上周,蘋果公司首家印度零售店在孟買開業(yè),首席執(zhí)行官蒂姆·庫克參加了開幕儀式。庫克發(fā)推特表示:“孟買的活力、創(chuàng)造力和熱情令人難以置信!我們非常激動能在印度開設(shè)Apple BKC——我們在印度的第一家零售店?!?/p>
孟買的活力、創(chuàng)造力和熱情令人難以置信!我們非常激動能在印度開設(shè)Apple BKC——我們在印度的第一家零售店。
——蒂姆·庫克(@tim_cook),2023年4月18日
但這還不是全部。在接下來的幾天里,庫克會見了印度總理納倫德拉·莫迪(Narendra Modi),以及寶萊塢明星和商界巨頭,并了解了當(dāng)?shù)匚幕@表明印度在蘋果公司的擴(kuò)張版圖中越來越重要。
科技市場研究公司Counterpoint Research的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,蘋果公司6%的iPhone在印度生產(chǎn)。與中國(蘋果公司的大部分產(chǎn)品都在中國生產(chǎn))相比,這一數(shù)字顯得微不足道。但這個(gè)數(shù)字正在迅速上升。據(jù)估計(jì),印度目前每年生產(chǎn)1300萬部iPhone,而三年前僅為500萬部。隨著印度在消費(fèi)和生產(chǎn)方面的市場份額不斷增長,蘋果也在密切關(guān)注這一進(jìn)展。
除了旗艦店之外,蘋果公司正日益將目光投向印度。新冠肺炎疫情造成供應(yīng)鏈中斷,蘋果公司試圖減少對中國制造的依賴。在今年2月,蘋果公司的第一季度財(cái)報(bào)電話會議上,庫克表示,他“非??春糜《取?,稱這是一個(gè)“非常令人興奮的市場”,是公司的“主要關(guān)注點(diǎn)”。
專家表示,由于當(dāng)?shù)赜惺炀毜膭趧恿Α嫶蟮闹悄苁謾C(jī)市場,以及政府對制造業(yè)的支持,印度顯然是開設(shè)新工廠的首選地。除了創(chuàng)造數(shù)十萬個(gè)就業(yè)崗位外,蘋果公司將目光投向印度,也推動了該國的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展(印度試圖將自己定位為經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國)。
科技投資公司Deepwater Asset Management的管理合伙人吉恩·蒙斯特(Gene Munster)在接受《財(cái)富》雜志采訪時(shí)表示:“印度是全球增長潛力最大的地區(qū),蘋果公司進(jìn)軍印度市場是明智之舉?!?/p>
印度成為制造業(yè)中心
20世紀(jì)90年代,在實(shí)施經(jīng)濟(jì)自由化政策之后,印度開始將自己定位為國際商業(yè)的目的地,使其成為全球IT服務(wù)外包的中心。
阿克倫大學(xué)(University of Akron)商學(xué)院副院長德瑪麗婭·慕克吉(Debmalya Mukherjee)在接受《財(cái)富》雜志采訪時(shí)表示:“隨著時(shí)間的推移,西方企業(yè)意識到,它們本來追求的是降低成本,但它們最終留在那里是因?yàn)楫?dāng)?shù)刂圃斓漠a(chǎn)品品質(zhì)卓越。”穆克吉的研究領(lǐng)域包括全球商業(yè)和印度等新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體。
從國家層面來看,莫迪政府自2014年以來一直在推動“印度制造”運(yùn)動,旨在促進(jìn)當(dāng)?shù)氐闹圃鞓I(yè)發(fā)展,并創(chuàng)造就業(yè)崗位。生產(chǎn)掛鉤激勵(lì)計(jì)劃(PLI)為電子和半導(dǎo)體等行業(yè)的制造商提供了財(cái)政獎勵(lì),以吸引國內(nèi)外投資。其中一些政策對蘋果公司有利。
Counterpoint Research高級分析師普拉奇爾·辛格(Prachir Singh)向《財(cái)富》雜志表示:“蘋果公司在印度的三家制造合作伙伴——富士康(Foxconn)、緯創(chuàng)(Wistron)以及和碩(Pegatron)——都是生產(chǎn)掛鉤激勵(lì)計(jì)劃的受益者。該計(jì)劃是印度政府旨在促進(jìn)當(dāng)?shù)仉娮又圃鞓I(yè)發(fā)展的刺激計(jì)劃之一。”
