2022年,有越來越多的員工加入組織,拉起罷工警戒線,要求漲工資并改善工作條件,勞工領袖和擁護者樂觀地認為,勞動者的財富下滑現(xiàn)象迎來轉機。
在成千上萬的罷工人士當中,包括教師、記者和咖啡師等等,美國國會還通過法案阻止了11.5萬名鐵路員工罷工。從總體來看,2022年至少出現(xiàn)了20起大規(guī)模罷工事件,每起事件涉及至少1,000名員工,還有數(shù)百起規(guī)模較小的停工事件,而2021年才發(fā)生了16起。
與此同時,在這一年里,星巴克(Starbucks)、亞馬遜(Amazon)、蘋果(Apple)和其他數(shù)十家公司的員工提交了2,000多份組建工會的請愿書,也是自2015年以來最多的一年。在1,363次選舉中,員工獲勝的次數(shù)多達76%。
然而從歷史上來看,這些數(shù)字可以說相當溫和。幾十年來,大規(guī)模停工事件的數(shù)量一直在急劇下降。1980年曾經有近200起,20世紀80年代之前工會選舉通常每年超過5,000起。截至2021年,工會成員人數(shù)約為有記錄以來的最低水平,僅為10.3%。20世紀50年代,超過三分之一的員工加入了工會。
身為勞工學者,我認同現(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明工會活動激增。接下來不可避免的問題是:活動數(shù)字增長是否表明達到了轉折點?
工會活動增加的跡象
首先,讓我們認真回顧一下2022年。
勞工運動復興最值得注意的跡象,便是向美國國家勞工關系委員會(National Labor Relations Board)提交的請愿書數(shù)量的增加。在9月結束的2022財年里,員工提交了2,072份請愿書,比之前一年增加了63%。僅星巴克的員工就提交了354份請愿書,大多數(shù)選舉中也都獲得了勝利。此外,蘋果、微軟(Microsoft)和富國銀行(Wells Fargo)等人們歷來認為不接受工會的公司里的員工也紛紛獲勝。
罷工活動增加也很重要。美國勞工統(tǒng)計局(Bureau of Labor Statistics)追蹤涉及至少1,000名員工的大規(guī)模罷工引起的關注最大,但只是冰山一角。
2022年,美國勞工統(tǒng)計局記錄了20起大規(guī)模罷工,比過去20年里每年16次的平均水平高出約25%。大規(guī)模罷工的案例包括最近的《紐約時報》(New York Times)一日罷工,還有加州的兩次罷工,參與者包括醫(yī)療公司Kaiser Permanente的3,000多名員工、Frontier Communications的2,100名工人和加利福尼亞大學(University of California)的48,000名員工。
自2021年以來,康奈爾大學(Cornell University)一直在跟蹤各種規(guī)模的勞工活動,發(fā)現(xiàn)2022年的罷工次數(shù)為385次,高于前一年的270次。報告稱罷工地點包括19個州的近600地,由此能夠看出罷工活動的地域范圍。
歷史上的相似之處
當然,以歷史標準來看,這些數(shù)字仍然很低。
我認為,觀察20世紀早期的兩次罷工高峰,有助于理解最近的事件能否推動工會成員人數(shù)繼續(xù)增加。
從1934年到1939年,工會成員占比從7.6%飆升至19.2%。幾年后,1941年到1945年成員人數(shù)從20%攀升至27%。
兩次高峰都發(fā)生在美國和全球動蕩時期。第一次高峰出現(xiàn)在大蕭條(Great Depression)的后半期,當時美國失業(yè)率高達四分之一。經濟貧困和職場保護缺乏導致政治和社會活動擴散,因此出現(xiàn)大量將員工組織起來的行動。當時的高峰還促成1935年《國家勞動關系法案》(National Labor Relations Act)的頒布,刺激了工業(yè)領域里的工會壯大。
第二次高峰是在美國為了在歐洲亞洲雙線作戰(zhàn)動員經濟發(fā)展之際。美國為支持戰(zhàn)爭進行的全國經濟動員刺激了制造業(yè)就業(yè)增長,工會也借機取得長足發(fā)展。當時為達成戰(zhàn)時產業(yè)和平協(xié)議,政府發(fā)布的戰(zhàn)時政策鼓勵加入工會。
