隨著美聯儲(Federal Reserve)給經濟踩下剎車,抑制通貨膨脹,美國今年經濟下滑差不多是板上釘釘的事情了。
不過,雖然沒有人確切知道這個國家將經歷何種程度的衰退,但擔心歷史衰退重演可能是過度焦慮了。
包括摩根大通(JPMorgan Chase)的首席執行官杰米·戴蒙在內的銀行家們,以及紐約大學(New York University)的努里埃爾·魯比尼、劍橋大學皇后學院(Queens’ College at Cambridge)的院長穆罕默德·埃爾-埃利安等頂級經濟學家都認為,由于美聯儲從2022年開始進行了一輪讓人大跌眼鏡的大幅加息,未來一年美國經濟前景黯淡。
戴蒙甚至警告稱可能出現經濟“颶風”,而埃爾-埃利安甚至預測,由于全球經濟處于劃時代變革的邊緣,美國將出現“深刻的經濟和金融轉變”。
但盡管有這么多不祥的預測,但并非所有經濟學家都認為美國將在2023年陷入嚴重衰退,他們甚至根本不認為美國會陷入衰退。
穆迪分析公司(Moody 's Analytics)的首席經濟學家、美國經濟領域頂尖專家及總統顧問馬克·贊迪認為,最有可能出現的情況或許更類似于“放緩衰退”(slowcession)。
贊迪是首批成功預測2008年金融危機的經濟學家之一,他的研究也指導了美國聯邦政府如何應對當年的危機。
贊迪在1月3日發布的一份報告中寫道,2023年,美國失業率可能會上升,經濟增長可能會陷入停滯,但或許仍然能夠避開全面衰退。贊迪和穆迪對今年的“基線展望”是,美聯儲的加息行為將在不引發經濟衰退的情況下降低通脹,也就是實現所謂的經濟軟著陸。
“(美聯儲)的加息將可以做到足夠高、足夠快,足夠平息工資和價格壓力,但又不會過高、過快,以至于讓經濟失去活力?!辟澋蠈懙溃骸斑@種情況我們或許能夠稱之為放緩衰退——增長接近停滯,但絕對不會倒退。”
“放緩衰退”的經濟
贊迪承認,2023年美國經濟并非一切都好。
由于美聯儲快速加息——2022年加息7次,今年還計劃繼續加息——以及失去控制的通貨膨脹,經濟衰退的風險“高得令人不安”。他寫道:“在幾乎每一種場景中,2023年的經濟形勢都面臨困難?!?/p>
但與此同時,經濟增長和經濟活動的放緩可能不像許多人擔心的那么嚴重,因為截至目前,經濟幾乎沒有表現出衰退即將來臨的典型特征。
贊迪寫道,低油價是有助于實現經濟的放緩衰退而非全面衰退的首要因素。
在2022年2月俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭后,石油價格飆升至每桶120美元的十年高點,導致美國能源價格上漲,全國汽油價格漲至每加侖5美元。
而此后,一定程度上得益于美國戰略石油儲備(U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve)的釋放,油價大幅企穩。
贊迪說,目前油價穩定在每桶80美元附近,略高于穆迪對油價的“均衡”估計。他補充道,2023年全年油價或將處于波動態勢,主要取決于中國的能源需求和俄羅斯減少供給的可能性,但他指出,到目前為止,全球石油市場對市場干擾做出了“令人欽佩的調整”,預計今年將繼續保持。
贊迪寫道,隨著供應鏈瓶頸緩解和中國重新向世界開放,今年通脹整體將“最終消失”。
2022年12月,隨著中國對防疫政策做出調整,雖然中國經濟可能需要一段時間才可以“恢復全速”增長,但贊迪預測,一旦中國這一波新冠感染結束,全球供應鏈預計將在今年夏天重新恢復。
贊迪還引用了最近美國工資和就業增長放緩的數據,證明有更多的跡象表明通脹已過峰值。
