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研究發現,新冠仍是更嚴重的威脅,但流感也不容忽視

CAROLYN BARBER
2023-12-18

一項最新研究發現,新冠感染者在首次感染幾個月后,出現了更糟糕的健康后果。

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幾乎從新冠病毒肆虐全球開始,研究人員和流行病學家們就警告,新冠病毒與已知病毒尤其是季節性流感病毒的行為方式截然不同。新冠病毒不僅比流感病毒有更強的傳染力,它還可能引發靜脈和動脈血栓,造成嗅覺和/或味覺喪失,甚至導致罕見的兒童多系統炎癥綜合征。

人們對待這條信息的嚴肅程度,取決于地理位置,而且通常會受到政治因素的影響。但一項最新研究表明,這些警告被證明是可怕的預言。

這項研究對因新冠和因季節性流感住院的患者進行了為期18個月的隨訪和對比分析。研究發現,新冠患者的死亡率、醫療保健利用率和大多數器官系統出現負面健康后果的比例,遠高于流感患者。研究結果發表于12月14日的醫學期刊《柳葉刀》(The Lancet)傳染病部分。

“一種多系統疾病”

臨床流行病學中心(Clinical Epidemiology Center)主任、圣路易斯退伍軍人事務中心醫療保健系統(Veterans Affairs Saint Louis Health Care System)研究與發展服務主管以及本篇論文的高級作者齊亞德·阿爾阿里表示:“無論是德爾塔之前的病毒還是德爾塔病毒或者奧密克戎病毒流行期間,無論患者是否接種了疫苗,這種情況都非常明顯。新冠病毒依舊是對人類健康比流感更嚴重的威脅。”

在這篇論文發表時,美國與新冠有關的住院人數激增,有15個州表示呼吸道疾病發病率水平較高或極高,其中包括新冠、流感、呼吸道合胞病毒和其他呼吸道疾病。雖然住院人數遠低于奧密克戎最高峰時期的水平,但隨著氣溫下降,人們更多地留在室內和人群密集的環境,預計住院人數會持續增多。

阿爾阿里的研究對比分析了94種預先指定的健康結果。研究發現,在18個月跟進期內,新冠病毒與其中64種或近70%的健康結果的“風險顯著增加”有關。新冠增加的風險包括心臟驟停、中風、慢性腎病和認知障礙,以及精神健康與疲勞等。后兩種風險通常與長新冠有關。

相比之下,季節性流感只會導致其中六種狀況的風險增加。此外,新冠會導致研究中的幾乎所有器官系統的風險增加,而流感主要會導致肺部的健康風險增加。阿里阿爾表示,這些研究結果表明,“新冠是一種多系統疾病,而流感更多的是一種呼吸道疾病”。

“一個可怕的敵人”

研究人員表示,雖然新冠帶來了更大風險,但對流感依舊不能掉以輕心。事實上,該項研究的一個明確結果是,長新冠是比急性新冠更嚴重的健康問題,同樣,長流感帶來的威脅遠高于急性流感階段。

阿爾阿里表示:“五年前,我不會想到研究‘長流感’的可能性。但我們從新冠疫情中得到的一個重要教訓是,最初被認為只會導致短期疾病的感染,也可能引發慢性疾病。將疾病概念化成一種急性疾病,掩蓋了后期發生的健康損失帶來的更沉重的負擔。這啟發我們研究新冠和流感的長期后果。”

他們的研究結果是:新冠在短期和長期內帶來的風險,遠高于流感。但阿爾阿里表示,流感依舊是“一個可怕的敵人。進入今年冬季,新冠和流感病例持續增多,人們務必要接種兩種疫苗,符合條件的還應該接種呼吸道合胞病毒疫苗,而且要采取預防措施以降低風險。”

美國疾病預防控制中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,CDC)表示,美國近80%的成年人已經接種了基礎新冠疫苗,但只有17%接種了加強針。此外,據疾控中心估計,截至11月25日,約40%的成年人接種了季節性流感疫苗。

