爾·古德伯格森(Henrik Rindel Gudbergsen)在回應置評請求時表示:“改變生活方式與減肥藥相結合似乎可以避免患者在停藥后體重反彈……然而,由于這是臨床醫生和研究人員感興趣的新領域,我們無法得出任何確切的結論。”

接受《財富》雜志采訪的七位醫生強調,這門科學還很年輕。與瑞安博士和其他許多著名的肥胖癥醫生一樣,他們中的大多數人都曾為制藥商諾和諾德和禮來提供過咨詢、建議或以某種身份與之合作。但他們說,迄今為止,大部分經同行評議的研究表明,很少有人能在停止服用GLP-1藥物后保持全部減肥效果。

誠然,減肥公司利用客戶的欲望、恐懼和焦慮做出承諾并不是什么新鮮事。正如查斯坦所指出的,她經常看到減肥行業的公司宣傳一些沒有科學依據或科學依據不足的東西。她說:“那些在六年級的科學展覽項目中被否決的東西被出版并投入市場。這太荒謬了。”

值得注意的是,對于一些患者來說,這些包含藥物在內的減肥項目可能會很有效,甚至足以改變他們的生活,因此值得長期堅持。在成為Calibrate會員之前,伊舍伍德記得自己在體重秤上看到了一個從未見過的數字。"這是我有生以來的最高體重值。”她說,后來又補充道:“我嚇壞了,于是試著恢復低碳水化合物飲食和鍛煉,但并沒有奏效。”

伊舍伍德說,除了一些小插曲,比如公司客服反應緩慢、難以聯系到醫生或教練等,她在 Calibrate 的經歷都是積極愉快的,這也是她兩年來一直是Calibrate客戶的原因。畢竟,她成功瘦身了。

對于減肥行業的觀察人士來說,這是一個熟悉的故事

Calibrate和Noom為停止使用減肥藥的客戶提供的解決方案聽起來可能很簡單,也很熟悉:飲食、運動、睡眠、情緒健康。但數十年的數據顯示,對許多美國人來說,改變生活方式說起來容易做起來難——而且起初,往往是因為飲食和運動對人們不起作用,他們才決定服用 GLP-1 藥物。

佛蒙特大學(University of Vermont)醫學教授馬修·吉爾伯特(Matthew Gilbert)博士說:“幾十年來,我們一直在談論改變生活方式、飲食和鍛煉,但并沒有看到這些干預措施確實像我們希望的那樣奏效,對吧?美國人的體重仍在持續增加。”

減肥的愿望可能不僅僅是為了健康。正如倡導組織National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance的執行主任提格斯·奧斯本(Tigress Osborn)在接受《財富》雜志采訪時解釋的那樣,“作為一名肥胖癥患者——尤其體重極其高的人——在這個世界上很難生存。通過減肥來擺脫這一切的幻想確實很強大。減肥這一理念確實很強大,而且有利可圖,所以它會被一次又一次地用來激勵人們。”

通過減肥項目、飲食或藥物實現快速減肥的承諾曾讓許多人賺得盆滿缽滿。這是一段不光彩的歷史:20世紀90年代中期,一種將芬氟拉明和芬特明合二為一的藥物,即芬芬,在一項針對121名患者的單一研究顯示其對減肥有效之后大受歡迎。在其巔峰時期,超過600萬美國人服用這種藥物,醫生們的整個診療過程都圍繞著它——直到發現它增加了心臟瓣膜缺陷的發病率,被美國食品藥品監督管理局要求撤出市場。這家制藥商最終同意支付37.5億美元達成和解,這在當時是產品責任案件中最大的賠償金額之一。《紐約時報》宣稱,這一事件是“我們這個時代的道德故事”。

奧斯本說,圍繞著 GLP-1藥物的熱潮與芬芬的熱潮驚人地相似。她說:“如果你上了年紀,作為節食者、肥胖癥患者、觀察相關態勢的社會學家,而且還曾參與節食文化……那么你更可能會對這一現象持懷疑態度。”

需要明確的是:目前還沒有證據表明 GLP-1藥物會導致嚴重健康問題(盡管一些研究將一些死亡事故與使用 GLP-1藥物后出現的低血糖或胰腺炎或腸梗阻風險上升聯系起來)。但在這樣一個全新的研究領域,這些減肥初創公司的客戶基本上都是測試對象,查斯坦說: “消費者面臨的危險是,基于沒有科學依據的說法——沒有證據的說法——他們要承擔風險和昂貴的藥物。”

初創公司的存在本質上就是為了解決問題。而GLP-1藥物行業,由于其高昂的價格和周期性短缺,存在著許多問題。美國肥胖癥醫學委員會(American Board of Obesity Medicine)前醫學主任、減肥初創公司Found的首席醫療官雷卡·庫馬爾(Rekha Kumar)博士說,這些公司必須考慮的一大重要問題是,到底是科學還是規模化在推動其商業戰略發展。Found很少開GLP-1藥物處方,并警告說,這種藥物必須長期服用。

她說:“圍繞正確的臨床策略建立健康的業務,而不是反其道而行之,這一點非常重要。公司不能說:‘哦,我知道這樣做我們就能實現盈利。因此,讓我們圍繞這一問題制定臨床策略……我認為這是重大錯誤。”

隨著越來越多的患者停止服用減肥藥,所有這些初創公司的前景如何還有待觀察。克利夫蘭診所(Cleveland Clinic)的數字肥胖癥主任佩明達·卡班杜加馬(Peminda Cabandugama)博士對那些去他所謂的“Instagram診所”尋求減肥藥的人(沒有將減肥藥與持續的飲食和運動相結合)做出了預測——這對整個行業來說可能是可怕的。他告訴《財富》雜志:“2025年左右,將會有很多人體重反彈。”

有一些跡象表明,減肥公司已經開始為這種可能性做準備:最近幾周,Noom在Instagram上發布了新一輪廣告,其中很多都去掉了“短期”字樣。(財富中文網)

譯者:中慧言-王芳

“不必永遠注射司美格魯肽注射液諾和泰。”

如果你在谷歌上搜索過如何減肥,或者讀過好萊塢最新的靈丹妙藥司美格魯肽注射液諾和泰(Ozempic),你的社交媒體就可能會出現這句話。這則粉色廣告是估值37億美元的減肥初創公司Noom近幾個月在Reddit、Instagram 和臉書(Facebook)上發布的宣傳活動的一部分,廣告顯示該藥物的藍色注射筆在一條不超過一年的時間軸下方來回移動。

這則廣告所承諾的正是價值900億美元的美國減肥產業的“圣杯”,是美國人(尤其是美國女性)幾代以來一直都在尋找并愿意為之付出高昂代價的良方,從而帶來無后顧之憂的全新苗條身材。實現快速減肥,然后回到你熟悉的生活,外表看起來更瘦,更健康,也更快樂。毋庸置疑,自從包括司美格魯肽注射液諾和泰、威哥維(Wegovy)和Zepbound(Tirzepatide,替西帕肽)在內的新型GLP-1抑制食欲藥物進入公眾視野以來,近10億美元的風投資金已注入這一日益壯大的減肥公司領域,根據皮特齊布克公司(Pitchbook)過去一年半的數據,目前該領域已充斥著開具此類藥物處方的初創公司。