疫情帶來了改變,促使蘋果等公司將印度視為主要制造業(yè)中心,這有助于促進(jìn)印度制造業(yè)發(fā)展。蘋果在2022年最后三個(gè)月的全球收入下降,這是自2019年以來的首次季度下降。包括越南在內(nèi)的亞洲其他生產(chǎn)基地將受益于蘋果公司尋求實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)多元化。但作為世界上人口最多的國家,印度有著巨大的中等收入消費(fèi)市場(這一市場仍有待蘋果公司直接開發(fā)),進(jìn)軍印度市場有可能推動其實(shí)現(xiàn)增長。
蒙斯特說:“如果你是一家科技公司,這意味著你需要將增長納入發(fā)展核心。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)增長,你必須追求更大的市場。放眼全球,印度市場潛力巨大,進(jìn)軍印度市場,科技公司就有望實(shí)現(xiàn)增長?!?/p>
去年9月,蘋果公司宣布將在印度生產(chǎn)iPhone 14,自2017年以來,蘋果一直在印度組裝一些低端機(jī)型iPhone,包括iPhone SE和iPhone 12。摩根大通分析師預(yù)計(jì),到2023年,蘋果iPhone 14預(yù)計(jì)將有5%在印度生產(chǎn),到2025年這一比例將攀升至25%。據(jù)報(bào)道,蘋果的主要供應(yīng)商之一富士康也考慮在印度南部擴(kuò)張,以增加產(chǎn)能,滿足在印度大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)iPhone的需求。
蘋果公司沒有立即答復(fù)《財(cái)富》雜志的置評請求。
智能手機(jī)難題
盡管印度在蘋果供應(yīng)鏈中的地位越來越重要,但短期內(nèi)不會超過中國。
該品牌的絕大部分產(chǎn)品仍在中國生產(chǎn)。據(jù)《金融時(shí)報(bào)》報(bào)道,截至1月,超過95%的蘋果頂級產(chǎn)品是在中國生產(chǎn)的。而印度巨大的制造業(yè)機(jī)會也伴隨著系統(tǒng)性挑戰(zhàn)。政策智庫戰(zhàn)略與國際研究中心(Center for Strategic and International Studies)印度問題主席理查德·羅索(Richard Rossow)表示,其中一些障礙包括無法在各州獲得穩(wěn)定的供應(yīng),如電力供應(yīng),以及長期懸而未決的勞工改革。
羅索說:“你并不一定會看到大量大型制造業(yè)投資者涌向印度?!?/p>
從消費(fèi)者層面看,蘋果公司產(chǎn)品仍被視為奢侈品。Counterpoint的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,三星(Samsung)和小米(Xiaomi)等提供廉價(jià)替代品的品牌占據(jù)了印度智能手機(jī)市場近40%的份額,而蘋果公司占據(jù)的市場份額僅為4%。
印度在允許蘋果等公司直接向消費(fèi)者銷售產(chǎn)品方面一直進(jìn)展緩慢。蘋果進(jìn)軍印度市場的時(shí)間較晚,原因是印度的法規(guī)禁止外國公司在印度開設(shè)單一品牌的門店,除非產(chǎn)品中30%的原材料來自當(dāng)?shù)亍O喾?,蘋果不得不通過第三方在印度銷售產(chǎn)品。但這一限制在2019年被放寬,為蘋果公司在本周開設(shè)門店鋪平了道路,此前該公司最初計(jì)劃在2021年開設(shè)門店,但由于新冠肺炎疫情原因被推遲。
與一些亞洲國家相比,印度的智能手機(jī)滲透率相對較低,這表明蘋果公司進(jìn)軍印度市場的時(shí)機(jī)已經(jīng)成熟,尤其是在新興的中上層階級群體中。Counterpoint的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,印度消費(fèi)者選擇以舊換新、分期和捆綁方式購買蘋果產(chǎn)品,因?yàn)樵絹碓蕉嗟娜讼M褂眠@一高端品牌的產(chǎn)品。
羅索說,蘋果公司通過在印度開店獲得了競爭優(yōu)勢,其他企業(yè)也可以效仿并從中獲利。
羅索說:“你要么一馬當(dāng)先(在印度),引起轟動,然后開始學(xué)習(xí)如何在當(dāng)?shù)厥袌鲞M(jìn)行運(yùn)營,要么等到當(dāng)?shù)厥袌鲆呀?jīng)非常完善了,但那時(shí)你可能會錯(cuò)失良機(jī)?!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:中慧言-王芳