約15%的美國成年人出現了長新冠癥狀,但在俄克拉荷馬州,這個比例高達34%。阿爾阿里團隊今年早些時候在《自然醫學》(Nature Medicine)發表的一篇論文稱,長新冠對身體的影響可能持續兩年甚至更長時間,而且即使初始癥狀不需要住院治療的患者,其生活質量也會因為長新冠受到影響。

“輕視新冠感染是在冒險”

顯然,長新冠依舊是一個迫在眉睫的威脅。此外,研究表明每一次連續感染新冠,都是在賭博。一個健康的、接種了疫苗的年輕人,在首次感染新冠時可能只有輕度癥狀,但在下一次感染的時候卻可能莫名其妙地出現長新冠癥狀。長新冠可能包括記憶力喪失、新患糖尿病、中風等癥狀,而且我們沒有任何經過驗證的治療方法,因此最佳策略是避免感染。

阿爾阿里的研究使用美國退伍軍人事務部的數據,分析了2020年3月至2022年6月期間入院治療的80,000名新冠患者,以及2015年10月至2019年2月期間入院治療的近11,000名流感患者。研究稱,除了預先指定的健康結果、器官系統、重新住院和入住重癥監護室等因素以外,他們還選擇了對受試者長達18個月的跟進隨訪,“以比較評估死亡風險和負擔”。

在分析中,研究人員將健康結果分成了10個器官系統,分別是:心血管、凝血和血液學、疲勞、腸胃、腎臟、精神健康、新陳代謝、肌肉骨骼、神經和肺。研究發現,新冠病毒導致其中9個系統的風險增加,而流感僅導致肺部系統的風險增加。

在所有研究周期(30天、180天、360天和540天)內,新冠患者入住重癥監護室的風險更高,重新住院的風險同樣更高。研究人員表示,兩種病毒的絕對死亡率、負面健康結果和醫療保健使用率都較高,但盡管新冠病毒從德爾塔之前的病毒到德爾塔再到奧密克戎,經歷了多次進化,“新冠的風險依舊遠高于季節性流感”。

研究作者指出了研究存在的兩個關鍵局限性。首先,弗吉尼亞州參與研究的人員以老年白人男性為主,這可能限制了研究結果的普遍適用性。而且由于研究人員僅評估了因新冠或流感住院的患者,因此研究結果并不能外推,將未住院的患者包含在內。

另外一種病毒株JN.1已被發現。這種病毒株相比其他病毒株的成長優勢表明,它可能更容易傳播,或者更有可能逃避人體的免疫系統。每一次感染或多或少都存在長新冠風險。 “輕視新冠感染是在冒險。客觀證據是顯而易見的,無論是首次感染還是再次感染,新冠都是人類健康面臨的嚴重威脅。”(財富中文網)

本文作者醫學博士卡羅琳·巴伯在國際上發表過科學和醫學論文,她是一位25歲的急診醫生。她著有《失控的藥物:你不知道的事情可能會害死你》(Runaway Medicine: What You Don’t Know May Kill You)一書,并參與創建了加州的無家可歸者就業計劃“改變之輪”(Wheels of Change)。

翻譯:劉進龍

審校:汪皓

幾乎從新冠病毒肆虐全球開始,研究人員和流行病學家們就警告,新冠病毒與已知病毒尤其是季節性流感病毒的行為方式截然不同。新冠病毒不僅比流感病毒有更強的傳染力,它還可能引發靜脈和動脈血栓,造成嗅覺和/或味覺喪失,甚至導致罕見的兒童多系統炎癥綜合征。

人們對待這條信息的嚴肅程度,取決于地理位置,而且通常會受到政治因素的影響。但一項最新研究表明,這些警告被證明是可怕的預言。

這項研究對因新冠和因季節性流感住院的患者進行了為期18個月的隨訪和對比分析。研究發現,新冠患者的死亡率、醫療保健利用率和大多數器官系統出現負面健康后果的比例,遠高于流感患者。研究結果發表于12月14日的醫學期刊《柳葉刀》(The Lancet)傳染病部分。

“一種多系統疾病”