不平等和疫情英雄
當前的情況與大蕭條時期的經濟困境或全球戰(zhàn)爭的社會動蕩相差甚大,但有一些相似之處值得探究。
現(xiàn)在總體失業(yè)率可能接近歷史最低水平,但經濟不平等程度高于大蕭條時期。美國前10%的家庭占有的財富高達68%以上。1936年,該比例約為47%。
此外,從1979年到2020年,收入水平前0.1%的階層實際工資增長了近390%,而后90%的階層工資僅增長28.2%。再看20世紀40年代和50年代工會曾經發(fā)揮重要作用的制造業(yè),1979年到2022年的就業(yè)率下降了33%。
還有一事與兩大歷史先例類似。2020年年初爆發(fā)的新冠疫情需要全社會大規(guī)模反應之際,醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生、公共安全、食品和農業(yè)等通常看來至關重要的行業(yè)員工注定承受最大的壓力,而他們的不懈努力也贏得了“英雄”稱號。當前環(huán)境下,員工開始感激工會為職業(yè)安全和健康提供的保護,最終推動了近期被炒得沸沸揚揚的就業(yè)趨勢,例如“大辭職”(great resignation)和“安靜辭職”(quiet quitting)。
反對聲浪
然而,到最后反對工會的呼聲仍然很高,勞工法不受支持,很少有企業(yè)真心愿意加入工會。
工會在改變公共政策或美國經濟結構方面的能力有限,導致工會的發(fā)展舉步維艱。通過立法改革勞動法仍然難以實現(xiàn),2022年中期選舉的結果也不太可能讓這條道路變得平坦。
所以我認為最近的進展跡象并不會成為轉折點。
勞工組織手中的王牌可能是公眾情緒。2022年8月的蓋洛普(Gallup)民意調查顯示,對保護勞工權益的支持率達到1965年以來最高,71%的人表示支持工會。員工加入工會的興趣日漸增加。2017年,48%的受訪員工表示將投票支持工會代表,而之前一次調查時的1995年表示支持的員工比例為32%。
未來成功與否可能取決于工會能否充分利用日益增長的人氣,能否復制最近在星巴克和亞馬遜取得的勝利,還有成功的“爭取15美元底薪”(Fight for $15)運動。該運動始于2012年,已經幫助十幾個州和華盛頓特特區(qū)通過15美元底薪工資。
前路吉兇難測,但機會的種子已經埋下,只待勞工組織充分利用。(財富中文網)
馬里克·馬斯特斯(Marick Masters)是韋恩州立大學(Wayne State University)的商業(yè)教授和政治學兼職教授。
本文已獲知識共享(Creative Commons)組織的許可,轉載自The Conversation網站。
譯者:Feb
2022年,有越來越多的員工加入組織,拉起罷工警戒線,要求漲工資并改善工作條件,勞工領袖和擁護者樂觀地認為,勞動者的財富下滑現(xiàn)象迎來轉機。
在成千上萬的罷工人士當中,包括教師、記者和咖啡師等等,美國國會還通過法案阻止了11.5萬名鐵路員工罷工。從總體來看,2022年至少出現(xiàn)了20起大規(guī)模罷工事件,每起事件涉及至少1,000名員工,還有數(shù)百起規(guī)模較小的停工事件,而2021年才發(fā)生了16起。
與此同時,在這一年里,星巴克(Starbucks)、亞馬遜(Amazon)、蘋果(Apple)和其他數(shù)十家公司的員工提交了2,000多份組建工會的請愿書,也是自2015年以來最多的一年。在1,363次選舉中,員工獲勝的次數(shù)多達76%。
然而從歷史上來看,這些數(shù)字可以說相當溫和。幾十年來,大規(guī)模停工事件的數(shù)量一直在急劇下降。1980年曾經有近200起,20世紀80年代之前工會選舉通常每年超過5,000起。截至2021年,工會成員人數(shù)約為有記錄以來的最低水平,僅為10.3%。20世紀50年代,超過三分之一的員工加入了工會。
身為勞工學者,我認同現(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明工會活動激增。接下來不可避免的問題是:活動數(shù)字增長是否表明達到了轉折點?
