新冠疫情引發的不確定性將中國女性擠出勞動力市場,女性地位也因此出現倒退。2006年世界經濟論壇(World Economic Forum)首次發布性別差距指數時,115個國家里中國排名第63位。到2023年,在146個國家里中國跌至第107位。(世界經濟論壇主要關注衡量性別平等的四個領域:經濟機會、教育、衛生和政治領導力)。
“疫情期間很多女性回歸家庭,對吧?因為如果家庭中必須有人做出犧牲,最后總是女性,”11月2日,基因學公司華大基因集團執行副總裁朱巖梅在上海舉辦的《財富》ESG峰會上表示。新冠疫情期間,美國、印度和日本等經濟體中也有大批女性離開工作崗位。
疫情還放大了另一挑戰,可能更令中國政府官員擔心,即經濟前景不明和新冠清零政策推動女性推遲生育,中國出生率出現進一步下降。2022年,新生兒出生率降至有記錄以來最低,20世紀60年代以來中國人口首次下降。中國政府正努力扭轉趨勢,讓生育率止跌回升。
風險在于,推動女性生育可能抵消改善性別平等的努力。ESG峰會論壇發言者警告稱,中國公司經常優先考慮男性候選人,影響職場女性的機會。
2018年世界銀行一項研究顯示,與男性相比,中國女性在無償家務和育兒方面花的時間是男性的2.6倍。智聯招聘首席執行官郭盛認為,在家庭中多花時間最終會拖累女性,因為公司會給男性更高薪酬和更多責任。
“在工作中花時間最多的人收益最高,促使女性要么放棄懷孕或結婚全身心投入工作,要么就回歸家庭,”朱巖梅補充道。
朱巖梅指出的偏見模式在中國企業非常普遍。事實上,智聯招聘數據顯示,女性招聘經理比男性招聘經理更有可能斃掉女性應聘者,郭盛在分論壇中表示。
德勤中國主席蔣穎也呼吁改變中國社會對性別角色的看法,并表示家庭責任應由男性和女性共同分擔。“生孩子休產假后,很難重返工作崗位,”她說。“回歸家庭不應該僅針對女性,男性也應該承擔。”
支持女性
關于企業如何向女性提供支持,論壇參與者提出了一些建議。
全球領導力公司羅盛咨詢董事總經理程原建議,董事會應更關注多元化和提升女性地位。“性別平等可加入評判業績的KPI,”她建議。
“未來,我們應鼓勵上市公司披露在多元化方面的努力,”蔣穎表示。(眾多中國內地公司熱衷前往香港證券交易所上市,該交易所要求,到2024年底前上市公司董事會中至少要有一位女性董事。)
郭盛表示,相對于企業里更高等級,自己更關心基層的性別平等。他指出,招聘門檻和性騷擾是“當前需要關注的問題”。
他建議,技術不僅可以用來提高生產力,也可以為女性提供更多遠程工作的機會,從而加大靈活性。他還認為,中國應加強托兒服務,由于缺乏該服務,一些年輕夫婦很難生育。
出生率下降
中國政府擔心出生率下降,以及之后可能導致的勞動力減少。近來中國已經取消限制家庭生育子女數量的政策,并為家庭提供稅收減免和住房優惠等激勵措施。
然而出生率仍在下降。專家指出,養育孩子成本太高以及組建家庭后生活質量可能下降等可能是主要原因。(財富中文網)
譯者:梁宇
審校:夏林
新冠疫情引發的不確定性將中國女性擠出勞動力市場,女性地位也因此出現倒退。2006年世界經濟論壇(World Economic Forum)首次發布性別差距指數時,115個國家里中國排名第63位。到2023年,在146個國家里中國跌至第107位。(世界經濟論壇主要關注衡量性別平等的四個領域:經濟機會、教育、衛生和政治領導力)。
“疫情期間很多女性回歸家庭,對吧?因為如果家庭中必須有人做出犧牲,最后總是女性,”11月2日,基因學公司華大基因集團執行副總裁朱巖梅在上海舉辦的《財富》ESG峰會上表示。新冠疫情期間,美國、印度和日本等經濟體中也有大批女性離開工作崗位。
疫情還放大了另一挑戰,可能更令中國政府官員擔心,即經濟前景不明和新冠清零政策推動女性推遲生育,中國出生率出現進一步下降。2022年,新生兒出生率降至有記錄以來最低,20世紀60年代以來中國人口首次下降。中國政府正努力扭轉趨勢,讓生育率止跌回升。
風險在于,推動女性生育可能抵消改善性別平等的努力。ESG峰會論壇發言者警告稱,中國公司經常優先考慮男性候選人,影響職場女性的機會。
2018年世界銀行一項研究顯示,與男性相比,中國女性在無償家務和育兒方面花的時間是男性的2.6倍。智聯招聘首席執行官郭盛認為,在家庭中多花時間最終會拖累女性,因為公司會給男性更高薪酬和更多責任。
“在工作中花時間最多的人收益最高,促使女性要么放棄懷孕或結婚全身心投入工作,要么就回歸家庭,”朱巖梅補充道。
朱巖梅指出的偏見模式在中國企業非常普遍。事實上,智聯招聘數據顯示,女性招聘經理比男性招聘經理更有可能斃掉女性應聘者,郭盛在分論壇中表示。
德勤中國主席蔣穎也呼吁改變中國社會對性別角色的看法,并表示家庭責任應由男性和女性共同分擔。“生孩子休產假后,很難重返工作崗位,”她說。“回歸家庭不應該僅針對女性,男性也應該承擔。”
支持女性
關于企業如何向女性提供支持,論壇參與者提出了一些建議。
全球領導力公司羅盛咨詢董事總經理程原建議,董事會應更關注多元化和提升女性地位。“性別平等可加入評判業績的KPI,”她建議。
“未來,我們應鼓勵上市公司披露在多元化方面的努力,”蔣穎表示。(眾多中國內地公司熱衷前往香港證券交易所上市,該交易所要求,到2024年底前上市公司董事會中至少要有一位女性董事。)
郭盛表示,相對于企業里更高等級,自己更關心基層的性別平等。他指出,招聘門檻和性騷擾是“當前需要關注的問題”。
他建議,技術不僅可以用來提高生產力,也可以為女性提供更多遠程工作的機會,從而加大靈活性。他還認為,中國應加強托兒服務,由于缺乏該服務,一些年輕夫婦很難生育。
出生率下降
中國政府擔心出生率下降,以及之后可能導致的勞動力減少。近來中國已經取消限制家庭生育子女數量的政策,并為家庭提供稅收減免和住房優惠等激勵措施。
然而出生率仍在下降。專家指出,養育孩子成本太高以及組建家庭后生活質量可能下降等可能是主要原因。(財富中文網)
譯者:梁宇
審校:夏林
The COVID pandemic was a step backwards for women in China, as uncertainty pushed them out of the workforce. When the World Economic Forum released its first gender gap index in 2006, China ranked in 63rd place out of 115 countries. By 2023, China had fallen to 107th place out of 146 countries. (The WEF looks at four areas to measure progress towards gender parity: economic opportunity, education, health, and political leadership).
“During the pandemic, we saw that a lot of women went back to their families, right? Because if someone has to sacrifice in the family, it’s always the woman,” said Zhu Yanmei, executive vice president at BGI Group, a genomics company, at Fortune China’s ESG Summit in Shanghai on Nov. 2. Women in other economies, like the U.S., India and Japan, also left the workforce in droves during the COVID pandemic.
