我一直覺得牛頓擺是一個有趣的裝置。你知道的,就是那個裝置:金屬球朝著相反的方向擺動,在撞擊中間的靜止球時回擺。
這個小小的桌面玩具展示了動量和能量的重要原理。但問題是:要讓它長時間擺動,你需要合適的材料。金屬球必須有很高的彈性,這樣才能夠保存更多的能量。而且球的密度需要相同。我這么說吧:規格很重要。
把私人市場看作牛頓擺是很有趣的。這是一種過度簡化的說法,但資金從一端進入種子階段的公司,該公司就會擴大規模、不斷成長、不斷創新,如果一切順利的話,首次公開募股就會在另一端實現。在這一過程中被擱置的回報被交還給有限合伙人,然后可以重新投入到這一系統中。在一個理想化的世界里,你會得到高價值的、追求創新的公司,這些公司提高了雇傭率,讓世界變得更美好,人們在整個過程中也能夠賺錢。
但正如2022年的情況那樣,顯而易見的是,有一系列的外部指標嚴重影響了這些金屬球是否可以保持動量并不斷回擺——或者它們是否會停下來,整個系統被堵塞。比如利率、貼現率、監管、公開市場表現、經濟增長、通貨膨脹等。所有這些因素都對首次公開募股市場的可行性產生了實質上的影響。而首次公開募股市場反過來也會對有意上市的公司的發展軌跡產生實質上的影響。
2022年,美國首次公開募股市場基本上死氣沉沉。當然,各處也有幾家公司上市了,但人們并沒有從中賺到多少錢。安永(EY)的《2022年全球首次公開募股趨勢報告》(Global IPO Trends Report 2022)顯示,在美洲,2022年上市公司的收益比2021年減少了95%。2022年美洲地區的上市公司數量比前一年減少了76%。
那么,這一切何時會恢復?又有哪些公司被關在籠子里,等待籠門打開呢?
雖然沒有人能夠準確指明首次公開募股市場將在什么時候重新開放,但經營二級經紀公司Rainmaker Securities的格倫·安德森和格雷格·馬丁猜測,首次公開募股市場將在今年第三季度重新開放。在正式流動性事件之外,投資者可以在Rainmaker Securities購買私人公司股票。
“顯然,我認為這取決于利率的穩定性?!瘪R丁說,隨后補充道?!爸灰覀兲幵谝粋€不斷加息的環境中,我認為市場就將繼續關閉,我們的股市仍將十分動蕩。”
馬丁表示,如果美聯儲(Federal Reserve)在第二季度的某個時候停止加息,那么首次公開募股市場可能就會在第三季度開始重新開放?!笆袌稣趯で蠓€定性。”
紐約證券交易所的美國資本市場主管邦妮·賢解釋了為什么美聯儲的決策對首次公開募股有如此重大的影響:她解釋道,利率與貼現率直接相關,貼現率被用來計算一家公司未來現金流的現值。當利率上升時,貼現率也會上升,這可能會導致公司估值降低。
邦妮·賢說:“我認為,2021年,當你確實看到沒有收入或收入有限的公司上市時,那么該公司是基于未來現金流概念上市的。我認為整個市場情緒已經改變了?!?/p>
利率也會影響有限合伙人在風險投資領域的興趣,因為低風險資產類別在高利率環境下會變得更有吸引力。
如果今年首次公開募股市場重新開放,哪些公司就將率先上市?馬丁和安德森告訴我,投資者繼續對SpaceX、Stripe、Rubrik、Klarna、字節跳動和Databricks等藍籌初創公司的股票表現出相當大的興趣,以及其他進入后期融資輪的科技股——如果這些公司決定上市,它們就會成為有價值的候選對象。
