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蘋果公司真值3萬億美元嗎?或許不值

Shawn Tully
2023-07-06

蘋果的股價表現出色,但它的收益增長速度卻不足以證明其當前股價的合理性。

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圖片來源:Getty Images

如果你是蘋果公司(Apple)的忠實股東,盡管該iPhone手機制造商規模龐大并且已經成熟,但你仍然相信蘋果的股價會繼續表現出色,那么蘋果的股價自新冠疫情爆發以來300%的現象級漲幅,肯定就給你帶來了巨大的回報。但如果你現在開始考慮買入蘋果的股票,希望它能夠繼續以類似的速度上漲,就還是打消這個念頭吧。事實上,狂歡極有可能已經結束,即將到來的是“宿醉”的折磨。蘋果的股價被高估,其未來可能被證明只能帶來極低的回報,它可以作為這類股票的典型案例。

這個結論可能令人難以接受,因為在7月4日的一周內,商業媒體和華爾街分析師紛紛在為蘋果最新的表現高唱贊歌。6月30日星期五,蘋果收盤后的總市值超過3萬億美元,這是美國企業首次達到這個里程碑。“庫比蒂諾的巨無霸”在2022年1月的盤中交易中曾經短暫突破“3萬億美元”大關,但收盤時未能守住,之后在過去一年持續下跌。但2023年,蘋果的股價暴漲49%,市值幾乎增長了1萬億美元,相當于微軟(Microsoft)當前2.5萬億美元市值的40%。

蘋果股價預測

簡而言之,蘋果的股價未來大幅增長面臨兩大障礙。這兩大障礙都源于到目前為止令投資者們收益頗豐的一個趨勢:蘋果市值大漲,遠超過資本市場歷史上最強勁的收益增長幅度。結果就是:蘋果現在股價過高,難以持久,而且其利潤方面的表現可能也無法重復。從2015財年年底至2020財年(截至9月30日),蘋果的每股收益總計增長了42%,每年的漲幅為7.3%,達到3.28美元。隨著居家辦公潮流的興起,對蘋果的個人電腦、手機、服務和其他產品的需求激增,讓蘋果公司的每股收益暴漲,在2022年3月達到6.15美元,短短六個季度增長了88%,是截至2020年9月五年漲幅的兩倍。

從2009年年底到新冠疫情爆發,蘋果公司的中位數市盈率倍數約為16倍。但6月30日蘋果估值突破3萬億美元時,其市盈率倍數達到32.9,這意味著與新冠疫情之前市場表現正常的九年相比,股東為蘋果的股票每投入100美元所獲得的利潤減少了一半以上。市場為蘋果的公認會計準則收益支付了額外溢價。蘋果的公認會計準則收益從2010年代中期到后期的550億美元左右,到2022財年增長到1,000億美元。換言之,是投資者導致了超高的市盈率,因為他們預計蘋果的利潤盡管在幾個季度內幾乎翻了一番,但依舊會快速增長。這就是問題所在。

兩個問題:股息發放和回購對股價的影響較小,而且市盈率可能下降

目前,蘋果官方的股息收益率只有0.58%。與此同時,過去兩個財年,蘋果將超過90%的公認會計準則利潤用于回購;事實上,蘋果的回購總額和股息已經略高于總收益。在本分析中,我們假設蘋果會將其報告的利潤全部用于這兩個領域。問題是:按照33的市盈率倍數計算,以股息和回購的方式將收益100%返還給股東,總回報率也只有3%。這與2017年和2018年蘋果的平均市盈率倍數為16時形成了鮮明對比。當時,將所有收益用于發放股息和回購的回報率為6.25%,是目前數字的兩倍(即蘋果的“股息加回購收益率”,或16倍市盈率的倒數)。

假設投資者希望在未來十年獲得10%的年收益,作為持有這些超高定價、超高風險股票的補償。如果蘋果的市盈率倍數始終維持在33,它就需要每年將利潤提高7%,這極具挑戰性,并且需要考慮到通貨膨脹,即3%的合并股息與回購收益率和7%的年度收益增長。然而,市盈率倍數維持在這個極其罕見的水平的概率為零。我們為蘋果假設一個可以持久的市盈率倍數。一個有用的公式預測,蘋果的市盈率倍數可能恢復到新冠疫情之前的歷史水平16倍。16倍和目前的33倍兩者的中間值約為24倍。24倍依舊是一個驚人的數字,其中包含了在2033年買入股票的投資者對其收益強勁增長的預期。因此,我們假設一個最佳情景。

