持續(xù)十年的低利率和低成本資本,培養(yǎng)出了一代被稱為“成長(zhǎng)于零利率環(huán)境下的雛鳥”的初創(chuàng)公司。如今,加息使公開市場(chǎng)對(duì)顛覆性、高增長(zhǎng)科技公司的態(tài)度變得消極,因此投資者正在讓這些雛鳥們飛出巢穴。
2024年,它們必須學(xué)會(huì)如何飛翔,否則就會(huì)跌落地面。不止這些公司存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。高增長(zhǎng)、顛覆性科技公司的市值,約占美國(guó)國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)的7.3%。據(jù)Pitchbook的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,全世界有超過1,200家估值超過10億美元的獨(dú)角獸公司。其中一半以上(約600家)位于美國(guó)。估值超過5億美元的潛在獨(dú)角獸公司同樣規(guī)模龐大。
雖然市場(chǎng)環(huán)境變化暴露出這些公司的許多弱點(diǎn),但大多數(shù)公司迄今為止并沒有遭到公眾的嚴(yán)格審查。這些在零利率環(huán)境下成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)的公司都面臨著一個(gè)共同的問題:它們?cè)跓崆榈珶o(wú)法持續(xù)的增長(zhǎng)環(huán)境下,隱藏著嚴(yán)重的結(jié)構(gòu)性缺陷。
為了真正維持增長(zhǎng),這些公司的首席執(zhí)行官、首席財(cái)務(wù)官和投資者們,必須拋棄傳統(tǒng)的回顧性財(cái)務(wù)分析,樹立對(duì)公司經(jīng)濟(jì)引擎的可靠性和后續(xù)增長(zhǎng)和盈利路徑的信心。這些路徑應(yīng)該是清晰的,結(jié)構(gòu)合理,并且符合公司在融資選擇方面的最終目標(biāo)。下列基本問題能夠幫助確定這些路徑的可行性。
公司收入的質(zhì)量如何?
一個(gè)關(guān)鍵要素是公司的業(yè)務(wù)具有真正的“重復(fù)性”,包括對(duì)年度經(jīng)常性收入(Annual Recurring Revenue)背后的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素進(jìn)行關(guān)鍵分析。對(duì)于非軟件類業(yè)務(wù),這意味著了解公司有多少經(jīng)常性收入,并確保高利潤(rùn)率與這個(gè)收入流相關(guān)聯(lián)。收入的質(zhì)量還包括客戶群體的質(zhì)量和多樣性,以及用戶或客戶自身的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力。
公司的增長(zhǎng)質(zhì)量如何?
關(guān)鍵是要確認(rèn)公司的增長(zhǎng)是基于現(xiàn)有的客戶群體,有堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。對(duì)于軟件即服務(wù)(SaaS)公司,最好的衡量指標(biāo)是凈收入留存率(Net Revenue Retention,考慮到公司規(guī)模的擴(kuò)張,目前從客戶收到的收入與一年前的收入的百分比)和總收入留存率(Gross Revenue Retention,一年后保留的客戶收入百分比)。在確定了基于現(xiàn)有客戶的增長(zhǎng)質(zhì)量之后,評(píng)估公司高效推動(dòng)新業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展的能力將是關(guān)鍵。
對(duì)于交易平臺(tái)公司,增長(zhǎng)質(zhì)量可以體現(xiàn)在提高收入轉(zhuǎn)換率的能力上。例如,隨著Uber完善了價(jià)值定位,公司的收入轉(zhuǎn)換率有所提高(2023年為29%,2021年為19%)。
公司的毛利潤(rùn)質(zhì)量如何?
在補(bǔ)貼性增長(zhǎng)結(jié)束后,只有強(qiáng)勁的毛利潤(rùn)率(或邊際貢獻(xiàn)率)能夠支持可持續(xù)的成本結(jié)構(gòu),公司需要研發(fā)創(chuàng)新與投資,才可以維持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。在現(xiàn)金流層面,需要強(qiáng)勁的經(jīng)營(yíng)毛利潤(rùn)率來(lái)推動(dòng)公司的大規(guī)模增長(zhǎng)。
公司的韌性如何?