上周,蘋果公司首家印度零售店在孟買開業(yè),首席執(zhí)行官蒂姆·庫克參加了開幕儀式。庫克發(fā)推特表示:“孟買的活力、創(chuàng)造力和熱情令人難以置信!我們非常激動能在印度開設(shè)Apple BKC——我們在印度的第一家零售店。”
孟買的活力、創(chuàng)造力和熱情令人難以置信!我們非常激動能在印度開設(shè)Apple BKC——我們在印度的第一家零售店。
——蒂姆·庫克(@tim_cook),2023年4月18日
但這還不是全部。在接下來的幾天里,庫克會見了印度總理納倫德拉·莫迪(Narendra Modi),以及寶萊塢明星和商界巨頭,并了解了當(dāng)?shù)匚幕@表明印度在蘋果公司的擴(kuò)張版圖中越來越重要。
科技市場研究公司Counterpoint Research的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,蘋果公司6%的iPhone在印度生產(chǎn)。與中國(蘋果公司的大部分產(chǎn)品都在中國生產(chǎn))相比,這一數(shù)字顯得微不足道。但這個(gè)數(shù)字正在迅速上升。據(jù)估計(jì),印度目前每年生產(chǎn)1300萬部iPhone,而三年前僅為500萬部。隨著印度在消費(fèi)和生產(chǎn)方面的市場份額不斷增長,蘋果也在密切關(guān)注這一進(jìn)展。
除了旗艦店之外,蘋果公司正日益將目光投向印度。新冠肺炎疫情造成供應(yīng)鏈中斷,蘋果公司試圖減少對中國制造的依賴。在今年2月,蘋果公司的第一季度財(cái)報(bào)電話會議上,庫克表示,他“非常看好印度”,稱這是一個(gè)“非常令人興奮的市場”,是公司的“主要關(guān)注點(diǎn)”。
專家表示,由于當(dāng)?shù)赜惺炀毜膭趧恿?、龐大的智能手機(jī)市場,以及政府對制造業(yè)的支持,印度顯然是開設(shè)新工廠的首選地。除了創(chuàng)造數(shù)十萬個(gè)就業(yè)崗位外,蘋果公司將目光投向印度,也推動了該國的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展(印度試圖將自己定位為經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國)。
科技投資公司Deepwater Asset Management的管理合伙人吉恩·蒙斯特(Gene Munster)在接受《財(cái)富》雜志采訪時(shí)表示:“印度是全球增長潛力最大的地區(qū),蘋果公司進(jìn)軍印度市場是明智之舉?!?/p>
印度成為制造業(yè)中心
20世紀(jì)90年代,在實(shí)施經(jīng)濟(jì)自由化政策之后,印度開始將自己定位為國際商業(yè)的目的地,使其成為全球IT服務(wù)外包的中心。
阿克倫大學(xué)(University of Akron)商學(xué)院副院長德瑪麗婭·慕克吉(Debmalya Mukherjee)在接受《財(cái)富》雜志采訪時(shí)表示:“隨著時(shí)間的推移,西方企業(yè)意識到,它們本來追求的是降低成本,但它們最終留在那里是因?yàn)楫?dāng)?shù)刂圃斓漠a(chǎn)品品質(zhì)卓越。”穆克吉的研究領(lǐng)域包括全球商業(yè)和印度等新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體。
從國家層面來看,莫迪政府自2014年以來一直在推動“印度制造”運(yùn)動,旨在促進(jìn)當(dāng)?shù)氐闹圃鞓I(yè)發(fā)展,并創(chuàng)造就業(yè)崗位。生產(chǎn)掛鉤激勵(lì)計(jì)劃(PLI)為電子和半導(dǎo)體等行業(yè)的制造商提供了財(cái)政獎勵(lì),以吸引國內(nèi)外投資。其中一些政策對蘋果公司有利。
Counterpoint Research高級分析師普拉奇爾·辛格(Prachir Singh)向《財(cái)富》雜志表示:“蘋果公司在印度的三家制造合作伙伴——富士康(Foxconn)、緯創(chuàng)(Wistron)以及和碩(Pegatron)——都是生產(chǎn)掛鉤激勵(lì)計(jì)劃的受益者。該計(jì)劃是印度政府旨在促進(jìn)當(dāng)?shù)仉娮又圃鞓I(yè)發(fā)展的刺激計(jì)劃之一。”