市盈率倍數下降凸顯出史詩級的收益增長難以實現

從現在到2033年年中,蘋果的市盈率倍數從33下降到24,需要每年下降3%。蘋果的市盈率倍數每年只有上一年的97%,在我們預測的期限結束時降至24倍。(市盈率倍數下降3%,意味著在每股收益不變的情況下,股價同樣下跌3%。)市盈率倍數每年下跌3%所造成的股價下跌,將完全抵消股息發放和回購帶來的3%的漲幅。因此,投資者所期待的10%的收益將來自利潤增長。

根本問題在于,隨著需要達到的數字越來越高,蘋果能否持續達到10%的公認會計準則(GAAP)凈利潤增長率?根據簡單的數學計算可以得出答案是“絕無可能”。蘋果要實現這個利潤目標,意味著在2023財年需要增加100億美元利潤,到2027年需要增加150億美元。大數定律成為一個巨大的障礙。未來五年,蘋果需要增長的利潤,相當于在《財富》美國500強中收益規模排在第17位的寶潔公司(Procter & Gamble)2022年的利潤總額。

事實上,蘋果就連實現利潤增長都面臨嚴峻的考驗,更不必說10%的年增長率。過去四個季度,蘋果的凈收益從2022財年的1,000億美元下降到950億美元,這令外界擔心新冠疫情帶來的幾乎90%的利潤增長,可能在某種程度上只是一次性現象。要知道,蘋果在2022財年的收益,已經分別比新冠疫情的另外兩大受益者、在《財富》美國500強中收益規模排在第二位和第三位的微軟和Alphabet高28%和70%。

蘋果的市值達到3萬億美元,使華爾街預測蘋果會帶來更大的回報,但事實可能恰恰相反。它為蘋果設定了必須實現的業績標桿,即便對蘋果這樣一個賺錢機器而言也很難實現:蘋果依舊是一家偉大的公司。但它并不是投資股票的理想選擇。(財富中文網)

譯者:劉進龍

審校:汪皓

如果你是蘋果公司(Apple)的忠實股東,盡管該iPhone手機制造商規模龐大并且已經成熟,但你仍然相信蘋果的股價會繼續表現出色,那么蘋果的股價自新冠疫情爆發以來300%的現象級漲幅,肯定就給你帶來了巨大的回報。但如果你現在開始考慮買入蘋果的股票,希望它能夠繼續以類似的速度上漲,就還是打消這個念頭吧。事實上,狂歡極有可能已經結束,即將到來的是“宿醉”的折磨。蘋果的股價被高估,其未來可能被證明只能帶來極低的回報,它可以作為這類股票的典型案例。

這個結論可能令人難以接受,因為在7月4日的一周內,商業媒體和華爾街分析師紛紛在為蘋果最新的表現高唱贊歌。6月30日星期五,蘋果收盤后的總市值超過3萬億美元,這是美國企業首次達到這個里程碑。“庫比蒂諾的巨無霸”在2022年1月的盤中交易中曾經短暫突破“3萬億美元”大關,但收盤時未能守住,之后在過去一年持續下跌。但2023年,蘋果的股價暴漲49%,市值幾乎增長了1萬億美元,相當于微軟(Microsoft)當前2.5萬億美元市值的40%。

蘋果股價預測

簡而言之,蘋果的股價未來大幅增長面臨兩大障礙。這兩大障礙都源于到目前為止令投資者們收益頗豐的一個趨勢:蘋果市值大漲,遠超過資本市場歷史上最強勁的收益增長幅度。結果就是:蘋果現在股價過高,難以持久,而且其利潤方面的表現可能也無法重復。從2015財年年底至2020財年(截至9月30日),蘋果的每股收益總計增長了42%,每年的漲幅為7.3%,達到3.28美元。隨著居家辦公潮流的興起,對蘋果的個人電腦、手機、服務和其他產品的需求激增,讓蘋果公司的每股收益暴漲,在2022年3月達到6.15美元,短短六個季度增長了88%,是截至2020年9月五年漲幅的兩倍。

從2009年年底到新冠疫情爆發,蘋果公司的中位數市盈率倍數約為16倍。但6月30日蘋果估值突破3萬億美元時,其市盈率倍數達到32.9,這意味著與新冠疫情之前市場表現正常的九年相比,股東為蘋果的股票每投入100美元所獲得的利潤減少了一半以上。市場為蘋果的公認會計準則收益支付了額外溢價。蘋果的公認會計準則收益從2010年代中期到后期的550億美元左右,到2022財年增長到1,000億美元。換言之,是投資者導致了超高的市盈率,因為他們預計蘋果的利潤盡管在幾個季度內幾乎翻了一番,但依舊會快速增長。這就是問題所在。