然而,這并不意味著投資者愿意為上市公司支付與上一輪融資所顯示的價格相同的價格。根據Rainmaker的數據,2021年11月中旬,投資者在二級市場上以每股83美元的價格搶購Stripe的股票。2022年年底,這家二級經紀公司購買的股票都在每股29美元至35美元之間。據報道,Stripe和Instacart等幾家公司都在經濟低迷時期對自己的估值進行了下調,而Klarna則是在正式融資輪中這樣做的。
除了貼現率等因素外,進入后期融資輪的公司股價下跌的部分原因是需求下降。馬丁說,2022年,隨著首次公開募股市場關閉,家族辦公室、高凈值個人、對沖基金和共同基金紛紛退出市場?,F在,這些投資者開始慢慢回流。(馬丁和安德森表示,私募股權投資者和風投公司仍然在繼續投資。)
在市場波動和新發現的盈利能力偏好的影響下,一些公司似乎不再像去年這個時候那樣準備好上市了。馬丁指出,2021年有數百家公司在二級市場獲得了投資者的青睞。
馬丁稱:“現在更像是30家、40家、50家這樣的公司,它們要么被視為表現較好,要么在估值方面下跌了很多,代表著逢低買入的機會?!卑驳律硎荆馜iscord、Epic Games、Kraken、OpenSea、Udacity和Automation anywhere這樣的初創公司——去年都是二級市場上備受關注的公司——但在Rainmaker的二級交易活動中不再獲得同樣的關注。(截至本文發稿時,這些公司的發言人尚未回復置評請求。)
馬丁說:“我認為,損失肯定會是估值倍數大幅下降。公司最好有可預測的收入,有盈利能力,有良好的單位經濟效益,而且在任何承銷商要助力你上市之前,你大致需要有非常穩定的15億美元至20億美元的市值。你甚至可能需要有更高的市值?!保ㄘ敻恢形木W)
譯者:中慧言-王芳
我一直覺得牛頓擺是一個有趣的裝置。你知道的,就是那個裝置:金屬球朝著相反的方向擺動,在撞擊中間的靜止球時回擺。
這個小小的桌面玩具展示了動量和能量的重要原理。但問題是:要讓它長時間擺動,你需要合適的材料。金屬球必須有很高的彈性,這樣才能夠保存更多的能量。而且球的密度需要相同。我這么說吧:規格很重要。
把私人市場看作牛頓擺是很有趣的。這是一種過度簡化的說法,但資金從一端進入種子階段的公司,該公司就會擴大規模、不斷成長、不斷創新,如果一切順利的話,首次公開募股就會在另一端實現。在這一過程中被擱置的回報被交還給有限合伙人,然后可以重新投入到這一系統中。在一個理想化的世界里,你會得到高價值的、追求創新的公司,這些公司提高了雇傭率,讓世界變得更美好,人們在整個過程中也能夠賺錢。
但正如2022年的情況那樣,顯而易見的是,有一系列的外部指標嚴重影響了這些金屬球是否可以保持動量并不斷回擺——或者它們是否會停下來,整個系統被堵塞。比如利率、貼現率、監管、公開市場表現、經濟增長、通貨膨脹等。所有這些因素都對首次公開募股市場的可行性產生了實質上的影響。而首次公開募股市場反過來也會對有意上市的公司的發展軌跡產生實質上的影響。
2022年,美國首次公開募股市場基本上死氣沉沉。當然,各處也有幾家公司上市了,但人們并沒有從中賺到多少錢。安永(EY)的《2022年全球首次公開募股趨勢報告》(Global IPO Trends Report 2022)顯示,在美洲,2022年上市公司的收益比2021年減少了95%。2022年美洲地區的上市公司數量比前一年減少了76%。
那么,這一切何時會恢復?又有哪些公司被關在籠子里,等待籠門打開呢?