疫情帶來了改變,促使蘋果等公司將印度視為主要制造業(yè)中心,這有助于促進(jìn)印度制造業(yè)發(fā)展。蘋果在2022年最后三個(gè)月的全球收入下降,這是自2019年以來的首次季度下降。包括越南在內(nèi)的亞洲其他生產(chǎn)基地將受益于蘋果公司尋求實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)多元化。但作為世界上人口最多的國家,印度有著巨大的中等收入消費(fèi)市場(這一市場仍有待蘋果公司直接開發(fā)),進(jìn)軍印度市場有可能推動其實(shí)現(xiàn)增長。
蒙斯特說:“如果你是一家科技公司,這意味著你需要將增長納入發(fā)展核心。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)增長,你必須追求更大的市場。放眼全球,印度市場潛力巨大,進(jìn)軍印度市場,科技公司就有望實(shí)現(xiàn)增長?!?/p>
去年9月,蘋果公司宣布將在印度生產(chǎn)iPhone 14,自2017年以來,蘋果一直在印度組裝一些低端機(jī)型iPhone,包括iPhone SE和iPhone 12。摩根大通分析師預(yù)計(jì),到2023年,蘋果iPhone 14預(yù)計(jì)將有5%在印度生產(chǎn),到2025年這一比例將攀升至25%。據(jù)報(bào)道,蘋果的主要供應(yīng)商之一富士康也考慮在印度南部擴(kuò)張,以增加產(chǎn)能,滿足在印度大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)iPhone的需求。
蘋果公司沒有立即答復(fù)《財(cái)富》雜志的置評請求。
智能手機(jī)難題
盡管印度在蘋果供應(yīng)鏈中的地位越來越重要,但短期內(nèi)不會超過中國。
該品牌的絕大部分產(chǎn)品仍在中國生產(chǎn)。據(jù)《金融時(shí)報(bào)》報(bào)道,截至1月,超過95%的蘋果頂級產(chǎn)品是在中國生產(chǎn)的。而印度巨大的制造業(yè)機(jī)會也伴隨著系統(tǒng)性挑戰(zhàn)。政策智庫戰(zhàn)略與國際研究中心(Center for Strategic and International Studies)印度問題主席理查德·羅索(Richard Rossow)表示,其中一些障礙包括無法在各州獲得穩(wěn)定的供應(yīng),如電力供應(yīng),以及長期懸而未決的勞工改革。
羅索說:“你并不一定會看到大量大型制造業(yè)投資者涌向印度?!?/p>
從消費(fèi)者層面看,蘋果公司產(chǎn)品仍被視為奢侈品。Counterpoint的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,三星(Samsung)和小米(Xiaomi)等提供廉價(jià)替代品的品牌占據(jù)了印度智能手機(jī)市場近40%的份額,而蘋果公司占據(jù)的市場份額僅為4%。
印度在允許蘋果等公司直接向消費(fèi)者銷售產(chǎn)品方面一直進(jìn)展緩慢。蘋果進(jìn)軍印度市場的時(shí)間較晚,原因是印度的法規(guī)禁止外國公司在印度開設(shè)單一品牌的門店,除非產(chǎn)品中30%的原材料來自當(dāng)?shù)?。相反,蘋果不得不通過第三方在印度銷售產(chǎn)品。但這一限制在2019年被放寬,為蘋果公司在本周開設(shè)門店鋪平了道路,此前該公司最初計(jì)劃在2021年開設(shè)門店,但由于新冠肺炎疫情原因被推遲。
與一些亞洲國家相比,印度的智能手機(jī)滲透率相對較低,這表明蘋果公司進(jìn)軍印度市場的時(shí)機(jī)已經(jīng)成熟,尤其是在新興的中上層階級群體中。Counterpoint的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,印度消費(fèi)者選擇以舊換新、分期和捆綁方式購買蘋果產(chǎn)品,因?yàn)樵絹碓蕉嗟娜讼M褂眠@一高端品牌的產(chǎn)品。
羅索說,蘋果公司通過在印度開店獲得了競爭優(yōu)勢,其他企業(yè)也可以效仿并從中獲利。