誠然,這些藥物的減肥效果似乎驚人,改變了許多肥胖癥患者的生活。但是,一些開具這些藥物處方的初創公司所承諾的第二部分——“無需一直服藥”的那部分,或者說這些藥物可以“重置”你的新陳代謝的概念——則更有爭議。制藥商諾和諾德(Novo Nordisk)和禮來(Eli Lilly)已經非常明確地表示,這些藥物需要長期使用,就像治療高血壓的藥物一樣,不應短期服用。

事實上,接受《財富》雜志采訪的七位醫生表示,迄今為止大量醫學試驗表明,一般來說,停止服用藥物的人會在一年左右的時間內恢復減掉的大部分體重。《財富》雜志還采訪了五位停止服用GLP-1藥物的人,他們都表示,在停止服用藥物后,體重開始反彈,對食物的渴望也恢復了。

安吉拉·費奇(Angela Fitch)博士說:“根本不存在所謂的‘新陳代謝重置’。”她是初級保健和肥胖藥物提供商Knownwell的首席醫療官,也是肥胖癥醫學協會(Obesity Medicine Association)的前任主席。布列根和婦女醫院(Brigham and Women’s Hospital)體重管理與健康中心的聯合主任卡洛琳·阿波維安(Caroline Apovian)博士對此表示贊同:“研究一次又一次地表明,如果停止服藥,你的體重就會反彈回來。”

Noom并不是唯一一家將GLP-1藥物作為具有長期療效的短期用藥進行營銷的初創公司。Calibrate從2020年開始開具減肥藥,作為減肥項目的一部分,該公司在顯眼位置將這些藥物描述為“改善代謝的短期用輔助藥物”。在丹麥,一家由風投資金支持的初創公司Embla在其網站上表示,它提供GLP-1藥物的“目的很明確,即在您達到目標體重后,健康地過渡到停藥期。”(其他公司,包括減肥巨頭WeightWatchers和Ro等新近成立的公司,也開始涉足GLP-1藥物,不過它們在宣傳中都明確表示,這些藥物需要長期服用。)

Noom的一位女發言人將這一問題部分歸結為客戶需求:當被問及該公司將司美格魯肽注射液諾和泰作為一種在有限時間內服用的藥物進行營銷時,她強調,大多數患者并不希望永遠服用這種藥物,并指出,研究顯示,“68%的人在第12個月停止服用GLP-1藥物,這表明許多人不愿意永遠服用這種藥物。這一點再怎么強調都不為過。”

雖然市場上用于治療2型糖尿病的GLP-1藥物已有數十年歷史,但直到最近,部分藥物才被調整,并被美國食品藥品監督管理局(FDA)批準用于減肥治療,因此對這些藥物及其長期副作用和風險的研究仍處于起步階段。人們在停用GLP-1藥物后能否保持減肥效果仍在持續研究中:科學還遠沒有定論。

Noom、Calibrate和Embla都表示,有初步數據支持它們的觀點,即許多人在停藥后可以通過運動和飲食保持減肥效果(盡管《財富》雜志采訪的一些醫生對這些研究持懷疑態度)。有趣的是,也有一些人通過堅持嚴格的飲食和鍛煉計劃成功做到了這一點。

但很顯然,并不是每個人都能堅持如此高強度的訓練計劃,這正是減肥藥要解決的部分問題。研究人員雷根·查斯坦(Ragen Chastain)表示,由于服用或停用這類新型藥物對健康的長期影響的確切數據如此之少,減肥公司提出的可以短期服用這些藥物的建議令人擔憂。雷根·查斯坦是通過職業驗證的患者權益倡導者,也是一篇探討體重科學的通訊的作者。“他們是根據短期數據做出長期承諾。”她說,并指出即使是這些數據“實際上也不一定能支持他們的說法。”

就目前而言,藥物輔助減肥產業仍處于淘金熱時期——有些患者一生都在與體重作斗爭,但卻無法通過節食或運動來減肥——如今在服用藥物的同時實現減肥目標。

但正如Noom指出的那樣,似乎大多數服用這些新藥的人,不管是否使用減肥公司的處方,最終都會停藥,無論是因為費用、藥物短缺、副作用,還是因為厭惡長期服藥。根據最近的一項保險理賠分析,三分之二的患者在開始服藥一年內停藥。

這些放棄服藥的人能否保持體重,或者像許多其他曾快速減肥的人一樣,體重出現“溜溜球”式地反彈?在未來的幾個月甚至幾年里,這可能會成為一個越來越緊迫的問題。但這種不確定性并沒有阻止一些公司向客戶保證,他們可以隨意服用或停藥。

查斯坦指出,競爭激烈的創業世界對新藥推廣來說是個不同尋常的地方,因為風險投資人施加了擴大規模的壓力。她說:“那種‘快速行動、打破陳規’的文化一旦應用到人身上,人就變成了‘事物’,這真的很危險。”她后來補充道:“當創業文化與醫療保健碰撞時,就會產生很多潛在的危害。”

從追求苗條身材的欲望中獲利數十億美元

這就不難理解為什么投資者將GLP-1藥物市場視為一個極具規模的市場了。摩根大通資產管理(J.P. Morgan Asset Management)的數據顯示,華爾街分析師預計,未來六年內,減肥藥的年收入將在330億至1000億美元之間。諾和諾德和禮來是生產這些藥物的主要制藥公司,它們的市值已經飆升,諾和諾德的市值已經超過了其總部所在國丹麥的國內生產總值。從你最好的朋友到你最喜歡的電影明星,再到埃隆·馬斯克(Elon Musk),似乎每個人都在談論利用司美格魯肽(諾和泰和威哥維的活性成分)、替西帕肽(以Mounjaro或Zepbound的形式)或利拉魯肽(Saxenda的活性成分)來減肥。

將這些藥物作為減肥項目的一部分來兜售的初創公司正不斷吸引資金。例如,Ro在2022年1月以70億美元的估值籌集了超過1.5億美元的資金。Calibrate已融資超過1.6億美元。其他十幾家初創公司也進入了這一領域,提供遠程醫療預約和GLP-1藥物處方——包括Measured、Nextmed、Mochi Health、Accomplish Health、Sunrise,以及熱門的直接面向消費者的公司Hims & Hers。包括老虎環球管理基金(Tiger Global)、General Catalyst、創始人基金(Founders Fund)和銀湖資本(Silver Lake Partners)在內的風投公司已向這些公司投入了數億美元。

考慮到停藥率,不難理解為什么暗示可以短期使用GLP-1藥物會吸引客戶。醫生告訴《財富》雜志,有些患者不喜歡終生服藥的想法。許多人還會出現令人不適的副作用,如惡心、嚴重疲勞或無法進食。在某些情況下,患者認為他們不再需要藥物治療,因為他們已經達到了自己的目標,并且覺得表現良好——攝入更少、選擇更健康的食物和鍛煉身體。

這些藥物也很昂貴:如果沒有保險,GLP-1藥物月服用量的費用通常在930美元到1350美元之間,研究表明,大多數服用GLP-1藥物的人至少要自己支付部分費用(如果不是全部的話),尤其是在一些保險計劃在支付費用方面變得越來越嚴格的情況下。