臨床流行病學中心(Clinical Epidemiology Center)主任、圣路易斯退伍軍人事務中心醫療保健系統(Veterans Affairs Saint Louis Health Care System)研究與發展服務主管以及本篇論文的高級作者齊亞德·阿爾阿里表示:“無論是德爾塔之前的病毒還是德爾塔病毒或者奧密克戎病毒流行期間,無論患者是否接種了疫苗,這種情況都非常明顯。新冠病毒依舊是對人類健康比流感更嚴重的威脅。”

在這篇論文發表時,美國與新冠有關的住院人數激增,有15個州表示呼吸道疾病發病率水平較高或極高,其中包括新冠、流感、呼吸道合胞病毒和其他呼吸道疾病。雖然住院人數遠低于奧密克戎最高峰時期的水平,但隨著氣溫下降,人們更多地留在室內和人群密集的環境,預計住院人數會持續增多。

阿爾阿里的研究對比分析了94種預先指定的健康結果。研究發現,在18個月跟進期內,新冠病毒與其中64種或近70%的健康結果的“風險顯著增加”有關。新冠增加的風險包括心臟驟停、中風、慢性腎病和認知障礙,以及精神健康與疲勞等。后兩種風險通常與長新冠有關。

相比之下,季節性流感只會導致其中六種狀況的風險增加。此外,新冠會導致研究中的幾乎所有器官系統的風險增加,而流感主要會導致肺部的健康風險增加。阿里阿爾表示,這些研究結果表明,“新冠是一種多系統疾病,而流感更多的是一種呼吸道疾病”。

“一個可怕的敵人”

研究人員表示,雖然新冠帶來了更大風險,但對流感依舊不能掉以輕心。事實上,該項研究的一個明確結果是,長新冠是比急性新冠更嚴重的健康問題,同樣,長流感帶來的威脅遠高于急性流感階段。

阿爾阿里表示:“五年前,我不會想到研究‘長流感’的可能性。但我們從新冠疫情中得到的一個重要教訓是,最初被認為只會導致短期疾病的感染,也可能引發慢性疾病。將疾病概念化成一種急性疾病,掩蓋了后期發生的健康損失帶來的更沉重的負擔。這啟發我們研究新冠和流感的長期后果。”

他們的研究結果是:新冠在短期和長期內帶來的風險,遠高于流感。但阿爾阿里表示,流感依舊是“一個可怕的敵人。進入今年冬季,新冠和流感病例持續增多,人們務必要接種兩種疫苗,符合條件的還應該接種呼吸道合胞病毒疫苗,而且要采取預防措施以降低風險。”

美國疾病預防控制中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,CDC)表示,美國近80%的成年人已經接種了基礎新冠疫苗,但只有17%接種了加強針。此外,據疾控中心估計,截至11月25日,約40%的成年人接種了季節性流感疫苗。

約15%的美國成年人出現了長新冠癥狀,但在俄克拉荷馬州,這個比例高達34%。阿爾阿里團隊今年早些時候在《自然醫學》(Nature Medicine)發表的一篇論文稱,長新冠對身體的影響可能持續兩年甚至更長時間,而且即使初始癥狀不需要住院治療的患者,其生活質量也會因為長新冠受到影響。

“輕視新冠感染是在冒險”

顯然,長新冠依舊是一個迫在眉睫的威脅。此外,研究表明每一次連續感染新冠,都是在賭博。一個健康的、接種了疫苗的年輕人,在首次感染新冠時可能只有輕度癥狀,但在下一次感染的時候卻可能莫名其妙地出現長新冠癥狀。長新冠可能包括記憶力喪失、新患糖尿病、中風等癥狀,而且我們沒有任何經過驗證的治療方法,因此最佳策略是避免感染。

阿爾阿里的研究使用美國退伍軍人事務部的數據,分析了2020年3月至2022年6月期間入院治療的80,000名新冠患者,以及2015年10月至2019年2月期間入院治療的近11,000名流感患者。研究稱,除了預先指定的健康結果、器官系統、重新住院和入住重癥監護室等因素以外,他們還選擇了對受試者長達18個月的跟進隨訪,“以比較評估死亡風險和負擔”。