工會活動增加的跡象
首先,讓我們認真回顧一下2022年。
勞工運動復興最值得注意的跡象,便是向美國國家勞工關系委員會(National Labor Relations Board)提交的請愿書數(shù)量的增加。在9月結束的2022財年里,員工提交了2,072份請愿書,比之前一年增加了63%。僅星巴克的員工就提交了354份請愿書,大多數(shù)選舉中也都獲得了勝利。此外,蘋果、微軟(Microsoft)和富國銀行(Wells Fargo)等人們歷來認為不接受工會的公司里的員工也紛紛獲勝。
罷工活動增加也很重要。美國勞工統(tǒng)計局(Bureau of Labor Statistics)追蹤涉及至少1,000名員工的大規(guī)模罷工引起的關注最大,但只是冰山一角。
2022年,美國勞工統(tǒng)計局記錄了20起大規(guī)模罷工,比過去20年里每年16次的平均水平高出約25%。大規(guī)模罷工的案例包括最近的《紐約時報》(New York Times)一日罷工,還有加州的兩次罷工,參與者包括醫(yī)療公司Kaiser Permanente的3,000多名員工、Frontier Communications的2,100名工人和加利福尼亞大學(University of California)的48,000名員工。
自2021年以來,康奈爾大學(Cornell University)一直在跟蹤各種規(guī)模的勞工活動,發(fā)現(xiàn)2022年的罷工次數(shù)為385次,高于前一年的270次。報告稱罷工地點包括19個州的近600地,由此能夠看出罷工活動的地域范圍。
歷史上的相似之處
當然,以歷史標準來看,這些數(shù)字仍然很低。
我認為,觀察20世紀早期的兩次罷工高峰,有助于理解最近的事件能否推動工會成員人數(shù)繼續(xù)增加。
從1934年到1939年,工會成員占比從7.6%飆升至19.2%。幾年后,1941年到1945年成員人數(shù)從20%攀升至27%。
兩次高峰都發(fā)生在美國和全球動蕩時期。第一次高峰出現(xiàn)在大蕭條(Great Depression)的后半期,當時美國失業(yè)率高達四分之一。經濟貧困和職場保護缺乏導致政治和社會活動擴散,因此出現(xiàn)大量將員工組織起來的行動。當時的高峰還促成1935年《國家勞動關系法案》(National Labor Relations Act)的頒布,刺激了工業(yè)領域里的工會壯大。
第二次高峰是在美國為了在歐洲亞洲雙線作戰(zhàn)動員經濟發(fā)展之際。美國為支持戰(zhàn)爭進行的全國經濟動員刺激了制造業(yè)就業(yè)增長,工會也借機取得長足發(fā)展。當時為達成戰(zhàn)時產業(yè)和平協(xié)議,政府發(fā)布的戰(zhàn)時政策鼓勵加入工會。
不平等和疫情英雄
當前的情況與大蕭條時期的經濟困境或全球戰(zhàn)爭的社會動蕩相差甚大,但有一些相似之處值得探究。
現(xiàn)在總體失業(yè)率可能接近歷史最低水平,但經濟不平等程度高于大蕭條時期。美國前10%的家庭占有的財富高達68%以上。1936年,該比例約為47%。
此外,從1979年到2020年,收入水平前0.1%的階層實際工資增長了近390%,而后90%的階層工資僅增長28.2%。再看20世紀40年代和50年代工會曾經發(fā)揮重要作用的制造業(yè),1979年到2022年的就業(yè)率下降了33%。
還有一事與兩大歷史先例類似。2020年年初爆發(fā)的新冠疫情需要全社會大規(guī)模反應之際,醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生、公共安全、食品和農業(yè)等通常看來至關重要的行業(yè)員工注定承受最大的壓力,而他們的不懈努力也贏得了“英雄”稱號。當前環(huán)境下,員工開始感激工會為職業(yè)安全和健康提供的保護,最終推動了近期被炒得沸沸揚揚的就業(yè)趨勢,例如“大辭職”(great resignation)和“安靜辭職”(quiet quitting)。
反對聲浪
然而,到最后反對工會的呼聲仍然很高,勞工法不受支持,很少有企業(yè)真心愿意加入工會。
工會在改變公共政策或美國經濟結構方面的能力有限,導致工會的發(fā)展舉步維艱。通過立法改革勞動法仍然難以實現(xiàn),2022年中期選舉的結果也不太可能讓這條道路變得平坦。
所以我認為最近的進展跡象并不會成為轉折點。
勞工組織手中的王牌可能是公眾情緒。2022年8月的蓋洛普(Gallup)民意調查顯示,對保護勞工權益的支持率達到1965年以來最高,71%的人表示支持工會。員工加入工會的興趣日漸增加。2017年,48%的受訪員工表示將投票支持工會代表,而之前一次調查時的1995年表示支持的員工比例為32%。
