在過去的兩年時間里,四十年來最嚴重的通貨膨脹讓消費者苦不堪言,最近,它甚至使不可思議的事情日益成為主流。一些經濟學家提出這樣的問題:消費者確實遭受欺詐了嗎?今年,在持續通脹的背景下,盡管這個一度邊緣化的經濟假說通常被冠以另一個名字,但它日益占據了新聞頭條。一些經濟學家認為,近期的消費價格上漲至少部分是由“貪婪通脹”(或者按照早期預測者的定義,“利潤推動型通脹”)引起的,該假說多年來一直被貼著陰謀論的標簽。
企業以沖突和疫情為借口提高利潤率的假說,曾一度只得到激進經濟學家的支持,但如今得到了美聯儲前副主席、現任白宮國家經濟委員會(National Economic Council)主任萊爾·布雷納德(Lael Brainard)和投資銀行法國興業銀行的全球策略師阿爾伯特·愛德華茲(Albert Edwards)等人的支持。
到目前為止,這十年的金融故事一直都圍繞通貨膨脹展開。在新冠肺炎疫情爆發初期,政府推出財政和貨幣刺激計劃,再加上供應鏈中斷,導致供需失調,引發了自上世紀80年代以來的首次重大通脹事件。在去年2月俄烏沖突爆發之后,能源價格的沖擊導致消費者的痛苦加劇。就消費者物價指數而言,截至去年6月,美國的同比通脹率升至四十年來的高點9.1%。瑞銀全球財富管理公司(UBS Global Wealth Management)首席經濟學家保羅·多諾萬(Paul Donovan)說,這是前兩波通脹浪潮的情況,現在我們正處于第三波通脹浪潮。這也是企業利潤上升的原因。
美聯儲持續加息,通脹有所放緩,但并未達到2%的通脹目標。多諾萬認為,貪婪通脹,或者他稱之為“利潤推動型通脹”,至少可以部分解釋這種現象。
三波通脹浪潮
多諾萬表示,在過去幾年中,給經濟帶來沖擊的三波截然不同的"通脹浪潮"都是由“迥然不同的因素”引起的。
近期,他在接受雅虎財經采訪時解釋說:“第一波"通脹浪潮"是關于耐用消費品的,那是需求主導的。”他指出,在疫情封鎖期間,貨幣和財政刺激計劃以刺激支票和近零利率的形式出現,導致需求激增。
好消息是,多諾萬認為,第一波"通脹浪潮"已經結束,美國耐用品價格下跌,徹底進入“通縮”。這位經濟學家說,第二波"通脹浪潮"(由俄烏沖突引發的能源危機導致)也在消退。俄烏沖突爆發后,由于俄羅斯是主要能源出口國,天然氣和石油價格飆升,但此后急劇下跌。
多諾萬接著解釋說:“第三波‘通脹浪潮’,也就是我們現在正在經歷的,是一種不尋常的利潤推動型通脹。供應鏈末端的公司,也就是面向消費者的公司或接近消費者的公司,以成本和其他因素上漲為借口增加利潤,從而導致利潤推動型通脹。他們神不知鬼不覺地增加了利潤。”
美聯儲在3月試圖恢復價格穩定,而 "利潤推動型"通脹一直是美聯儲的眼中釘。多諾萬是華爾街最早提出這一觀點的人之一。周四,他指出,“零售利潤占GDP的比重上升”,這佐證了他的觀點。根據美聯儲的數據,從2020年第一季度到2022年第四季度,零售利潤飆升了86%,而同期GDP增長了約20%。這就是消費者面臨的貪婪通脹。
“舉例來說,我們看到利潤率在‘哦,這是一個普遍的通脹問題,我們無能為力’的掩護下不斷上升。但實際上他們正在提高利潤率,而且從根本上說,他們是在說服消費者接受這一點。” 他說。
社交媒體會終結貪婪通脹嗎?