最后,贊迪以美國消費者、銀行和企業的財務健康狀況作為指標,判斷美國經濟更可能出現放緩衰退而非真正的衰退。
贊迪寫道,在經濟衰退的累積過程中往往出現典型的“失衡”現象,例如過度擴張的信貸額度或過度建設的房地產,但在當前的經濟中鮮少看到上述信號,從而為經濟在增長放緩時增加了軟著陸的機會。
贊迪說,最令人鼓舞的信號是消費和購物處于相對健康的狀況,他稱之為保護美國經濟免于嚴重衰退的“防火墻”。美國的消費支出最近有略微放緩的跡象,但盡管人們對通貨膨脹上升和經濟衰退的擔憂加劇,消費支出卻仍然保持強勁。
“購物者是保護經濟不陷入衰退的防火墻。雖然防火墻肯定會面臨壓力,尤其是在經濟困難的低收入家庭掙扎之際,但它應該會撐下去?!辟澋蠈懙?。
衰退的現實風險仍然存在
雖然贊迪傾向于放緩衰退是最有可能的結果,但他承認,一些“嚴重威脅”導致經濟衰退成為非常現實的風險,2023年美聯儲需要謹慎行事,確保美國不出現不必要的長期嚴重經濟收縮。
他說:“最糟糕的情況是,美聯儲為實現其通脹目標,在制定貨幣政策時犯錯,引發不必要的經濟衰退?!?/p>
贊迪警告道,美聯儲在為降低通脹做出努力時,不應將基金利率提高到超過5%,以免引發“不必要的”衰退。2022年12月加息后,聯邦基金利率目前處于4.25%至4.5%的目標區間。
美聯儲在2022年年底表示,將根據通脹數據重新考慮2023年加息的規模和頻率,不過目前停止加息不在其考慮范圍內。
不過,雖然風險是真實存在的,贊迪也提醒人們不要悲觀,并警告說,如果任由人們對衰退的負面情緒發展下去,可能就會成為“自我實現的預言”。他呼吁消費者和企業不要對經濟失去信心。
“不盲目樂觀很重要,但同樣重要的是,不要讓自己相信衰退是不可避免的。衰退不是不可避免的?!辟澋蠈懙馈#ㄘ敻恢形木W)
譯者:Agatha
隨著美聯儲(Federal Reserve)給經濟踩下剎車,抑制通貨膨脹,美國今年經濟下滑差不多是板上釘釘的事情了。
不過,雖然沒有人確切知道這個國家將經歷何種程度的衰退,但擔心歷史衰退重演可能是過度焦慮了。
包括摩根大通(JPMorgan Chase)的首席執行官杰米·戴蒙在內的銀行家們,以及紐約大學(New York University)的努里埃爾·魯比尼、劍橋大學皇后學院(Queens’ College at Cambridge)的院長穆罕默德·埃爾-埃利安等頂級經濟學家都認為,由于美聯儲從2022年開始進行了一輪讓人大跌眼鏡的大幅加息,未來一年美國經濟前景黯淡。
戴蒙甚至警告稱可能出現經濟“颶風”,而埃爾-埃利安甚至預測,由于全球經濟處于劃時代變革的邊緣,美國將出現“深刻的經濟和金融轉變”。
但盡管有這么多不祥的預測,但并非所有經濟學家都認為美國將在2023年陷入嚴重衰退,他們甚至根本不認為美國會陷入衰退。
穆迪分析公司(Moody 's Analytics)的首席經濟學家、美國經濟領域頂尖專家及總統顧問馬克·贊迪認為,最有可能出現的情況或許更類似于“放緩衰退”(slowcession)。
贊迪是首批成功預測2008年金融危機的經濟學家之一,他的研究也指導了美國聯邦政府如何應對當年的危機。
贊迪在1月3日發布的一份報告中寫道,2023年,美國失業率可能會上升,經濟增長可能會陷入停滯,但或許仍然能夠避開全面衰退。贊迪和穆迪對今年的“基線展望”是,美聯儲的加息行為將在不引發經濟衰退的情況下降低通脹,也就是實現所謂的經濟軟著陸。
“(美聯儲)的加息將可以做到足夠高、足夠快,足夠平息工資和價格壓力,但又不會過高、過快,以至于讓經濟失去活力。”贊迪寫道:“這種情況我們或許能夠稱之為放緩衰退——增長接近停滯,但絕對不會倒退?!?/p>