24歲的營銷策略師里·夏爾馬(Ri Sharma)在2023年注射諾和泰后體重減輕了61磅(約合27.7公斤),她表示:“實際上,我想重新注射諾和泰,從1月份開始我就一直在嘗試,但保險公司不批準任何GLP-1藥物。”夏爾馬在去年11月達到目標體重后就停藥了,但她的食欲在2月下旬再次恢復,現在體重已經反彈了一半左右。她說:“我只是比以前攝入更多食物。”

生產GLP-1藥物的公司不遺余力地宣稱,這些藥物不應暫時服用。諾和諾德的一位發言人說:“肥胖癥是一種慢性疾病,就像任何其他慢性疾病一樣,應被當作慢性疾病來治療。”禮來公司發言人說:"除了低熱量飲食和增加體育鍛煉外,我們還希望將Zepbound納入成人肥胖癥患者的疾病持續管理策略。”

美國食品藥品監督管理局告訴《財富》雜志,該局對處方藥的營銷和分銷進行監管,公司有責任不誤導消費者,并在產品營銷中做到誠實守信。不過,該機構拒絕對任何具體公司發表評論,也不愿透露它是否已經進行調查或發出任何警告,并指出美國食品藥品監督管理局“通常不對未決或潛在的合規問題發表評論。”

‘我們希望確保口徑一致’

Calibrate是首批進入這個已趨于飽和的領域的減肥公司之一。2019年,該公司由創業工作室ReDesign Health創立。Calibrate的創始人兼首任首席執行官伊莎貝爾·凱尼恩(Isabelle Kenyon)在肥胖科學領域的領軍人物之一唐娜·瑞安(Donna Ryan)博士和其他顧問的幫助下,設立了為期12個月的“新陳代謝重置”項目,承諾在一年內減掉10%的體重。該項目的費用為每月199美元,不包括藥物費用,其特點是提供GLP-1藥物處方和每兩周一次的一對一指導課程。

雖然該公司從未在減肥藥逐漸減量方面做過任何廣告,但在油管(YouTube)視頻和博客帖子中,Calibrate將其為期一年的項目描述為一種“重置”客戶新陳代謝的方式,并表示“Calibrate醫生開出的GLP-1藥物,是改善新陳代謝的短期用輔助藥物。”Calibrate的創始人凱尼恩在2022年的一次醫療保健會議上接受采訪時,在鏡頭前描述了Calibrate的工作方式,她說:“我們幫助人們用藥,改變其行為方式,也幫助人們實現停藥,總體護理費用對治療肥胖癥來說是合理的。”

Calibrate的一位女發言人聲稱,該公司在上市時并沒有就逐漸減少藥物使用正式表態。但兩位熟悉該公司上市情況的人士表示,Calibrate的上市戰略和對教練的指導,從一開始就圍繞著短期使用GLP-1藥物可能有效的理念展開。

一位前Calibrate健康教練說:“我們希望確保口徑一致:服藥是暫時的,目標是逐漸減少藥物的使用,而不是永久服用GLP-1藥物。”她在公司工作期間曾與數百名公司客戶打過交道,但她要求匿名,以便討論前雇主。一位曾參與Calibrate最初營銷策略的人士(《財富》雜志允許其匿名,因為他們仍在該領域工作,擔心遭到報復)也認為,公司一直在傳遞這樣的信息:“重置你的新陳代謝,堅持一年,然后你就可以瘦下來,重拾快樂。”凱尼恩拒絕就此發表評論。

在Calibrate成立之初,關于患者停止使用GLP-1藥物后何時或能否保持減肥效果的科學研究還很少,但此后出現的大量研究表明,很少有人能在停藥后保持減肥效果。Calibrate負責臨床開發的副總裁克里斯汀·拜爾(Kristin Baier)博士在接受《財富》雜志采訪時承認,在公司成立之初,沒有任何研究表明可以短期服用這些藥物。

這位前Calibrate健康教練提出了影響這家初創公司戰略的另一個要素:保險公司愿意為哪些藥物買單。她說,一些保險公司不愿長期為這些昂貴的藥物買單,所以Calibrate的“切入角度是:我們將利用保險公司讓人們實現他們需要的治療效果,然后一旦保險不再支付,你就無法再購買這些昂貴的藥物了。但這沒關系,因為這些減肥公司表示人們仍能保持減肥效果。但需要注意的是,你的體重會出現一點反彈,但不會反彈很多。”

Calibrate則表示,他們以患者的利益為重,并承認,考慮到供應鏈短缺、保險覆蓋范圍限制、藥物成本、副作用問題,或者患者不愿意永遠服用一種藥物,他們中的許多人不會終身服用減肥藥。

Calibrate的發言人在一份事先準備好的聲明中表示:“Calibrate并沒有拋棄這些人,而是為他們提供生活方式和指導支持,幫助他們在停藥后保持新陳代謝健康。我們的項目從來都不只針對藥物;Calibrate一直致力于為更多人提供全面代謝健康護理的機會,并實現可持續發展。作為一家公司,我們認為重要的是要認識到GLP-1藥物的使用并不總是持續的,并制定計劃和方案來支持患者的整個健康旅程。”

‘來得快,去得也快’

在Calibrate上市幾年后,該公司開始收集客戶停藥時會發生什么情況的數據。據報道,這些數據描繪了一幅患者保持減肥效果的樂觀圖景,但這些數據未經同行評議,而且是從109名客戶的相對較小的樣本中收集的,時間僅為6個半月。Calibrate拒絕向《財富》雜志分享完整的研究報告,但拜爾博士表示,在停藥后的26周內,93%的患者減重保持在10%以上,82%的患者減重保持在15%以上——前提是在藥物減量的同時改變飲食、運動、睡眠和情緒健康(這也是醫生幾十年來一直推薦的減肥方法)。

在對Calibrate首席執行官羅布·麥克諾頓(Rob MacNaughton)和拜爾博士的采訪中,兩人都引用了這些內部數據作為該公司模式的證據,并表示“相當一部分人”或“一些人”可以停藥并保持減肥效果。拜爾博士指出,那些表明必須長期服藥的大型研究是由制藥商資助的。

拜爾博士在隨后發出的一份書面聲明中表示:“毫無疑問,有些人在持續不間斷的藥物支持下會取得最佳效果。但其他人也許可以通過過渡到低劑量、減少注射頻率、過渡到不同的減肥藥物來保持效果,或者正如我們在糖尿病和高血壓等同樣嚴重依賴藥物治療的平行領域所看到的那樣,通過完全停藥同時改變生活方式來保持效果。”Calibrate的顧問瑞安博士說,“我們確實需要更好的證據"來證明一些人在停止服用GLP-1藥物后仍能保持減肥效果,但她認為"Calibrate所做的是與患者共同做出決策,并努力適應藥物可及性不確定的環境。”

自Calibrate上市以來,由諾和泰制造商諾和諾德資助的一項規模更大、經同行評議的研究結果于2022年公布。該研究是一項試驗的延伸,追蹤了327人,結果顯示,228名停止服用司美格魯肽的參與者在一年內平均恢復了之前減重的三分之二。2023年,由禮來(Mounjaro和Zepbound的制造商)贊助的第二項研究發表了。這項研究回顧了783名成年人在服用替西帕肽36周后的反應,發現其中335人在停藥并改用無效對照劑約一年后,體重平均恢復了14%,而另一組繼續服用GLP-1藥物的患者體重又減少了5.5%。