多諾萬認為,美國經濟過去幾年經歷的通脹部分是由"利潤推動型通脹"引起的,但好消息是"這種情況不會永遠持續下去。"
“總有一天,政府或消費者會意識到正在發生的情況。他們會說,‘等等,這不公平’……如今我們開始意識到正在發生的情況。”他說,并警告稱,繼續抬高價格以提高利潤率的公司將損害其品牌聲譽,因為他們將被視為“欺騙或不公平地對待消費者”。
多諾萬提到了法國財政部長布魯諾·勒梅爾(Bruno Le Maire)最近的舉措。在威脅實施金融制裁后,上周75家主要食品公司承諾降低食品價格。勒梅爾此前曾指出,這些公司在商品價格下跌的情況下不當得利——本月聯合國世界食品商品價格指數創下兩年來的新低。多諾萬指出,西班牙和英國政府也在對企業施加“類似的壓力”。
“因此,我們開始面臨這樣一種局面,即利潤推動型通脹真正面臨壓力。而零售行業的利潤,以及與零售行業關系密切的行業的利潤,將開始受到擠壓。” 他說。
多諾萬接著討論了社交媒體是如何在利潤推動型通脹上升中發揮關鍵作用的,并認為社交媒體將再次在經濟衰退即將到來的時候扮演重要角色。過去幾年,隨著俄烏沖突畫面和通脹上升的故事在社交媒體上占據重要位置,企業有了“借口”或“托辭”來提高價格,而消費者卻沒有抵制。但現在,社交媒體正與他們作斗爭。
多諾萬說,“如果你被指責在人們真正苦不堪言的時候牟取暴利,獲得超額利潤,”這可能會損害品牌聲譽。他指出,在過去兩年發達國家實際工資負增長的情況下,貪婪通脹一直存在。
他總結道:“所以我認為,社交媒體可以通過編造企業能夠利用的借口,助長利潤推動型通貨膨脹,但該借口也能起到威脅品牌價值的作用,以促使企業重新考慮定價策略。”(財富中文網)
譯者:中慧言-王芳
在過去的兩年時間里,四十年來最嚴重的通貨膨脹讓消費者苦不堪言,最近,它甚至使不可思議的事情日益成為主流。一些經濟學家提出這樣的問題:消費者確實遭受欺詐了嗎?今年,在持續通脹的背景下,盡管這個一度邊緣化的經濟假說通常被冠以另一個名字,但它日益占據了新聞頭條。一些經濟學家認為,近期的消費價格上漲至少部分是由“貪婪通脹”(或者按照早期預測者的定義,“利潤推動型通脹”)引起的,該假說多年來一直被貼著陰謀論的標簽。
企業以沖突和疫情為借口提高利潤率的假說,曾一度只得到激進經濟學家的支持,但如今得到了美聯儲前副主席、現任白宮國家經濟委員會(National Economic Council)主任萊爾·布雷納德(Lael Brainard)和投資銀行法國興業銀行的全球策略師阿爾伯特·愛德華茲(Albert Edwards)等人的支持。
到目前為止,這十年的金融故事一直都圍繞通貨膨脹展開。在新冠肺炎疫情爆發初期,政府推出財政和貨幣刺激計劃,再加上供應鏈中斷,導致供需失調,引發了自上世紀80年代以來的首次重大通脹事件。在去年2月俄烏沖突爆發之后,能源價格的沖擊導致消費者的痛苦加劇。就消費者物價指數而言,截至去年6月,美國的同比通脹率升至四十年來的高點9.1%。瑞銀全球財富管理公司(UBS Global Wealth Management)首席經濟學家保羅·多諾萬(Paul Donovan)說,這是前兩波通脹浪潮的情況,現在我們正處于第三波通脹浪潮。這也是企業利潤上升的原因。
美聯儲持續加息,通脹有所放緩,但并未達到2%的通脹目標。多諾萬認為,貪婪通脹,或者他稱之為“利潤推動型通脹”,至少可以部分解釋這種現象。
三波通脹浪潮
多諾萬表示,在過去幾年中,給經濟帶來沖擊的三波截然不同的"通脹浪潮"都是由“迥然不同的因素”引起的。
近期,他在接受雅虎財經采訪時解釋說:“第一波"通脹浪潮"是關于耐用消費品的,那是需求主導的。”他指出,在疫情封鎖期間,貨幣和財政刺激計劃以刺激支票和近零利率的形式出現,導致需求激增。
好消息是,多諾萬認為,第一波"通脹浪潮"已經結束,美國耐用品價格下跌,徹底進入“通縮”。這位經濟學家說,第二波"通脹浪潮"(由俄烏沖突引發的能源危機導致)也在消退。俄烏沖突爆發后,由于俄羅斯是主要能源出口國,天然氣和石油價格飆升,但此后急劇下跌。
多諾萬接著解釋說:“第三波‘通脹浪潮’,也就是我們現在正在經歷的,是一種不尋常的利潤推動型通脹。供應鏈末端的公司,也就是面向消費者的公司或接近消費者的公司,以成本和其他因素上漲為借口增加利潤,從而導致利潤推動型通脹。他們神不知鬼不覺地增加了利潤。”
美聯儲在3月試圖恢復價格穩定,而 "利潤推動型"通脹一直是美聯儲的眼中釘。多諾萬是華爾街最早提出這一觀點的人之一。周四,他指出,“零售利潤占GDP的比重上升”,這佐證了他的觀點。根據美聯儲的數據,從2020年第一季度到2022年第四季度,零售利潤飆升了86%,而同期GDP增長了約20%。這就是消費者面臨的貪婪通脹。