在確定了增長(zhǎng)和盈利路徑之后,還需要評(píng)估這些在零利率環(huán)境下成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)的公司的韌性。如果在法定審計(jì)的過程中把財(cái)務(wù)控制措施作為審查對(duì)象,公司治理就將成為最關(guān)鍵的部分,因?yàn)楣究赡苋狈η逦闹卫砜蚣埽瑧?yīng)該進(jìn)行深入評(píng)估。
治理框架中必須包括防護(hù)措施,以保證創(chuàng)始人不會(huì)越過高度自信和自我信念與夸張甚至欺詐之間的界限。創(chuàng)始人的自信是打造真正的行業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的關(guān)鍵。這些公司將會(huì)繼續(xù)開創(chuàng)人類的未來(lái),改變我們的社會(huì),因此它們的韌性還取決于能否遵守重要的環(huán)境、社會(huì)和治理(ESG)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),尤其是氣候以及多元、公平和包容(DEI)等因素。
只有回答了這些問題,投資者才能夠準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估一家高增長(zhǎng)科技公司的前景和生存能力。未來(lái)幾個(gè)月,許多首席執(zhí)行官和投資者會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)在零利率下成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)的公司內(nèi)部的弱點(diǎn),導(dǎo)致一些備受關(guān)注的公司倒閉。
好消息是,大多數(shù)公司仍然有時(shí)間適應(yīng)新的資本模式,提高順利進(jìn)入健康成熟期的概率。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
本文作者拉斐勒·德奧爾納諾(Raphaelle D’Ornano)是咨詢公司D’Ornano+Co的首席執(zhí)行官。
Fortune.com上發(fā)表的評(píng)論文章中表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn),僅代表作者本人的觀點(diǎn),不代表《財(cái)富》雜志的觀點(diǎn)和立場(chǎng)。
譯者:劉進(jìn)龍
審校:汪皓
持續(xù)十年的低利率和低成本資本,培養(yǎng)出了一代被稱為“成長(zhǎng)于零利率環(huán)境下的雛鳥”的初創(chuàng)公司。如今,加息使公開市場(chǎng)對(duì)顛覆性、高增長(zhǎng)科技公司的態(tài)度變得消極,因此投資者正在讓這些雛鳥們飛出巢穴。
2024年,它們必須學(xué)會(huì)如何飛翔,否則就會(huì)跌落地面。不止這些公司存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。高增長(zhǎng)、顛覆性科技公司的市值,約占美國(guó)國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)的7.3%。據(jù)Pitchbook的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,全世界有超過1,200家估值超過10億美元的獨(dú)角獸公司。其中一半以上(約600家)位于美國(guó)。估值超過5億美元的潛在獨(dú)角獸公司同樣規(guī)模龐大。
雖然市場(chǎng)環(huán)境變化暴露出這些公司的許多弱點(diǎn),但大多數(shù)公司迄今為止并沒有遭到公眾的嚴(yán)格審查。這些在零利率環(huán)境下成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)的公司都面臨著一個(gè)共同的問題:它們?cè)跓崆榈珶o(wú)法持續(xù)的增長(zhǎng)環(huán)境下,隱藏著嚴(yán)重的結(jié)構(gòu)性缺陷。
為了真正維持增長(zhǎng),這些公司的首席執(zhí)行官、首席財(cái)務(wù)官和投資者們,必須拋棄傳統(tǒng)的回顧性財(cái)務(wù)分析,樹立對(duì)公司經(jīng)濟(jì)引擎的可靠性和后續(xù)增長(zhǎng)和盈利路徑的信心。這些路徑應(yīng)該是清晰的,結(jié)構(gòu)合理,并且符合公司在融資選擇方面的最終目標(biāo)。下列基本問題能夠幫助確定這些路徑的可行性。
公司收入的質(zhì)量如何?