羅索說:“你要么一馬當(dāng)先(在印度),引起轟動,然后開始學(xué)習(xí)如何在當(dāng)?shù)厥袌鲞M(jìn)行運(yùn)營,要么等到當(dāng)?shù)厥袌鲆呀?jīng)非常完善了,但那時(shí)你可能會錯(cuò)失良機(jī)?!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:中慧言-王芳
Apple CEO Tim Cook was in India this week to open the brand’s first flagship stores in the country. “The energy, creativity, and passion in Mumbai is incredible!” Cook tweeted. “We are so excited to open Apple BKC — our first store in India.”
The energy, creativity, and passion in Mumbai is incredible! We are so excited to open Apple BKC — our first store in India. pic.twitter.com/talx2ZQEMl
— Tim Cook (@tim_cook) April 18, 2023
But that wasn’t all. The Apple chief spent the next few days visiting Prime Minister Narendra Modi, meeting Bollywood stars and business magnates, and learning about the local culture—a sign of India’s increasing importance in Apple’s growth story.
India manufactures 6% of the iPhones—a miniscule number in comparison to China, where the bulk of Apple’s products are made, according to tech market research firm Counterpoint Research. But that number is rising rapidly. India is now making an estimated 13 million iPhones annually, compared to 5 million just three years ago. And as the country’s market share in the purchase and production fronts grow, Apple is paying attention.
Beyond its flagship store, Apple is increasingly looking towards India as it tries to reduce its manufacturing reliance on China following COVID-19-related supply chain disruptions and growing geopolitical tensions with Taiwan. During Apple’s first quarter earnings call in February, Cook said he was “very bullish on India,” calling it a “hugely exciting market” and “a major focus” for the company.
Experts say India was the obvious choice for new factories because of its skilled labor force, access to a big smartphone market, and government support for manufacturing. And apart from creating hundreds of thousands of jobs, Apple’s metaphorical spotlight on India is also boosting the country as it tries to position itself as an economic powerhouse.