在分析中,研究人員將健康結果分成了10個器官系統,分別是:心血管、凝血和血液學、疲勞、腸胃、腎臟、精神健康、新陳代謝、肌肉骨骼、神經和肺。研究發現,新冠病毒導致其中9個系統的風險增加,而流感僅導致肺部系統的風險增加。

在所有研究周期(30天、180天、360天和540天)內,新冠患者入住重癥監護室的風險更高,重新住院的風險同樣更高。研究人員表示,兩種病毒的絕對死亡率、負面健康結果和醫療保健使用率都較高,但盡管新冠病毒從德爾塔之前的病毒到德爾塔再到奧密克戎,經歷了多次進化,“新冠的風險依舊遠高于季節性流感”。

研究作者指出了研究存在的兩個關鍵局限性。首先,弗吉尼亞州參與研究的人員以老年白人男性為主,這可能限制了研究結果的普遍適用性。而且由于研究人員僅評估了因新冠或流感住院的患者,因此研究結果并不能外推,將未住院的患者包含在內。

另外一種病毒株JN.1已被發現。這種病毒株相比其他病毒株的成長優勢表明,它可能更容易傳播,或者更有可能逃避人體的免疫系統。每一次感染或多或少都存在長新冠風險。 “輕視新冠感染是在冒險。客觀證據是顯而易見的,無論是首次感染還是再次感染,新冠都是人類健康面臨的嚴重威脅。”(財富中文網)

本文作者醫學博士卡羅琳·巴伯在國際上發表過科學和醫學論文,她是一位25歲的急診醫生。她著有《失控的藥物:你不知道的事情可能會害死你》(Runaway Medicine: What You Don’t Know May Kill You)一書,并參與創建了加州的無家可歸者就業計劃“改變之輪”(Wheels of Change)。

翻譯:劉進龍

審校:汪皓

Almost from the start of SARS-CoV-2’s rampage around the globe, researchers and epidemiologists warned that it appeared to behave differently than known viruses, particularly seasonal flu. That included not only COVID-19’s general contagiousness compared to flu viruses, but also its ability to cause clotting problems in the veins and arteries, result in loss of smell and/or taste, and even lead to a rare multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.

That message was taken more or less seriously, depending on geography and, often, politics. But as a new study makes clear, the warnings have proved darkly prophetic.

The study, a comparative analysis with 18 months of follow-up of hospital admissions for those with COVID-19 and those with seasonal flu, found that COVID-19 patients experienced significantly higher rates of death, healthcare utilization, and adverse health outcomes in most organ systems than did patients with the flu. Its results were published on Dec. 14 in the infectious diseases section of the medical journal The Lancet.

‘A multi-systemic disease’

“This was evident in pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron (strains), and evident in both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals,” says Ziyad Al-Aly, the director of the Clinical Epidemiology Center, chief of research and development service at the Veterans Affairs Saint Louis Health Care System, and senior author of the study. “COVID remains a much more serious threat to human health than the flu.”

The study arrives as the U.S. is seeing a significant uptick in COVID-related hospitalizations and with 15 states reporting high or very high levels of respiratory illness, which takes in COVID-19, the flu, RSV, and other respiratory diseases. The hospitalization numbers are well below those posted during Omicron’s peak, but with colder weather moving more people indoors and into crowded settings, they may reasonably be expected to continue rising.

Al-Aly’s study undertook a comparative analysis of 94 pre-specified health outcomes and found that over 18 months of follow-up, COVID was associated with a “significantly increased risk” for 64 of them, or nearly 70%. The disease’s enhanced risk list includes everything from cardiac arrest, stroke, chronic kidney disease, and cognitive impairment to mental health and fatigue, two characteristics often associated with long COVID.

By comparison, the seasonal flu was associated with increased risk in only six of the 94 conditions specified. Further, while COVID increased the risks for almost all the organ systems studied, the flu heightened risk primarily for the pulmonary(lung) system. Those findings, Al-Aly says, suggest that “COVID is really a multi-systemic disease, and flu is more a respiratory virus.”