一個(gè)關(guān)鍵要素是公司的業(yè)務(wù)具有真正的“重復(fù)性”,包括對(duì)年度經(jīng)常性收入(Annual Recurring Revenue)背后的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素進(jìn)行關(guān)鍵分析。對(duì)于非軟件類業(yè)務(wù),這意味著了解公司有多少經(jīng)常性收入,并確保高利潤(rùn)率與這個(gè)收入流相關(guān)聯(lián)。收入的質(zhì)量還包括客戶群體的質(zhì)量和多樣性,以及用戶或客戶自身的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力。
公司的增長(zhǎng)質(zhì)量如何?
關(guān)鍵是要確認(rèn)公司的增長(zhǎng)是基于現(xiàn)有的客戶群體,有堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。對(duì)于軟件即服務(wù)(SaaS)公司,最好的衡量指標(biāo)是凈收入留存率(Net Revenue Retention,考慮到公司規(guī)模的擴(kuò)張,目前從客戶收到的收入與一年前的收入的百分比)和總收入留存率(Gross Revenue Retention,一年后保留的客戶收入百分比)。在確定了基于現(xiàn)有客戶的增長(zhǎng)質(zhì)量之后,評(píng)估公司高效推動(dòng)新業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展的能力將是關(guān)鍵。
對(duì)于交易平臺(tái)公司,增長(zhǎng)質(zhì)量可以體現(xiàn)在提高收入轉(zhuǎn)換率的能力上。例如,隨著Uber完善了價(jià)值定位,公司的收入轉(zhuǎn)換率有所提高(2023年為29%,2021年為19%)。
公司的毛利潤(rùn)質(zhì)量如何?
在補(bǔ)貼性增長(zhǎng)結(jié)束后,只有強(qiáng)勁的毛利潤(rùn)率(或邊際貢獻(xiàn)率)能夠支持可持續(xù)的成本結(jié)構(gòu),公司需要研發(fā)創(chuàng)新與投資,才可以維持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。在現(xiàn)金流層面,需要強(qiáng)勁的經(jīng)營(yíng)毛利潤(rùn)率來(lái)推動(dòng)公司的大規(guī)模增長(zhǎng)。
公司的韌性如何?
在確定了增長(zhǎng)和盈利路徑之后,還需要評(píng)估這些在零利率環(huán)境下成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)的公司的韌性。如果在法定審計(jì)的過程中把財(cái)務(wù)控制措施作為審查對(duì)象,公司治理就將成為最關(guān)鍵的部分,因?yàn)楣究赡苋狈η逦闹卫砜蚣埽瑧?yīng)該進(jìn)行深入評(píng)估。
治理框架中必須包括防護(hù)措施,以保證創(chuàng)始人不會(huì)越過高度自信和自我信念與夸張甚至欺詐之間的界限。創(chuàng)始人的自信是打造真正的行業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的關(guān)鍵。這些公司將會(huì)繼續(xù)開創(chuàng)人類的未來(lái),改變我們的社會(huì),因此它們的韌性還取決于能否遵守重要的環(huán)境、社會(huì)和治理(ESG)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),尤其是氣候以及多元、公平和包容(DEI)等因素。
只有回答了這些問題,投資者才能夠準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估一家高增長(zhǎng)科技公司的前景和生存能力。未來(lái)幾個(gè)月,許多首席執(zhí)行官和投資者會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)在零利率下成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)的公司內(nèi)部的弱點(diǎn),導(dǎo)致一些備受關(guān)注的公司倒閉。
好消息是,大多數(shù)公司仍然有時(shí)間適應(yīng)新的資本模式,提高順利進(jìn)入健康成熟期的概率。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
本文作者拉斐勒·德奧爾納諾(Raphaelle D’Ornano)是咨詢公司D’Ornano+Co的首席執(zhí)行官。
Fortune.com上發(fā)表的評(píng)論文章中表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn),僅代表作者本人的觀點(diǎn),不代表《財(cái)富》雜志的觀點(diǎn)和立場(chǎng)。
譯者:劉進(jìn)龍
審校:汪皓
A decade of low interest rates and cheap capital birthed a startup generation of “zero interest-rate babies.” Now that rising interest rates have turned public markets sour on disruptive, high-growth tech companies, investors are pushing these ZIRBs out of the nest.