The pandemic also deepened another challenge, perhaps more concerning to policymakers in Beijing: It accelerated the decline of China’s birth rates, as economic uncertainty and COVID-zero controls drove women to delay having children. New births fell to their lowest level on record in 2022, and the country’s population declined for the first time since the 1960s. Beijing is now struggling to reverse the trend and get fertility rates back up again.
The risk is that a push for women to have children could counteract a drive to improve gender equality. Panelists at the ESG Summit warned that Chinese companies often prioritize male candidates, hurting women in the workplace.
Chinese women spend 2.6 times more time on unpaid domestic labor and childcare compared to men, according to a 2018 study by the World Bank. That extra time spent on the family ultimately hurts women as companies then give men higher pay and more responsibilities, argued Evan Guo, CEO of job listing site Zhaopin.
“Those who spend the most time at the workplace will get the biggest gain, and that will drive females to either to stay away from pregnancy or marriage to devote wholly to the workplace or otherwise they’ll go back to the family,” Zhu added.
Zhu’s model of how prejudice works applies across Chinese companies. In fact, Zhaopin data reported that female hiring managers were more likely to pass over female candidates than male hiring managers, Guo claimed on the panel.
Vivian Jiang, Deloitte China chair, also called for a shift in how Chinese society views gender roles, and said the responsibility of family care should be shared by men and women. “As mothers take maternity leave, it gets difficult for them to go back to their employment,” she said. “Going back to the family should not only be for women, it should be a thing for men as well.”
Supporting women
Panelists gave some suggestions on what companies could do to support women.
Grace Cheng, managing director for Russell Reynolds Associates, an executive search firm, suggested that boards could pay closer attention to diversity and elevating women. “Gender equality could be made into a measurable KPI,” she suggested.
“In the future, we should encourage listed companies to disclose their diversity practices,” Jiang said. (Hong Kong’s stock exchange, a popular listing destination for mainland Chinese companies, will require listed companies to have at least one female board director by the end of 2024.)
Guo said he was more concerned about gender equality at the entry level than higher up the corporate ladder, pointing to barriers to entry and sexual harassment as “something we need to focus on at the moment.”
He suggested that technology can not only improve productivity but can offer flexibility by providing women more opportunities to work-from-home. Zhaopin’s CEO also argued that China needed to provide better childcare, the lack of which has deterred some young families from having children.
Declining birth rates
Beijing is concerned about a declining birth rate in the country, and how that could lead to a smaller workforce. China recently repealed policies that restricted how many children a household can have and is offering incentives like tax breaks and preferential housing for families.
Yet birth rates continue to decline, with experts pointing to factors like the cost of raising a child and a potential drop in a quality of life upon starting a family.