“India has the greatest growth potential of any other region and that makes sense for Apple to go after,” Gene Munster, managing partner at Deepwater Asset Management, a tech-focused investment firm, told Fortune.
India as a manufacturing hub
India began positioning itself as a destination for international business in the 1990s, following economic liberalization policies, making it the global hub for outsourcing IT services.
“Western companies realized over time that they went for cost but they stayed there for quality,” Debmalya Mukherjee, associate dean at University of Akron’s business school, whose expertise includes global business and emerging economies like India, told Fortune.
At the national level, Modi’s government has been promoting his “Make in India” campaign since 2014, seeking to boost local manufacturing and create jobs. Production Linked Incentive (PLI) programs offer financial benefits to manufacturers in industries like electronics and semiconductors to attract domestic and foreign investments. And some of those policies have worked in Apple’s favor.
“All three manufacturing partners for Apple in India, Foxconn, Wistron, and Pegatron, are awardees of the PLI scheme which has been one of the top government schemes aimed at increasing manufacturing in India,” Prachir Singh, senior analyst at Counterpoint Research, told Fortune.
The pandemic also helped India by supercharging a shift for companies like Apple’s global revenue fell in the last three months of 2022 as a result—the first quarterly decline since 2019. Other production locations in Asia, including Vietnam, stand to benefit from Apple’s diversification from China. But India, the world’s most populous country, offered access to a tremendous middle-income consumer market that had not been directly tapped by Apple yet, and could potentially propel its growth.
“If you’re a tech company, which means that growth needs to be part of your DNA, in order to grow you have to go after big markets,” Munster said. “When you look at the world, the most juicy opportunity is India to drive that growth.”
Last September, Apple announced that it would make iPhone 14 in India, where it had been assembling some of its earlier models since 2017, including the iPhone SE and iPhone 12. In 2023, 5% of Apple’s iPhone 14 are projected to be made in India, climbing to 25% by 2025, according to JPMorgan analysts. One of Apple’s major suppliers, Foxconn, is also reportedly eyeing an expansion in southern India as part of this push.
Apple did not immediately return Fortune’s request for comment.
The smartphone conundrum
Despite India’s growing prominence in Apple’s supply chain, it’s not going to outshine China anytime soon.
China still controls the lion’s share of the brand’s products. As of January, more than 95% of Apple’s top products were manufactured in China, the Financial Times reported. And India’s massive manufacturing opportunity also comes with systemic challenges. Some of the hurdles include steady access to utilities like electricity provided by individual states and long-pending labor reforms, according to Richard Rossow, the India chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a policy think tank.
“You still don’t necessarily see massive waves of the big manufacturing investors flocking to India,” Rossow said.
On the consumer end, Apple products are still considered a luxury item. Brands offering cheaper alternatives including Samsung and Xiaomi capture nearly 40% of India’s smartphone market share compared to Apple’s 4%, according to Counterpoint.
India has also been slow to change its rules to allow companies like Apple to sell their products directly to consumers. Apple’s late retail foray into India was due to regulations that prevented foreign companies from opening single-brand stores in India unless 30% of the raw materials that go into the product were sourced locally. Instead, Apple had to sell its products in India through third parties. But that restriction was eased in 2019, paving way for Apple to finally open a store this week after its initial plan to do so in 2021 was delayed because of COVID-19.
The country’s relatively low rate of smartphone usage compared to some Asian peers suggests that India is ripe with opportunities for the iPhone-maker, particularly among the burgeoning upper middle class segment. Indian customers are opting for trade-in, financing and bundling schemes to purchase Apple’s products as more of them want to be associated with the premium brand, according to Counterpoint.
Apple has already gained an edge against rivals by setting up shop in India—a move that other businesses could also follow and profit from, according to Rossow.
“Either you go there [India], you make a big splash and you start learning how to operate in the market, or you wait till it’s perfect, and at which time you probably missed the bus,” Rossow said.