In 2024, they must learn how to fly before they hit the ground. The stakes are not limited to these companies. The value of high-growth, disruptive tech companies is equivalent to about 7.3% of the U.S. gross domestic product. There are more than 1,200 unicorns with billion-dollar-plus valuations in the world, according to Pitchbook data. More than half of these (approximately 600) are based in the U.S. Not far behind is an army of soon-to-be unicorns, valued at more than $500 million.
Even as changing market conditions reveal many of their weak spots, most of these companies have so far been immune to public scrutiny. But these ZIRBs share a troubling trait: they were able to hide severe structural flaws beneath enthusiastic but unsustainable growth conditions.
To learn how to really fly, ZIRB CEOs, CFOs, and investors need to throw out traditional backward-looking financial analyses and build confidence in the solidity of the company’s economic engine and subsequent paths to growth and profitability. These paths should be clear, well-framed, and consistent with the company’s end goal in terms of financing options. The following fundamental questions can help establish the feasibility of these paths:
What is the quality of the company’s revenue?
The key element to look for here is the truly “recurring” nature of the business, including a critical analysis of what is behind Annual Recurring Revenue (ARR). In the case of non-software businesses, this means understanding how much revenue is re-occurring and making sure that high margins are associated with this revenue stream. Quality of revenue also refers to customer base quality and diversification as well as the strength of the user or customer’s own economics.
What is the quality of the company’s growth?
It is critical to confirm that growth has a solid foundation, grounded on the existing customer base. For SaaS businesses, this is best measured through net revenue retention (NRR, the percentage of revenue now received from a customer compared to a year ago, taking into account expansion) and gross revenue retention (GRR, the percentage of revenue from a customer that remains after one year). Once a decision is made on the quality of growth for existing customers, it will be key to assess the company’s ability to fuel the new business engine efficiently.
In marketplace businesses, quality of growth can be reflected in the ability to increase the take rate. For example, Uber’s take rate has risen (29% in 2023 vs. 19% in 2021) as the company improved its value proposition.
What is the quality of the company’s margins?
With the end of subsidized growth, only strong gross (or contribution) margins can support a sustainable cost structure that also requires innovation and investment in research and development to remain competitive. At a cash-flow level, strong operating margins are needed to drive growth at scale for these businesses.
How resilient is the company?
Once a decision is made on the path to growth and profitability, ZIRBs will also need to be assessed through the lens of their resilience. If financial controls are reviewed as a part of legal audits, governance stands out as perhaps the most critical point here because it can lack a clear framework and should be assessed deeply.
This must include guardrails to ensure founders don’t cross the line between high confidence and self-belief, which are key to building true industry leaders, and exaggeration–or even fraud. As these companies continue to build our future and transform our societies, their resilience also rests on their ability to comply with essential environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria, notably climate and diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) considerations.
Only by answering these questions can investors accurately assess the prospects and viability of a high-growth tech company. Many CEOs and investors will discover weaknesses within the ZIRB universe over the coming months, resulting in some high-profile failures.
The good news is that there’s still time for most of these babies to course-correct by adapting to the new capital paradigm and raising the probability of reaching a healthy adulthood.
Raphaelle d’Ornano is the CEO of advisory firm D’Ornano+Co.
The opinions expressed in Fortune.com commentary pieces are solely the views of their authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions and beliefs of Fortune.