兩個問題:股息發放和回購對股價的影響較小,而且市盈率可能下降

目前,蘋果官方的股息收益率只有0.58%。與此同時,過去兩個財年,蘋果將超過90%的公認會計準則利潤用于回購;事實上,蘋果的回購總額和股息已經略高于總收益。在本分析中,我們假設蘋果會將其報告的利潤全部用于這兩個領域。問題是:按照33的市盈率倍數計算,以股息和回購的方式將收益100%返還給股東,總回報率也只有3%。這與2017年和2018年蘋果的平均市盈率倍數為16時形成了鮮明對比。當時,將所有收益用于發放股息和回購的回報率為6.25%,是目前數字的兩倍(即蘋果的“股息加回購收益率”,或16倍市盈率的倒數)。

假設投資者希望在未來十年獲得10%的年收益,作為持有這些超高定價、超高風險股票的補償。如果蘋果的市盈率倍數始終維持在33,它就需要每年將利潤提高7%,這極具挑戰性,并且需要考慮到通貨膨脹,即3%的合并股息與回購收益率和7%的年度收益增長。然而,市盈率倍數維持在這個極其罕見的水平的概率為零。我們為蘋果假設一個可以持久的市盈率倍數。一個有用的公式預測,蘋果的市盈率倍數可能恢復到新冠疫情之前的歷史水平16倍。16倍和目前的33倍兩者的中間值約為24倍。24倍依舊是一個驚人的數字,其中包含了在2033年買入股票的投資者對其收益強勁增長的預期。因此,我們假設一個最佳情景。

市盈率倍數下降凸顯出史詩級的收益增長難以實現

從現在到2033年年中,蘋果的市盈率倍數從33下降到24,需要每年下降3%。蘋果的市盈率倍數每年只有上一年的97%,在我們預測的期限結束時降至24倍。(市盈率倍數下降3%,意味著在每股收益不變的情況下,股價同樣下跌3%。)市盈率倍數每年下跌3%所造成的股價下跌,將完全抵消股息發放和回購帶來的3%的漲幅。因此,投資者所期待的10%的收益將來自利潤增長。

根本問題在于,隨著需要達到的數字越來越高,蘋果能否持續達到10%的公認會計準則(GAAP)凈利潤增長率?根據簡單的數學計算可以得出答案是“絕無可能”。蘋果要實現這個利潤目標,意味著在2023財年需要增加100億美元利潤,到2027年需要增加150億美元。大數定律成為一個巨大的障礙。未來五年,蘋果需要增長的利潤,相當于在《財富》美國500強中收益規模排在第17位的寶潔公司(Procter & Gamble)2022年的利潤總額。

事實上,蘋果就連實現利潤增長都面臨嚴峻的考驗,更不必說10%的年增長率。過去四個季度,蘋果的凈收益從2022財年的1,000億美元下降到950億美元,這令外界擔心新冠疫情帶來的幾乎90%的利潤增長,可能在某種程度上只是一次性現象。要知道,蘋果在2022財年的收益,已經分別比新冠疫情的另外兩大受益者、在《財富》美國500強中收益規模排在第二位和第三位的微軟和Alphabet高28%和70%。

蘋果的市值達到3萬億美元,使華爾街預測蘋果會帶來更大的回報,但事實可能恰恰相反。它為蘋果設定了必須實現的業績標桿,即便對蘋果這樣一個賺錢機器而言也很難實現:蘋果依舊是一家偉大的公司。但它并不是投資股票的理想選擇。(財富中文網)

譯者:劉進龍

審校:汪皓

If you’re a loyal Apple shareholder, your faith in its stock to keep rocking—despite the iPhone-maker’s gigantic size and mature standing—has paid off big time via the phenomenal, 300% liftoff since the onset of the pandemic. But if you ponder buying Apple stock today on hopes it will keep climbing at anything resembling the same pace, forget it. In fact, the bash is most likely over, and the hangover’s ahead. Apple now towers as a textbook case of a stock so richly valued that its future returns will likely prove extremely poor.

That may be a hard conclusion to accept, on a July 4 week when business news outlets and Wall Street analysts join voices in saluting Apple’s newest coup. On Friday, June 30, Apple shares finished the trading day at a total market cap of over $3 trillion, the first time any U.S. enterprise has ever reached that milestone. The Colossus of Cupertino had hit the “Big 3” mark during intraday trading in January of 2022, only to fall short by the market close, then cratered for the remainder of last year. But in 2023, Apple’s stock has rampaged 49%, adding almost exactly $1 trillion in value, equivalent to 40% of the $2.5 trillion that Microsoft’s worth today.