“舉例來說,我們看到利潤率在‘哦,這是一個普遍的通脹問題,我們無能為力’的掩護下不斷上升。但實際上他們正在提高利潤率,而且從根本上說,他們是在說服消費者接受這一點。” 他說。
社交媒體會終結貪婪通脹嗎?
多諾萬認為,美國經濟過去幾年經歷的通脹部分是由"利潤推動型通脹"引起的,但好消息是"這種情況不會永遠持續下去。"
“總有一天,政府或消費者會意識到正在發生的情況。他們會說,‘等等,這不公平’……如今我們開始意識到正在發生的情況。”他說,并警告稱,繼續抬高價格以提高利潤率的公司將損害其品牌聲譽,因為他們將被視為“欺騙或不公平地對待消費者”。
多諾萬提到了法國財政部長布魯諾·勒梅爾(Bruno Le Maire)最近的舉措。在威脅實施金融制裁后,上周75家主要食品公司承諾降低食品價格。勒梅爾此前曾指出,這些公司在商品價格下跌的情況下不當得利——本月聯合國世界食品商品價格指數創下兩年來的新低。多諾萬指出,西班牙和英國政府也在對企業施加“類似的壓力”。
“因此,我們開始面臨這樣一種局面,即利潤推動型通脹真正面臨壓力。而零售行業的利潤,以及與零售行業關系密切的行業的利潤,將開始受到擠壓。” 他說。
多諾萬接著討論了社交媒體是如何在利潤推動型通脹上升中發揮關鍵作用的,并認為社交媒體將再次在經濟衰退即將到來的時候扮演重要角色。過去幾年,隨著俄烏沖突畫面和通脹上升的故事在社交媒體上占據重要位置,企業有了“借口”或“托辭”來提高價格,而消費者卻沒有抵制。但現在,社交媒體正與他們作斗爭。
多諾萬說,“如果你被指責在人們真正苦不堪言的時候牟取暴利,獲得超額利潤,”這可能會損害品牌聲譽。他指出,在過去兩年發達國家實際工資負增長的情況下,貪婪通脹一直存在。
他總結道:“所以我認為,社交媒體可以通過編造企業能夠利用的借口,助長利潤推動型通貨膨脹,但該借口也能起到威脅品牌價值的作用,以促使企業重新考慮定價策略。”(財富中文網)
譯者:中慧言-王芳
The worst inflation in four decades has proved quite the ride for consumers over the past two years, and recently, it’s even helped the unthinkable become increasingly mainstream. Some economists are asking: Are consumers actually getting ripped off? This once fringe economic hypothesis has captured headlines more and more this year amid persistent inflation, even if it usually goes by another name. After years of being labeled a conspiracy theory, some economists believe that “greedflation” or, to put it the way an early prognosticator defined it, “profit-led inflation,” is to blame for at least part of the recent rise in consumer prices.
The theory that corporations used the war and pandemic as an excuse to hike their profit margins, for a time supported only by progressive economists, has gained backing from the likes of Lael Brainard, a former Fed vice chair and current director of Joe Biden’s National Economic Council, and Albert Edwards, a global strategist at French investment bank Société Générale.