居住在馬薩諸塞州的54歲律師米歇爾·伊舍伍德(Michelle Isherwood)是在社交媒體上看到Calibrate后開始參與相關項目的。她使用該平臺約六個月時間,并服用GLP-1藥物,在出現不良反應后停藥時,她的體重減輕了約50磅(約合22.7公斤)。她認為停藥并不是什么大不了的事:她想減多少就減多少,而且在她看來,公司在她服藥兩年期間所傳達的信息表明,“除非你是糖尿病患者,否則沒有必要繼續服用GLP-1藥物。”但伊舍伍德告訴《財富》雜志,在六到八個月的時間里,當生活中出現壓力時,她又恢復了以前的行為方式,體重反彈了大約20磅(約合9公斤)——這是她以前經歷過的熟悉模式。

伊舍伍德說:“我只是沒有做我應該做的事情。”她說,在服藥期間,“你就是不餓”。但一旦停藥,她說:“我就更想吃了。”不過,在參加了兩年的Calibrate減肥項目后,她對自己目前的體重狀況感到滿意。

在向美國聯邦貿易委員會(Federal Trade Commission)提交并通過《信息自由法》(Freedom of Information Act Request)請求獲得的關于Calibrate的匿名投訴中,一名患者寫道:“我已經恢復了最初減掉的一半體重,這意味著大約六個月的努力付之東流。”另一位客戶說,他們一停藥體重就開始反彈,于是報名參加了Calibrate第二年的項目,重新開始服藥。

其他接受《財富》雜志采訪的人也表示,他們在停藥后不久體重就反彈了。這些人直接從初級保健醫生而不是初創公司那里獲得了藥物。31歲的軟件工程師克勞迪婭·卡斯特羅(Claudia Castro)在注射諾和泰的頭兩個月里體重下降了約33磅(約合15公斤)。由于要自掏腰包和搬家,她停止了服藥,結果在幾個月后體重又反彈了約23磅(約合10公斤)——約為之前減掉的體重的70%。“來得快,去得也快,”她說,并指出她開始去看營養學家并鍛煉身體,體重又開始下降了。

南加州大學凱克醫學院(Keck Medicine of Medicine of USC)的內分泌學家艾莉莎·多明格斯(Alyssa Dominguez)博士表示:“尤其是當我們停止服用這些藥物時,極其強烈的饑餓感會重新襲來,因此停藥和體重反彈之間有很大的關聯。”還有證據表明,減肥后,許多人的新陳代謝實際上會減慢,這使得維持或繼續減重變得越來越艱難。

《華爾街日報》的編輯布拉德利·奧爾森(Bradley Olson)最近詳細講述了他在服用Mounjaro后減掉40磅(約合18公斤)體重,然后停藥的經歷。他把停藥后的四個月稱為“輪盤賭,經歷了暴飲暴食、節食、鍛煉,以及在意志力、自我形象和動力方面與自己進行精神和情感上的斗爭。”奧爾森說,他在兩個月內體重反彈了5磅(約合2.3公斤),但最終還是通過嚴格的減肥計劃實現減重目標:每周鍛煉12個小時,并攝入高蛋白飲食。

初步的或有爭議的科學

到2023年5月Noom進入GLP-1藥物領域時,由禮來和諾和諾德資助的研究都已發表,這些研究發現,大多數人在停藥后體重都會出現大幅反彈。

盡管如此,Noom的Noom Med項目——除了藥費和標準的Noom訂閱費用外,每月還還需支付49美元——開始把GLP-1藥物作為短期用藥進行營銷。該公司時任首席醫療官、現已離職的琳達·阿內加瓦(Linda Anegawa)博士在2023年10月的一次健康會議上表示,Noom估計,80%服用GLP-1藥物的客戶將能夠“成功戒斷”,即戒掉藥物。(截至發稿時,Noom尚未向《財富》雜志提供數據支持這一說法。)

Noom在Reddit、Instagram和臉書上投放了廣告,上面寫著“不必永遠服用減肥藥”,“不必永遠注射諾和泰”,“對于大多數患者來說,GLP-1藥物不是‘永久’的解決方案。”(Noom多次拒絕了讓公司人員接受采訪的請求,阿內加瓦博士多次沒有回應置評請求。)

今年2月,Noom的阿內加瓦博士在一場直播活動中進一步詳細解釋了Noom的項目是如何運作的——他說,一旦患者在服用GLP-1藥物期間達到目標,“就可以開始停藥過程”。與Calibrate類似,Noom也表示改變飲食和進行鍛煉可以保持體重。然而,在同一段視頻中,阿內加瓦博士承認,逐漸減少藥物使用“正在持續研究中”,目前還沒有研究表明患者何時可以停止服用GLP-1藥物并成功保持減肥效果。她說:“目前確實沒有任何數據表明服用GLP-1藥物的時間跨度與維持體重的能力有關。”

當《財富》雜志問及有哪些研究支持短期使用GLP-1藥物時,Noom、Calibrate和Embla都分享了相同的數據點和彼此的內部研究。他們認為,正如Noom的女發言人所說,“許多研究表明,停藥后體重持續下降。”

然而,他們提交的研究報告凸顯了這一特定領域仍處于起步階段。今年早些時候的一項研究表明,在20274名服用司美格魯肽至少減重5磅(約合2.3公斤)的患者中,超過一半的人在停藥一年后“體重保持不變”。但這項研究并未經過同行評議,三位接受《財富》雜志采訪的醫生對研究方法、納入和排除標準、其他可能未被考慮在內的藥物或手術,以及參與者在服藥后是否繼續按計劃節食和鍛煉表示擔憂。在這三位醫生中,有一位說她對這項研究持“懷疑態度”。另一位醫生則直言不諱地稱之為"垃圾"。

這兩家公司還指出,一項研究表明,運動對保持減肥效果至關重要,它們還指出了彼此公布的未經同行評議的數據——Calibrate關于109名客戶的數據,以及Embla對85名GLP-1藥物使用者的追蹤調查,該公司稱,這些患者在停藥26周后體重保持"穩定"。

Embla的首席醫療官亨里克·林德爾·古德伯格森(Henrik Rindel Gudbergsen)在回應置評請求時表示:“改變生活方式與減肥藥相結合似乎可以避免患者在停藥后體重反彈……然而,由于這是臨床醫生和研究人員感興趣的新領域,我們無法得出任何確切的結論。”

接受《財富》雜志采訪的七位醫生強調,這門科學還很年輕。與瑞安博士和其他許多著名的肥胖癥醫生一樣,他們中的大多數人都曾為制藥商諾和諾德和禮來提供過咨詢、建議或以某種身份與之合作。但他們說,迄今為止,大部分經同行評議的研究表明,很少有人能在停止服用GLP-1藥物后保持全部減肥效果。

誠然,減肥公司利用客戶的欲望、恐懼和焦慮做出承諾并不是什么新鮮事。正如查斯坦所指出的,她經常看到減肥行業的公司宣傳一些沒有科學依據或科學依據不足的東西。她說:“那些在六年級的科學展覽項目中被否決的東西被出版并投入市場。這太荒謬了。”