‘A formidable foe’

Though COVID poses a greater risk, the seasonal flu should continue to be taken seriously, the researcher says. In fact, one clear finding of the study is that, much in the same way that long COVID is much more of a health problem than acute COVID, long flu poses more danger than does its acute phase.

“Five years ago, it wouldn’t have occurred to me to examine the possibility of a ‘long flu,’” Al-Aly says. “But a major lesson we learned from SARS-CoV-2 is that an infection which was initially thought to only cause brief illness can also lead to chronic disease. Conceptualizing the illness as an acute event obscures the much larger burden of health loss that occurs later. This revelation motivated us to look at long-term outcomes of COVID-19 versus flu.”

The result: COVID-19 poses a much higher risk, both in the short run and long term, than flu. But the flu remains “a formidable foe,” Al-Aly says. “Going into this winter season where cases of COVID and flu are rising, people should make sure they are vaccinated for both, and for RSV if they qualify, and take precautions to lower their risk.”

According to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC), nearly 80% of adult Americans have completed their primary series of COVID-19 vaccines, but only 17% have received a booster. Meanwhile, nearly four in 10 adults had received a seasonal flu shot as of Nov. 25, the CDC estimated.

Roughly 15% of all U.S. adults have experienced long COVID symptoms, though figures range as high as the reported 34% in Oklahoma. According to a paper published earlier this year by Al-Aly’s team in Nature Medicine, the physical fallout from long COVID may last two years or longer–and it can take a toll on the quality of life even for those whose initial cases didn’t require hospital care.

‘We trivialize COVID infections at our peril’

Clearly, long COVID remains a looming threat. Moreover, research shows that with each successive COVID-19 infection, we roll the dice. One can be young, healthy, and vaccinated, having experienced only mild symptoms during initial infections–then, almost inexplicably, develop long COVID on the next infection. Considering that long COVID can include conditions like memory loss, new diabetes, stroke, etc, and we have no proven treatments, the best strategy is to avoid it altogether.

Al-Aly’s study mined the databases of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs to analyze data for more than 80,000 COVID-19 patients admitted to hospitals between March 2020 and June 2022, and for nearly 11,000 flu patients between October 2015 and February 2019. Up to 18 months of follow-up for participants was chosen “to comparatively evaluate risks and burdens of death” in addition to the pre-specified health outcomes, organ systems, hospital readmission, and admission to intensive care, the study says.

As part of their analysis, the researchers composited the health outcomes into 10 organ systems: cardiovascular, coagulation and hematological, fatigue, gastrointestinal, kidney, mental health, metabolic, musculoskeletal, neurological, and pulmonary. COVID-19 showed increased risk in nine of the 10, with the flu showing increased risk only in the pulmonary system.

The COVID group also had a higher risk of admission to intensive care in all of the time periods studied (30, 180, 360, and 540 days) versus the flu group, as well as a higher risk of readmission to the hospital. And absolute rates of death, adverse health outcomes, and healthcare utilization, while high for both viruses, were “significantly higher for COVID-19 compared to seasonal influenza,” despite changes in SARS-CoV-2 over time from pre-Delta to Delta to Omicron, the researchers said.

The study’s authors noted two key limitations. First, the V.A. study population is predominantly older white males, which may limit the generalizability of the study’s findings. And as the researchers assessed only people who were hospitalized with COVID or flu, the results should not be extrapolated to include non-hospitalized individuals.

Another strain of the virus, JN.1, has been detected. The growth advantage it appears to have over other variants suggests that it is either more transmissible or more capable of evading our immune systems. And the specter of long COVID hangs over each infection, to some degree or other. “We trivialize COVID infections at our peril,” says Al-Aly. “The objective evidence is clear, whether it is a first infection or reinfection, COVID is still a serious threat to human health.”

Carolyn Barber, M.D., is an internationally published science and medical writer and a 25-year emergency physician. She is the author of the book Runaway Medicine: What You Don’t Know May Kill You, and the co-founder of the California-based homeless work program Wheels of Change.

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