Inflation has been the financial story of the decade so far. When fiscal and monetary stimulus mixed with crippled supply chains at the start of the pandemic, it led to a supply-demand imbalance that kicked off the first major inflationary episode since the 1980s. And after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine began last February, an energy price shock only added to the pain for consumers. As measured by the consumer price index, year-over-year inflation in the U.S. rose to a four-decade high of 9.1% by last June. Those were the first two inflation waves, says Paul Donovan, UBS Global Wealth Management’s chief economist, and now we’re in the third, and that’s where we get to rising corporate profits.
Inflation has slowed with the help of consistent Federal Reserve interest rate hikes, but not all the way to the central bank’s 2% target. Donovan argues that greedflation, or what he calls “profit-led inflation,” can explain at least some of that phenomenon.
Three ‘waves’ of inflation
Donovan said Thursday that the three distinct “inflation waves” that hit the economy over the past few years were all caused by “very different things.”
“The first wave, which was about consumer durable goods, that was demand-led,” he explained in an interview with Yahoo Finance Thursday, pointing to the surge in demand caused by monetary and fiscal stimulus that came during pandemic lockdowns in the form of things like stimulus checks and near-zero interest rates.
The good news is, this first wave of inflation is over, according to Donovan, with durable goods prices falling in the U.S. in “outright deflation.” And the second wave of inflation, which was caused by the energy shock that came from the war in Ukraine, is fading, too, the economist said. Natural gas and oil prices surged after Russia invaded Ukraine, owing to the country’s status as a major energy exporter, but have since dropped dramatically.
“The third wave of inflation, the one we’re getting now, is this unusual profit-led inflation story,” Donovan went on to explain. “This occurs where firms towards the end of the supply chain, so that’s consumer facing companies or near consumer facing companies, increase margins and pretend it’s all due to costs and other factors. They sneak in a margin increase.”
Donovan was one of the first on Wall Street to argue that “profit-led” inflation has been a serious thorn in the side of the Fed as it tries to return price stability to the economy back in March. And on Thursday, he pointed to evidence for his view in the “rise in retail profits as a share of GDP.” Retail profits surged 86% between the first quarter of 2020 and the fourth quarter of 2022, according to Fed data, while GDP rose roughly 20% over the same period. That’s all consumer-facing greedflation.
“That’s one instance where we’re seeing this expansion of margin under the cover of, ‘Oh, it’s a general inflation problem, we can’t help it.’ But actually they’re expanding margin and basically persuading consumers to accept that,” he said.
Will social media end greedflation?
“Profit-led inflation” is likely to blame for some of the inflation the U.S. economy has experienced over the past few years, according to Donovan, but the good news is “it doesn’t last forever.”
“At some point either governments or consumers realize that this is going on. And they say, ‘Hold on, that’s not fair’…That’s exactly the point that we’re starting to get to now,” he said, warning that companies that continue raising prices to boost margins will damage their brands’ reputation, because they will be seen to be “cheating or unfairly treating the consumer.”
Donovan pointed to recent moves by French finance minister Bruno Le Maire, who secured a pledge from 75 major food companies to lower prices in the country last week after threatening financial sanctions. Le Maire has previously cited these firms’ “undue” profits amid falling commodity prices—the United Nations’ index of world food commodity prices hit a two-year low this month. Donovan noted that the Spanish and British governments are putting ”similar pressures” on corporations as well.
“So we’re starting to get to a point where this profit-led inflation is really coming under pressure. And those margins in the retail sectors, and near the retail sector, are going to start being squeezed,” he said.
Donovan went on to discuss how social media played a critical role in both the rise of profit-led inflation, and argued it will again feature in its coming downfall. With images of the war of Ukraine and stories about rising inflation front and center on social media feeds over the past few years, corporations had “excuses” or “cover” to raise prices without consumers pushing back. But now social media is working against them.
It can be damaging to brand reputation “if you’re being accused of profiteering, of excess margin, in a time when people are really suffering,” Donovan said, pointing to consistent greedflation stories amid falling real wage growth across the developed world for the past two years.
“So I think that social media can help inflame profit-led inflation by creating excuses that companies can use, but it can also work, by threatening brand values, to cause companies to rethink some of their pricing strategies,” he concluded.