值得注意的是,對于一些患者來說,這些包含藥物在內的減肥項目可能會很有效,甚至足以改變他們的生活,因此值得長期堅持。在成為Calibrate會員之前,伊舍伍德記得自己在體重秤上看到了一個從未見過的數字。"這是我有生以來的最高體重值。”她說,后來又補充道:“我嚇壞了,于是試著恢復低碳水化合物飲食和鍛煉,但并沒有奏效。”

伊舍伍德說,除了一些小插曲,比如公司客服反應緩慢、難以聯系到醫生或教練等,她在 Calibrate 的經歷都是積極愉快的,這也是她兩年來一直是Calibrate客戶的原因。畢竟,她成功瘦身了。

對于減肥行業的觀察人士來說,這是一個熟悉的故事

Calibrate和Noom為停止使用減肥藥的客戶提供的解決方案聽起來可能很簡單,也很熟悉:飲食、運動、睡眠、情緒健康。但數十年的數據顯示,對許多美國人來說,改變生活方式說起來容易做起來難——而且起初,往往是因為飲食和運動對人們不起作用,他們才決定服用 GLP-1 藥物。

佛蒙特大學(University of Vermont)醫學教授馬修·吉爾伯特(Matthew Gilbert)博士說:“幾十年來,我們一直在談論改變生活方式、飲食和鍛煉,但并沒有看到這些干預措施確實像我們希望的那樣奏效,對吧?美國人的體重仍在持續增加。”

減肥的愿望可能不僅僅是為了健康。正如倡導組織National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance的執行主任提格斯·奧斯本(Tigress Osborn)在接受《財富》雜志采訪時解釋的那樣,“作為一名肥胖癥患者——尤其體重極其高的人——在這個世界上很難生存。通過減肥來擺脫這一切的幻想確實很強大。減肥這一理念確實很強大,而且有利可圖,所以它會被一次又一次地用來激勵人們。”

通過減肥項目、飲食或藥物實現快速減肥的承諾曾讓許多人賺得盆滿缽滿。這是一段不光彩的歷史:20世紀90年代中期,一種將芬氟拉明和芬特明合二為一的藥物,即芬芬,在一項針對121名患者的單一研究顯示其對減肥有效之后大受歡迎。在其巔峰時期,超過600萬美國人服用這種藥物,醫生們的整個診療過程都圍繞著它——直到發現它增加了心臟瓣膜缺陷的發病率,被美國食品藥品監督管理局要求撤出市場。這家制藥商最終同意支付37.5億美元達成和解,這在當時是產品責任案件中最大的賠償金額之一。《紐約時報》宣稱,這一事件是“我們這個時代的道德故事”。

奧斯本說,圍繞著 GLP-1藥物的熱潮與芬芬的熱潮驚人地相似。她說:“如果你上了年紀,作為節食者、肥胖癥患者、觀察相關態勢的社會學家,而且還曾參與節食文化……那么你更可能會對這一現象持懷疑態度。”

需要明確的是:目前還沒有證據表明 GLP-1藥物會導致嚴重健康問題(盡管一些研究將一些死亡事故與使用 GLP-1藥物后出現的低血糖或胰腺炎或腸梗阻風險上升聯系起來)。但在這樣一個全新的研究領域,這些減肥初創公司的客戶基本上都是測試對象,查斯坦說: “消費者面臨的危險是,基于沒有科學依據的說法——沒有證據的說法——他們要承擔風險和昂貴的藥物。”

初創公司的存在本質上就是為了解決問題。而GLP-1藥物行業,由于其高昂的價格和周期性短缺,存在著許多問題。美國肥胖癥醫學委員會(American Board of Obesity Medicine)前醫學主任、減肥初創公司Found的首席醫療官雷卡·庫馬爾(Rekha Kumar)博士說,這些公司必須考慮的一大重要問題是,到底是科學還是規模化在推動其商業戰略發展。Found很少開GLP-1藥物處方,并警告說,這種藥物必須長期服用。

她說:“圍繞正確的臨床策略建立健康的業務,而不是反其道而行之,這一點非常重要。公司不能說:‘哦,我知道這樣做我們就能實現盈利。因此,讓我們圍繞這一問題制定臨床策略……我認為這是重大錯誤。”

隨著越來越多的患者停止服用減肥藥,所有這些初創公司的前景如何還有待觀察。克利夫蘭診所(Cleveland Clinic)的數字肥胖癥主任佩明達·卡班杜加馬(Peminda Cabandugama)博士對那些去他所謂的“Instagram診所”尋求減肥藥的人(沒有將減肥藥與持續的飲食和運動相結合)做出了預測——這對整個行業來說可能是可怕的。他告訴《財富》雜志:“2025年左右,將會有很多人體重反彈。”

有一些跡象表明,減肥公司已經開始為這種可能性做準備:最近幾周,Noom在Instagram上發布了新一輪廣告,其中很多都去掉了“短期”字樣。(財富中文網)

譯者:中慧言-王芳

“Ozempic doesn’t have to be forever.”

It’s a line that may appear on your social media feeds if you’ve googled how to lose weight, or read up on Hollywood’s latest miracle drug: Ozempic. The pink ad, posted as part of a campaign on Reddit, Instagram, and Facebook in recent months by the $3.7 billion weight-loss startup Noom, shows the drug’s blue syringe pen moving back and forth below a timeline that doesn’t extend beyond a year.

What the ad promises is nothing short of the Holy Grail of the $90 billion U.S. diet industry, the cure that Americans, especially American women, have sought for generations and are willing to pay dearly for: a new, more slender you, hassle-free. Quick weight loss, then a return to your familiar life—thinner, healthier, and happier. It’s no wonder that, since this new class of appetite-curbing GLP-1 medications, including Ozempic, Wegovy, and Zepbound, burst into public consciousness, nearly $1 billion of venture capital dollars have been injected into the growing sector of weight-loss companies, which is now awash with startups prescribing the drugs, according to PitchBook data from the last year and a half.

It’s true that these medicines appear to be startlingly effective for weight loss, a game changer for many people with obesity. But the second part of what some startups prescribing these medications promise—the “doesn’t have to be forever” part, or the notion that these drugs can “reset” your metabolism—is far more contentious. As the drug manufacturers Novo Nordisk and Eli Lilly have made exceedingly clear, these medicines are intended as long-term commitments, like medication for high blood pressure. They are not meant to be taken temporarily.

Indeed, seven doctors who spoke with Fortune say the preponderance of medical trials so far show that generally, people who stop taking the drugs regain most of the weight they’ve lost within about a year. Fortune also spoke with five people who had stopped taking GLP-1 medications—all of whom said they started regaining the weight they had lost when they stopped taking the medications and their food cravings returned.

“There is no such thing as a ‘metabolic reset,’” says Dr. Angela Fitch, chief medical officer of Knownwell, a primary care and obesity medicine provider, and past president of the Obesity Medicine Association. Dr. Caroline Apovian, the co-director of the Center for Weight Management and Wellness at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, agrees: “The studies show over and over and over again,” Apovian says, that if you stop taking the medications, “you will regain the weight back.”

Noom isn’t the only startup to market GLP-1s as temporary treatments that offer long-term effects. Calibrate, which began prescribing anti-obesity medications in 2020 as part of a weight loss program, prominently describes the drugs as a “temporary aid to improve your metabolic health.” In Denmark, a venture-backed startup, Embla, says on its website that it offers GLP-1s “always with the clear aim of a healthy transition off medication once you’ve reached your goals.” (Other companies, including the weight-loss giant WeightWatchers and more recent incumbents such as Ro, have begun dabbling in GLP-1 medications, too, though they are clear in their messaging that these drugs are meant to be taken long-term.)