Apple stock forecast

Put simply, Apple faces two major obstacles in delivering strong gains going forward. Both stem from the the trend that’s so enriched investors to this point: A giant rise in its valuation that far exceeds probably the strongest earnings takeoff in the history of capital markets. The upshot: Apple now sells at an unsustainably high multiple on top of profits that are probably unrepeatable as well. From the close of its 2015 to 2020 fiscal years (ended September 30), Apple raised its earnings-per-share by a total of 42%, or a modest 7.3% annually, to $3.28. Then, as hunger for its PCs, phones, services and other offerings that powered the work-from-home revolution exploded, its EPS staged a moonshot, climbing in to $6.15 in March of 2022, a gain 88% in just six quarters, twice the increase over the five years through September 2020.

From the end of 2009 to COVID-19 outbreak, Apple’s median price-to-earnings ratio hovered at around 16. But on June 30, the day Apple broke $3 trillion, its PE reached 32.9, meaning that shareholders are now getting less than half the dollars in profits for every $100 they pay for shares alongside the nine year norm preceding the pandemic. And the markets put that extra premium on GAAP earnings that roared from the mid-$50 billions where they’d been stuck in the mid-to-late 2010s to $100 billion in fiscal 2022. In other words, investors awarded the sumptuous PE because they expected Apple’s profits to grow rapidly even after almost doubling in a few quarters. And that’s the rub.

The two problems: Dividends and buybacks provide less bang at these prices, and the PE will probably drop

Today, Apple’s official dividend yield is a meager 0.58%. Meanwhile it’s been pumping over 90% of its GAAP profits into repurchases in the last couple of fiscal years; in fact, the total of buybacks plus dividends slightly exceeds total earnings. For this analysis, we’ll assume that Apple simply awards all of its reported profits in a combination of the two categories. The problem: At a PE of 33, returning 100% of earnings to shareholders in dividends and buybacks provides a total return of just 3%. That’s a stark contrast from the 2017 and 2018 span, when Apple’s PE averaged 16. Then, dedicating all earnings to dividends and buybacks promised a return of 6.25%, more than double today’s number (that’s Apple’s “dividends plus buybacks yield,” or the inverse of the 16 multiple).

Let’s posit that investors will want a 10% annual gains over the next decade as compensation for owning this super-high priced, and hence pretty risky, stock. If Apple’s PE stayed constant at 33, it could get there by raising profits a highly challenging 7% a year, including inflation—that’s the 3% combined dividend and buyback yield plus 7% annual advance in earnings. But the chances the multiple can remain in this rarified realm are nil. Let’s estimate a sustainable PE for Apple. One useful formula predicts that its PE will revert halfway back to the historic, pre-pandemic level of 16. The midpoint between its old 16 multiple and the current 33 is roughly 24. Keep in mind that 24 is still a formidable number that would incorporate expectations of robust earnings growth for anyone buying in 2033. So we’re taking a best case scenario.

A falling PE puts the emphasis on epic earnings growth that’s unachievable

A decline in Apple’s multiple from 33 to 24 from now until mid-2033 would require annual shrinkage of 3 percent. Every year, its PE would be 97% that of the previous year’s, finishing at 24 at the end of our window. (A multiple that’s 3% lower this year than last means the share price will fall by the same 3% if EPS stays flat.) The headwind from the 3% yearly slide in the multiple would completely offset the 3% upward push from dividends and buybacks. As a result, the entire 10% return investors expect would need to come from advancing profits.

The essential question becomes, can Apple really grow its net GAAP profits at 10% on a consistent basis, as the needed numbers become more and more gigantic? Based on the obvious math, the answer would be “not a chance.” Meeting the bogeys requires lifting profits by $10 billion in fiscal 2023, and $15 billion in 2027. The law of large numbers becomes a steep obstacle. Five years from now, Apple would need to increase its profits by the equivalent of what Procter & Gamble, the 17th largest earner on the Fortune 500 list that year, made in 2022.

In fact, Apple faces a thorny test in significantly growing its profits at all, let alone at 10% a year. Based on its last four quarters, net earnings have decreased from $100 billion in fiscal 2022 to $95 billion, leading to worries that the almost 90% surge fueled by the pandemic may be partially a one-time phenomenon. Keep in mind that Apple’s earnings in FY 2022 were already 28% and 70% higher respectively than those of the two other biggest winners from the outbreak, and the second and third highest earners on the Fortune 500 list, Microsoft and Alphabet.

The feat of reaching $3 trillion that’s led Wall Street to predict more big returns to come really bodes just the opposite. It sets the bar for what Apple must achieve well beyond even this extraordinary money spinner’s capabilities. Apple remains a great company. It’s anything but a great buy.

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