雖然沒有人能夠準確指明首次公開募股市場將在什么時候重新開放,但經營二級經紀公司Rainmaker Securities的格倫·安德森和格雷格·馬丁猜測,首次公開募股市場將在今年第三季度重新開放。在正式流動性事件之外,投資者可以在Rainmaker Securities購買私人公司股票。
“顯然,我認為這取決于利率的穩定性?!瘪R丁說,隨后補充道?!爸灰覀兲幵谝粋€不斷加息的環境中,我認為市場就將繼續關閉,我們的股市仍將十分動蕩。”
馬丁表示,如果美聯儲(Federal Reserve)在第二季度的某個時候停止加息,那么首次公開募股市場可能就會在第三季度開始重新開放。“市場正在尋求穩定性?!?/p>
紐約證券交易所的美國資本市場主管邦妮·賢解釋了為什么美聯儲的決策對首次公開募股有如此重大的影響:她解釋道,利率與貼現率直接相關,貼現率被用來計算一家公司未來現金流的現值。當利率上升時,貼現率也會上升,這可能會導致公司估值降低。
邦妮·賢說:“我認為,2021年,當你確實看到沒有收入或收入有限的公司上市時,那么該公司是基于未來現金流概念上市的。我認為整個市場情緒已經改變了?!?/p>
利率也會影響有限合伙人在風險投資領域的興趣,因為低風險資產類別在高利率環境下會變得更有吸引力。
如果今年首次公開募股市場重新開放,哪些公司就將率先上市?馬丁和安德森告訴我,投資者繼續對SpaceX、Stripe、Rubrik、Klarna、字節跳動和Databricks等藍籌初創公司的股票表現出相當大的興趣,以及其他進入后期融資輪的科技股——如果這些公司決定上市,它們就會成為有價值的候選對象。
然而,這并不意味著投資者愿意為上市公司支付與上一輪融資所顯示的價格相同的價格。根據Rainmaker的數據,2021年11月中旬,投資者在二級市場上以每股83美元的價格搶購Stripe的股票。2022年年底,這家二級經紀公司購買的股票都在每股29美元至35美元之間。據報道,Stripe和Instacart等幾家公司都在經濟低迷時期對自己的估值進行了下調,而Klarna則是在正式融資輪中這樣做的。
除了貼現率等因素外,進入后期融資輪的公司股價下跌的部分原因是需求下降。馬丁說,2022年,隨著首次公開募股市場關閉,家族辦公室、高凈值個人、對沖基金和共同基金紛紛退出市場?,F在,這些投資者開始慢慢回流。(馬丁和安德森表示,私募股權投資者和風投公司仍然在繼續投資。)
在市場波動和新發現的盈利能力偏好的影響下,一些公司似乎不再像去年這個時候那樣準備好上市了。馬丁指出,2021年有數百家公司在二級市場獲得了投資者的青睞。
馬丁稱:“現在更像是30家、40家、50家這樣的公司,它們要么被視為表現較好,要么在估值方面下跌了很多,代表著逢低買入的機會?!卑驳律硎?,像Discord、Epic Games、Kraken、OpenSea、Udacity和Automation anywhere這樣的初創公司——去年都是二級市場上備受關注的公司——但在Rainmaker的二級交易活動中不再獲得同樣的關注。(截至本文發稿時,這些公司的發言人尚未回復置評請求。)
馬丁說:“我認為,損失肯定會是估值倍數大幅下降。公司最好有可預測的收入,有盈利能力,有良好的單位經濟效益,而且在任何承銷商要助力你上市之前,你大致需要有非常穩定的15億美元至20億美元的市值。你甚至可能需要有更高的市值?!保ㄘ敻恢形木W)
譯者:中慧言-王芳
I always found Newton’s cradle to be a fun contraption. You know the one: The metal balls that swing in opposite directions, going back and forth as they hit the stationary balls in the middle.
This little desk toy demonstrates powerful principles of momentum and energy. But here’s the thing: To make it work for long periods of time, you need the right materials. The balls need to be highly elastic, so they conserve more energy. And the density of the balls needs to be the same. Let me put it this way: The specifications matter.
It’s fun to think of the private markets as Newton’s cradle. This is an oversimplification, but money goes in one side into a seed-stage company, it scales, grows, innovates, and—if all goes well—IPOs come out the other end. Returns that were held up during the process are handed back to LPs, then can be reinvested back into the system. In an ideal world, you get worthy, innovative companies that improve hiring rates and make the world a better place, and people make money throughout the process, too.