A spokeswoman for Noom frames the issue as partly one of customer demand: When asked about the company’s marketing of Ozempic as a drug to take for a limited time, she emphasized that most patients don’t want to stay on the medications forever, noting that research showing that “68% of people stop taking the GLP-1 by month 12 suggests a reticence to a forever medication by many. It would be difficult to stress this point enough.”

While GLP-1 medications have been on the market to treat type 2 diabetes for decades, it is only recently that some have been adapted, and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as a treatment for weight loss—so the research on these drugs, and their long-term side effects and risks, is still nascent. And the question of whether people can maintain weight loss after going off GLP-1 medications is an ongoing area of study: The science is far from settled.

Noom, Calibrate, and Embla say there is preliminary data to support their contention that many people can maintain weight loss through exercise and diet after stopping the medications (though some of the doctors Fortune spoke with were skeptical of those studies). Anecdotally, there are examples of people who have managed to do so by sticking to strict diets and exercise regimens.

But it’s clear that not everyone can maintain such an intensive regimen—that’s part of the problem the weight-loss drugs are meant to solve. And with so little definitive data on the long-term health effects of taking—or stopping—this new class of drugs, weight-loss companies’ suggestion that the drugs can be taken temporarily is worrying, says Ragen Chastain, a researcher, board-certified patient advocate, and author of a newsletter that explores weight science. “They are making long-term promises based on short-term data,” she says, pointing out that even that data “still doesn’t necessarily actually support the claims that they’re making.”

For now, the medication-aided weight loss industry is still in its gold rush era, and patients—some of whom have struggled for their whole lives with their weight and haven’t been able to lose it with diet or exercise—are dropping pounds while taking the drugs.

But as Noom points out, it appears that most people taking these new medications, whether or not they use a weight-loss company to prescribe them, are eventually going off their medications, whether it’s because of the expense, shortages, side effects, or an aversion to the idea of staying on a medicine perpetually. Two-thirds of patients stopped taking the drugs within a year of starting them, according to one recent analysis of insurance claims.

Will these weight-loss drug quitters be able to keep the weight off, or yo-yo back, as with many other crash diets that have come before? That’s likely to become an increasingly urgent question in the months and years ahead. But that uncertainty hasn’t stopped some companies from reassuring customers that they can take, and stop, the drugs at will.

The competitive startup world can be a strange place for a new medication to proliferate, Chastain points out, because of the pressure from venture capital investors to scale. “That culture of ‘move fast and break things’—when applied to people, and people become the ‘thing’—is really dangerous,” she says, adding later: “There is a lot of potential for harm to be done here when startup culture meets health care.”

Billions to be made off the desire to be slender

It’s not hard to understand why investors see the GLP-1 market as one prime for scale. Wall Street analysts expect between $33 billion and $100 billion in annual revenue from anti-obesity medications in the next six years, according to J.P. Morgan Asset Management. Novo Nordisk and Eli Lilly, the primary pharmaceutical companies making the medications, have skyrocketed in market value, and Novo Nordisk’s has superseded the gross domestic product of the country where it’s based, Denmark. Everyone from your best friend to your favorite movie star to Elon Musk seems to be talking about slimming down with semaglutide, the active ingredient in both Ozempic and Wegovy; tirzepatide, in the form of Mounjaro or Zepbound; or liraglutide, in Saxenda.

And startups that peddle these medications as part of a weight-loss program are reeling in capital. Ro, for example, raised more than $150 million in January 2022 at a $7 billion valuation. Calibrate has raised over $160 million. A dozen or so other startups have entered the space, offering telemedicine appointments and GLP-1 prescriptions—including Measured, Nextmed, Mochi Health, Accomplish Health, Sunrise, and the buzzy direct-to-consumer company Hims & Hers. Venture capital firms including Tiger Global, General Catalyst, Founders Fund, and Silver Lake Partners have poured hundreds of millions into these companies.

It’s easy to see why messaging suggesting that short-term use of GLP-1s is possible would appeal to customers, given the cessation rates. Doctors tell Fortune that some patients don’t like the idea of having to take a drug for the rest of their lives. And many experience uncomfortable side effects—nausea, serious fatigue, or not being able to keep food down. In some cases, people don’t think they need the medication any longer because they have met their goals and feel they’re doing well—eating less, choosing healthier options, and exercising.

The drugs are also expensive: GLP-1 medications typically cost between $930 and $1,350 a month without insurance, and research shows the majority of people on them are paying at least part of that cost, if not all, themselves, particularly as some insurance plans are becoming stricter when it comes to what they’ll pay for.

“I actually wanted to go back on [Ozempic], and I’ve been trying since January, but my insurance won’t approve any GLP-1s,” says Ri Sharma, a 24-year-old marketing strategist who lost 61 pounds while taking Ozempic in 2023. Sharma went off the drug after reaching her goal weight in November last year, but her appetite resurfaced in late February, and she has regained about half of it back. “I’m just eating a lot more than I used to,” she says.

The companies that manufacture GLP-1s have gone to lengths to assert that these medicines are not meant to be taken only temporarily. “Obesity is a chronic disease and, just like any other chronic disease, it should be treated as such,” a spokesperson for Novo Nordisk said. An Eli Lilly spokesperson said: “We expect Zepbound to be used as part of an ongoing disease management strategy for adults with obesity, in addition to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity.”

The FDA told Fortune that it regulates the marketing and distribution of prescription drugs, and that companies are responsible for not misleading customers and being truthful in their product marketing, but the agency declined to comment on any specific companies and whether it had investigated or issued any warnings, noting that the FDA “generally does not comment on pending or potential compliance matters.”

‘We wanted to make sure that we stayed on message’

Calibrate was one of the first weight-loss companies to enter what has become a saturated space. In 2019, the company was launched from the startup studio ReDesign Health. Calibrate’s founder and first chief executive, Isabelle Kenyon, with the help of Dr. Donna Ryan, one of the leading names in obesity science, and other advisors, fashioned a 12-month “metabolic reset” program, which promises 10% loss of body weight in a year. It costs $199 per month, not including the cost of medications, and features GLP-1 prescriptions and one-on-one biweekly coaching sessions.

While the company has never run any advertising around tapering off weight loss drugs, in a YouTube video and blog posts, Calibrate describes its one-year program as a way to “reset” customers’ metabolism and says that “Calibrate doctors prescribe the GLP-1 medication as a temporary aid to improve metabolic health.” We “help people get on the medication, help people change their behavior, help people get off the medication, at a total cost of care that makes sense for treating obesity,” Calibrate’s founder, Kenyon, said on camera in an interview at a health care conference in 2022, describing how Calibrate worked.

A Calibrate spokeswoman asserted that the company didn’t launch with a formal position around tapering off the medications. But two people familiar with the company’s launch said that Calibrate’s go-to-market strategy and guidance to its coaches, from the beginning, was framed around the idea that GLP-1s could be effective when taken temporarily.