未來成功與否可能取決于工會能否充分利用日益增長的人氣,能否復制最近在星巴克和亞馬遜取得的勝利,還有成功的“爭取15美元底薪”(Fight for $15)運動。該運動始于2012年,已經幫助十幾個州和華盛頓特特區(qū)通過15美元底薪工資。
前路吉兇難測,但機會的種子已經埋下,只待勞工組織充分利用。(財富中文網)
馬里克·馬斯特斯(Marick Masters)是韋恩州立大學(Wayne State University)的商業(yè)教授和政治學兼職教授。
本文已獲知識共享(Creative Commons)組織的許可,轉載自The Conversation網站。
譯者:Feb
Workers organized and took to the picket line in increased numbers in 2022 to demand better pay and working conditions, leading to optimism among labor leaders and advocates that they’re witnessing a turnaround in labor’s sagging fortunes.
Teachers, journalists and baristas were among the tens of thousands of workers who went on strike – and it took an act of Congress to prevent 115,000 railroad employees from walking out as well. In total, there have been at least 20 major work stoppages involving at least 1,000 workers each in 2022, up from 16 in 2021, and hundreds more that were smaller.
At the same time, workers at Starbucks, Amazon, Apple and dozens of other companies filed over 2,000 petitions to form unions during the year – the most since 2015. Workers won 76% of the 1,363 elections that were held.
Historically, however, these figures are pretty tepid. The number of major work stoppages has been plunging for decades, from nearly 200 as recently as 1980, while union elections typically exceeded 5,000 a year before the 1980s. As of 2021, union membership was at about the lowest level on record, at 10.3%. In the 1950s, over 1 in 3 workers belonged to a union.
As a labor scholar, I agree that the evidence shows a surge in union activism. The obvious question is: Do these developments manifest a tipping point?
Signs of increased union activism
First, let’s take a closer look at 2022.
The most noteworthy sign of labor’s revival has been the rise in the number of petitions filed with the National Labor Relations Board. In fiscal year 2022, which ended in September, workers filed 2,072 petitions, up 63% from the previous year. Starbucks workers alone filed 354 of these petitions, winning the vast majority of the elections held. In addition, employees at companies historically deemed untouchable by unions, including Apple, Microsoft and Wells Fargo, also scored wins.