But as 2022 has made it abundantly clear, there’s a series of external indicators that heavily influence whether those balls maintain their momentum and keep snapping back and forth—or whether they come to a halt and the whole system gets clogged up. There are things like interest rates, discount rates, regulation, public market performance, economic growth, inflation, etc. All those things have a very real impact on the viability of the IPO market. And the IPO market, in turn, has a very real impact on the trajectory of companies that are aiming for it.
The American IPO market was basically dead in 2022. Sure, there were a few IPOs here and there, but people weren’t really making much money from them. EY’s 2022 Global IPO Trends Report revealed that, in the Americas, there was a 95% reduction in proceeds from companies that went public in 2022 versus 2021. 95%. There were 76% fewer IPOs in 2022 in the Americas than the year before.
So when will all this pick back up? And which companies are in the cages, waiting for the gates to open?
While no one can pinpoint exactly when the IPO market will reopen, Glen Anderson and Greg Martin, who run the secondary brokerage Rainmaker Securities, where investors can buy shares of private companies outside of formal liquidity events, guess it will be in the third quarter of this year.
“Obviously, I think it relies upon the stabilization of interest rates,” Martin says, adding later. “As long as we’re in an increasing interest rate environment, which we still are right now, I think the markets are going to remain closed, and we’re going to still have very choppy equity markets.”
If the Federal Reserve stops raising rates sometime in the second quarter, then the IPO market could start to open back up in the third quarter, Martin says. “The market is looking for stability.”
Bonnie Hyun, U.S. head of capital markets at the New York Stock Exchange, helped explain why the Fed’s decision-making is so influential to IPOs: Interest rates are directly correlated to discount rates, which are used to calculate the present-day value of future cash flow of a company, she explains. When interest rates go up, so do discount rates, which can contribute to a lower valuation of a company.
“I think that in 2021 when you did see companies that had no revenue or limited revenue go public, that was based on the notion of future cash flows,” Hyun says. “I think that whole sentiment has changed.”
Interest rates can also impact LP interest in the venture capital sector, as less-risky asset classes can become more appealing in high-interest-rate environments.
If the IPO market does reopen this year, which companies will go public first? Martin and Anderson tell me that investors continue to show sizable interest in shares for bluechip startups like SpaceX, Stripe, Rubrik, Klarna, Bytedance, and Databricks, among other late-stage tech stocks—making these companies worthy candidates if they decide to go public.
This doesn’t mean that investors are willing to pay the same prices for companies as their last funding rounds may indicate, however. In mid-November of 2021, investors were scooping up shares of Stripe on the secondary market for as much as $83 per share, according to Rainmaker data. At the end of 2022, the secondary brokerage was placing orders for between $29-35 per share. Stripe is one of several companies, such as Instacart, to reportedly dock its own valuation amidst the downturn, while Klarna did so as part of a formal fundraising round.
Besides factors like discount rates, part of the reason that shares of late-stage companies have fallen in price is demand. In 2022, family offices, high-net-worth individuals, hedge funds, and mutual funds retreated from the market as the IPO market closed, Martin says. Now those investors are starting to trickle back in. (Private equity investors and VCs have continued to invest, Martin and Anderson say.)
Amid the market volatility and newfound preferences for profitability, some companies no longer appear to be as poised for an IPO as they might have been this time last year. Martin says that there were hundreds of companies getting secondary market traction from investors in 2021.
“Now it’s more like 30, 40, 50 that are seen as either a little bit higher quality, or they’ve come down so much in terms of valuation, they represent bargain opportunities,” Martin says. Anderson pointed out that startups like Discord, Epic Games, Kraken, OpenSea, Udacity and Automation Anywhere—all high-interest companies on the secondary market last year—are no longer garnering the same level of interest in terms of secondary trading activity at Rainmaker. (Spokespersons at those companies had not responded to requests for comment by the time of publication.)
“I think the damage is definitely going to be substantially reduced valuation multiples,” Martin says. “You better have predictable revenue, be profitable, and have great unit economics, and probably a very secure $1.5-$2 billion market cap before any underwriter is going to take you public. And probably more.”