“We wanted to make sure that we stayed on message: This was a temporary thing and the goal is to taper off the drugs and [not to] stay on GLP-1s permanently,” says a former Calibrate health coach, who worked with several hundred of the company’s customers during her time at the company, but asked for anonymity in order to discuss her former employer. A person who worked on Calibrate’s initial marketing strategy, who Fortune granted anonymity because they still work in the field and feared retaliation, agreed that was always the message: “Reset your metabolism, do this for a year, and then off you go—skinny and happy.” Kenyon declined to comment on the record.

At the time Calibrate was founded, there was little existing science on when, or whether, patients could keep the weight off after they stopped using GLP-1s—but the preponderance of research that has emerged since then suggests that few can maintain their weight loss once they stop using the drugs. Dr. Kristin Baier, Calibrate’s vice president of clinical development, acknowledged in an interview with Fortune that there was no research indicating these medications could be temporary at the company’s conception.

The former Calibrate health coach suggested another factor in the startup’s strategy: what insurance companies were willing to pay for. Some insurance companies are balking at paying for these expensive drugs long-term, she said, so at Calibrate “their angle is: We are going to utilize the insurance companies to get people where they need to be, and then once the insurance no longer covers it, you don’t really get this expensive medication anymore,” they said. “But that’s okay, because they’re saying that they should still be able to maintain that weight loss. With the caveat that you’ll gain a little bit back but not a huge amount.”

For its part, Calibrate says it has the interests of its patients at heart, and that it’s acknowledging the fact that many of them are not going to stay on weight-loss drugs for life, given supply-chain shortages, insurance coverage limits, medication costs, issues with side effects, or them not wanting to stay on a medication forever.

“Instead of abandoning those individuals, Calibrate provides them with lifestyle and coaching support to help them sustain metabolic health after medication,” a spokesperson said in a prepared statement. “Our program has never been about the medications alone; Calibrate has always aimed to sustainably increase access to holistic metabolic health care. As a company, we believe it’s important to acknowledge that GLP-1 use is not always continuous and create the programs and protocols to support patients across their entire health journey.”

‘Everything that comes fast, goes fast’

A few years after Calibrate’s launch, the company itself began collecting data on what happens when customers stop taking the medications. This data reportedly paints an upbeat picture about patients maintaining weight loss—but it is not peer-reviewed and was collected from a relatively small sample size of 109 customers over just six and a half months. Calibrate declined to share the complete study with Fortune, but Dr. Baier said 93% of these patients maintained a loss of more than 10% of their body weight for 26 weeks after they stopped using the medication and 82% sustained more than 15%—so long as the tapering was paired with changes in diet, exercise, sleep, and emotional health (the same kind of thing doctors have been recommending for weight loss for decades).

In interviews with Calibrate’s chief executive Rob MacNaughton and Dr. Baier, both cited this internal data as evidence for the company’s model and said that a “material number” or “some people” can get off the medications and maintain weight loss—and Dr. Baier pointed out that the larger studies suggesting that the drugs have to be taken long-term are being funded by the drug manufacturers.

“There is no question that some individuals will do best with ongoing uninterrupted medication support,” Dr. Baier said in a written statement sent later. “But others may be able to maintain results by transitioning to a low-maintenance dose, by spacing out the injection frequency, by transitioning to a different anti-obesity medication, or—as we’ve seen in parallel spaces like diabetes and high blood pressure that also rely heavily on medication—by discontinuing medication altogether while leaning into lifestyle changes.” Calibrate advisor Dr. Ryan said that “we do need better evidence” around whether some individuals can maintain weight loss after coming off GLP-1s, but she thinks what “Calibrate is doing is sharing the decision-making with the patient and trying to adapt to the environment where drugs may not always be available.”

Since Calibrate has come onto the market, results were published from a much larger, peer-reviewed study funded by the Ozempic manufacturer Novo Nordisk in 2022. The study, which was a trial extension and tracked 327 people, showed that the 228 participants who stopped taking semaglutide regained a mean of two-thirds of their prior weight loss within a year. In 2023, a second piece of research sponsored by Eli Lilly (maker of Mounjaro and Zepbound) was published. This study, which reviewed how 783 adults responded when taking tirzepatide for 36 weeks, found that a subgroup of 335 who were taken off the drugs and switched to a placebo for about a year regained an average of 14% of their total body weight, while another group who continued to take GLP-1 medications lost another 5.5%.

Michelle Isherwood, a 54-year-old attorney living in Massachusetts, started using Calibrate after seeing it on her social media feed. She used the platform for approximately six months, taking GLP-1 medications, and had lost about 50 pounds by the time she stopped taking them after a bad reaction. She didn’t think quitting the drugs would be that big of a deal: She had lost as much as she wanted to, and in her mind, the company’s messaging throughout her two years had suggested that, “unless you were a diabetic, there was no need to stay on the GLP-1.” But Isherwood told Fortune that within six to eight months, she gained back about 20 pounds as she reverted to old behaviors when stressors arose in her life—a familiar pattern that she’d experienced before.

“I just wasn’t doing what I was supposed to be doing,” Isherwood said. While taking the drugs, she said, “you’re just not hungry.” But once she stopped taking the medicine, she said, “I have more cravings.” Still, she’s happy with where she’s at now with her weight, after two years of Calibrate’s program.

In anonymous complaints about Calibrate filed with the Federal Trade Commission and obtained via a Freedom of Information Act Request, one patient wrote: “I have regained half of what I originally lost, a setback representing about six months of work.” Another customer said they started gaining weight back as soon as they stopped the medication cold turkey, so they got back on the medication by signing up for Calibrate’s second-year program.

Others who spoke with Fortune, who got drugs directly from their primary care physicians rather than a startup, also said they regained weight shortly after stopping the medication. Claudia Castro, a 31-year-old software engineer, lost about 33 pounds during the first two months she was taking Ozempic. She stopped taking it because she was paying out of pocket and because of a move, and within a couple of months had put back on about 23 pounds—about 70% of the weight she had lost. “Everything that comes fast, goes fast,” she says, noting that she started seeing a nutritionist and working out, and has since been able to start losing the weight again.

“When we stop these medications, especially, the hunger comes back very strongly, so there is a large association between stopping the medication and having that weight regain,” says Dr. Alyssa Dominguez, an endocrinologist at Keck Medicine of USC. There’s also evidence that after weight loss, many people’s metabolisms actually slow down—making it progressively harder to maintain or continue shedding pounds.

An editor for the Wall Street Journal, Bradley Olson, recently detailed his experience after he lost 40 pounds while taking Mounjaro, then stopped taking the medication. He called the four months after going off medication “a roulette wheel of binges, diets, exercise regimens and mental and emotional battles with myself over will power, self-image and motivation.” Olson said he gained back five pounds within two months, but was eventually able to lose it by imposing a strict regime: 12 hours of exercise a week and an extremely high-protein diet.

Science that’s preliminary or disputed

By the time Noom entered the GLP-1 business in May 2023, both the Eli Lilly– and Novo Nordisk–funded studies, which found that most gain back much of the weight they lost after going off the drugs, had been published.

Still, Noom’s Noom Med program—which costs $49 per month in addition to the price of medications and the standard Noom subscription—would begin marketing GLP-1 medications as temporary. The company’s then chief medical officer, Dr. Linda Anegawa, who has since left the company, said on stage at a health conference in October of 2023 that Noom estimated 80% of its users who were prescribed GLP-1s would be able to “successfully off-ramp,” or wean themselves off the medications. (At the time of publication, Noom had not yet provided Fortune with data to support this.)