The increase in strike activity is also important. And while the major strikes that involve 1,000 or more employees and are tracked by the Bureau of Labor Statistics arouse the greatest attention, they represent only the tip of the iceberg.
The bureau recorded 20 major strikes in 2022, which is about 25% more than the average of 16 a year over the past two decades. Examples of these major strikes include the recent one-day New York Times walkout, two strikes in California involving more than 3,000 workers at health care company Kaiser Permanente, 2,100 workers at Frontier Communications and 48,000 workers at the University of California.
Since 2021, Cornell University has been keeping track of any labor action, however small, and found that there were a total of 385 strikes in calendar year 2022, up from 270 in the previous year. In total, these reported strikes have occurred in nearly 600 locations in 19 states., signifying the geographic breadth of activism.
Historical parallels
Of course, these figures are still quite low by historical standards.
I believe two previous spikes in the early 20th century offer some clues as to whether recent events could lead to sustained gains in union membership.
From 1934 to 1939, union membership soared from 7.6% to 19.2%. A few years later, from 1941 to 1945, membership climbed from 20% to 27%.
Both spikes occurred during periods of national and global upheaval. The first spike came in the latter half of the Great Depression, when unemployment in the U.S. reached as high as a quarter of the workforce. Economic deprivation and a lack of workplace protections led to widespread political and social activism and sweeping efforts to organize workers in response. It also contributed to the enactment of the National Labor Relations Act in 1935, which stimulated organizing in the industrial sector.
The second jump came as the U.S. mobilized the economy to fight a two-front war in Europe and Asia. National economic mobilization to support the war led to growth in manufacturing employment, where unions had been making substantial gains. Government wartime policy encouraged unionization as part of a bargain for industrial peace during the war.
Inequality and pandemic heroes
Today’s situation is a far cry from the economic misery of the Great Depression or the social upheaval of a global war, but there are some parallels worth exploring.
Overall unemployment may be near record lows, but economic inequality is higher than it was during the Depression. The top 10% of households hold over 68% of the wealth in the U.S. In 1936, this was about 47%.
In addition, the top 0.1% of wage earners experienced a nearly 390% increase in real wages from 1979 to 2020, versus a meager 28.2% pay hike for the bottom 90%. And employment in manufacturing, where unions had gained a stronghold in the 1940s and 1950s, slipped over 33% from 1979 to 2022.
Another parallel to the two historical precedents concerns national mobilization. The pandemic required a massive response in early 2020, as workers in industries deemed essential, such as health care, public safety and food and agriculture, bore the brunt of its impact, earning them the label “heroes” for their efforts. In such an environment, workers began to appreciate more the protections they derived from unions for occupational safety and health, eventually helping birth much-hyped recent labor trends like the “great resignation” and “quiet quitting.”
A stacked deck
Ultimately, however, the deck is still heavily stacked against unions, with unsupportive labor laws and very few employers showing real receptivity to having a unionized workforce.
And unions are limited in how much they can change public policy or the structure of the U.S. economy that makes unionization difficult. Reforming labor law through legislation has remained elusive, and the results of the 2022 midterms are not likely to make it any easier.
This makes me unconvinced that recent signs of progress represent a turning point.
An ace up labor’s sleeve may be public sentiment. Support for labor is at its highest since 1965, with 71% saying they approve of unions, according to a Gallup poll in August 2022. And workers themselves are increasingly showing an interest in joining them. In 2017, 48% of workers polled said they would vote for union representation, up from 32% in 1995, the last time this question was asked.
Future success may depend on unions’ ability to tap into their growing popularity and emulate the recent wins at Starbucks and Amazon, as well as the successful “Fight for $15” campaign, which since 2012 has helped pass $15 minimum wage laws in a dozen states and Washington, D.C.
The odds may be steep, but the seeds of opportunity are there if labor is able to exploit them.
Marick Masters is a Professor of Business and Adjunct Professor of Political Science, Wayne State University.
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license.