Noom has run advertisements on Reddit, Instagram, and Facebook that read “weight loss meds don’t need to be forever,” “Ozempic doesn’t need to be forever,” and “for a majority of patients, GLP-1s are not a ‘forever’ solution.” (Noom declined several requests to make people at the company available for an interview, and Dr. Anegawa did not respond to multiple requests for comment.)

In February, Noom’s Dr. Anegawa in a live-streamed event explained in further detail how Noom’s program works—saying once a patient hits their goal while on GLP-1 medications, the “off-ramping process can begin.” Similar to Calibrate, Noom says that changes in diet and exercise will keep weight off. However in that same video, Dr. Anegawa acknowledges that tapering off of medication is “under active study” and there isn’t research available to show when a person can get off a GLP-1 and successfully maintain weight loss. “There really [isn’t] any data out there that specifically link the time spent on GLP-1s on the ability to maintain the weight,” she said.

When asked by Fortune what research supported the temporary usage of GLP-1s, Noom, Calibrate, and Embla all shared the same data points and one another’s internal research. They argued that, as the Noom spokeswoman put it, a “number of studies have demonstrated sustained weight loss post medication removal.”

The research they sent, however, underscores how nascent this particular area still is. One study from earlier this year says more than half of 20,274 patients who lost at least five pounds on semaglutide were “around the same weight” one year after coming off the medication. But the study is not peer-reviewed, and three doctors who spoke with Fortune raised concerns about it being unclear on its methods, inclusion and exclusion criteria, other medications or surgeries that may not be accounted for, and whether participants continued a planned diet and exercise regimen post-medication. Of those three doctors, one said she’d take the study with a “large grain of salt.” Another plainly called it “garbage.”

The companies also pointed to a study showing the importance of exercise in maintaining weight loss, and to data published by one another that has not been peer-reviewed—the Calibrate data on 109 customers, and Embla’s tracking of 85 of its GLP-1 users, who it said had maintained a “stable” body weight for 26 weeks after going off the medication.

In response to a request for comment, Embla’s chief medical officer, Henrik Rindel Gudbergsen, said that “lifestyle changes in combination with weight loss medication seems to allow patients to avoid regaining weight after coming off medication… However, as this is a new area of interest for clinicians and researchers, we cannot make any firm conclusion.”

The seven doctors who spoke with Fortune (most of whom, like Dr. Ryan and many other prominent obesity doctors, have consulted, advised, or worked with the drug manufacturers Novo Nordisk and Eli Lilly in some capacity) emphasized that the science is still young. But they said that the bulk of the peer-reviewed research to date shows that few people can maintain all of their weight loss after coming off GLP-1 medications.

Diet companies making promises that play on customers’ desires, fears, and anxieties is nothing new, of course. As Chastain pointed out, she often sees companies in the weight loss industry promote things that are either not based in science, or not based in enough science. “Stuff that would be rejected at a sixth-grade science fair project gets published and put in marketing,” she said. “It’s pretty ridiculous.”

And it’s worth noting that for some patients, these weight-loss programs that include drugs can be powerful—even life-changing enough that they might be worth committing to long-term. Before becoming a member of Calibrate, Isherwood remembers seeing a number on the scale that she’d never seen before. “It was the highest I’ve ever been,” she said, later adding: “I was freaking out, so I tried going back to kind of eating low-carb and exercising; it just wasn’t working.”

Apart from some hiccups, such as slow responses from the company’s customer service and difficulty reaching doctors or coaches, Isherwood says, her experiences with Calibrate were positive and pleasant, and that’s why she remained a customer for two years. After all, she lost weight.

A familiar story for observers of the diet industry

The solution that both Calibrate and Noom suggest for customers who stop using weight-loss drugs might sound simple, and familiar: diet, exercise, sleep, emotional health. But decades of data show these lifestyle changes are far easier said than done for many Americans—and it’s often because diet and exercise aren’t working for people that they decide to go on GLP-1 medications in the first place.

“We’ve been talking about lifestyle modification and diet and exercise for decades and decades, and we haven’t seen that be really as effective of an intervention as we would have liked, right?” Dr. Matthew Gilbert, a professor of medicine at the University of Vermont, says. “Americans keep continuing to gain weight.”

The desire to lose weight may not just be about health. As Tigress Osborn, executive director of the advocacy organization the National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance, explains, it’s “harder to be in the world as a fat person—especially as a very fat person,” she tells Fortune. “The fantasy of just being able to escape all that by losing weight is really powerful. It’s really powerful, and it’s lucrative—and so it’s going to be used over and over and over again to motivate people.”

The promise of a quick fix, via a weight loss program, diet, or drug has made many fortunes. And it’s a history with its share of ignominy: In the mid-1990s, a drug that combined fenfluramine and phentermine, known as fen-phen, exploded in popularity after a single, 121-patient study showed it was effective for weight loss. At its peak, more than 6 million Americans were on it, and doctors centered entire practices around it—until it emerged that it was increasing the incidents of heart valve defects, and the FDA requested it be pulled from the market. The drugmaker eventually agreed to a $3.75 billion settlement, at the time one of the largest ever payouts in a product liability case. The episode was, the New York Times proclaimed, “a morality tale for our times.”

The excitement around GLP-1s feels eerily similar to the fen-phen craze, says Osborn. “If you’re of a certain vintage, and you were in diet culture as a dieter, as a fat person, as a sociologist observing these things…then you might be a little more skeptical of this one,” she says.

To be clear: No evidence has emerged of GLP-1s causing health problems on a large scale (though some studies have linked a few fatalities to hypoglycemia that emerged after using GLP-1s or an increased risk of pancreatitis or bowel obstruction). But in such a new field of research, customers of these weight-loss startups are essentially test subjects, says Chastain: “The danger to consumers is that they take on risk and expensive medication based on a claim that is not scientifically based—that’s not evidence-based.”

Startups, by nature, exist to fix problems. And the GLP-1 industry, with its steep price tags and periodic shortages, has a number of them. But an important question these companies must reckon with is whether it is science or scale that is driving their business strategy, says Dr. Rekha Kumar, the former medical director of the American Board of Obesity Medicine and the chief medical officer at a weight-loss startup, Found (which prescribes GLP-1s sparingly and with the caveat that they are to be taken long-term).

“It’s really important to try to build a healthy business around the right clinical strategy, and not the opposite,” she says. “Not for a company to say: ‘Oh, this is how I know we’re going to make money. So let’s build a clinical strategy around that’… I think that’s a big mistake.”

It remains to be seen how all these startups will fare as more and more patients quit their weight-loss medications. Dr. Peminda Cabandugama, the director of digital obesity at Cleveland Clinic, issued a prediction about those who go to what he called “Instagram clinics” for their weight-loss drugs and fail to pair them with an ongoing regime of diet and exercise—one that could be dire for the industry. “Around 2025,” he told Fortune, “there’s going to be a lot of people regaining their weight.”

And there are some clues that weight-loss companies are starting to prepare for that eventuality: In recent weeks, Noom has released a new round of Instagram advertisements—many of them with the “temporary” language taken out.

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