“放緩衰退”的經濟
贊迪承認,2023年美國經濟并非一切都好。
由于美聯儲快速加息——2022年加息7次,今年還計劃繼續加息——以及失去控制的通貨膨脹,經濟衰退的風險“高得令人不安”。他寫道:“在幾乎每一種場景中,2023年的經濟形勢都面臨困難?!?/p>
但與此同時,經濟增長和經濟活動的放緩可能不像許多人擔心的那么嚴重,因為截至目前,經濟幾乎沒有表現出衰退即將來臨的典型特征。
贊迪寫道,低油價是有助于實現經濟的放緩衰退而非全面衰退的首要因素。
在2022年2月俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭后,石油價格飆升至每桶120美元的十年高點,導致美國能源價格上漲,全國汽油價格漲至每加侖5美元。
而此后,一定程度上得益于美國戰略石油儲備(U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve)的釋放,油價大幅企穩。
贊迪說,目前油價穩定在每桶80美元附近,略高于穆迪對油價的“均衡”估計。他補充道,2023年全年油價或將處于波動態勢,主要取決于中國的能源需求和俄羅斯減少供給的可能性,但他指出,到目前為止,全球石油市場對市場干擾做出了“令人欽佩的調整”,預計今年將繼續保持。
贊迪寫道,隨著供應鏈瓶頸緩解和中國重新向世界開放,今年通脹整體將“最終消失”。
2022年12月,隨著中國對防疫政策做出調整,雖然中國經濟可能需要一段時間才可以“恢復全速”增長,但贊迪預測,一旦中國這一波新冠感染結束,全球供應鏈預計將在今年夏天重新恢復。
贊迪還引用了最近美國工資和就業增長放緩的數據,證明有更多的跡象表明通脹已過峰值。
最后,贊迪以美國消費者、銀行和企業的財務健康狀況作為指標,判斷美國經濟更可能出現放緩衰退而非真正的衰退。
贊迪寫道,在經濟衰退的累積過程中往往出現典型的“失衡”現象,例如過度擴張的信貸額度或過度建設的房地產,但在當前的經濟中鮮少看到上述信號,從而為經濟在增長放緩時增加了軟著陸的機會。
贊迪說,最令人鼓舞的信號是消費和購物處于相對健康的狀況,他稱之為保護美國經濟免于嚴重衰退的“防火墻”。美國的消費支出最近有略微放緩的跡象,但盡管人們對通貨膨脹上升和經濟衰退的擔憂加劇,消費支出卻仍然保持強勁。
“購物者是保護經濟不陷入衰退的防火墻。雖然防火墻肯定會面臨壓力,尤其是在經濟困難的低收入家庭掙扎之際,但它應該會撐下去。”贊迪寫道。
衰退的現實風險仍然存在
雖然贊迪傾向于放緩衰退是最有可能的結果,但他承認,一些“嚴重威脅”導致經濟衰退成為非常現實的風險,2023年美聯儲需要謹慎行事,確保美國不出現不必要的長期嚴重經濟收縮。
他說:“最糟糕的情況是,美聯儲為實現其通脹目標,在制定貨幣政策時犯錯,引發不必要的經濟衰退。”
贊迪警告道,美聯儲在為降低通脹做出努力時,不應將基金利率提高到超過5%,以免引發“不必要的”衰退。2022年12月加息后,聯邦基金利率目前處于4.25%至4.5%的目標區間。
美聯儲在2022年年底表示,將根據通脹數據重新考慮2023年加息的規模和頻率,不過目前停止加息不在其考慮范圍內。
不過,雖然風險是真實存在的,贊迪也提醒人們不要悲觀,并警告說,如果任由人們對衰退的負面情緒發展下去,可能就會成為“自我實現的預言”。他呼吁消費者和企業不要對經濟失去信心。
“不盲目樂觀很重要,但同樣重要的是,不要讓自己相信衰退是不可避免的。衰退不是不可避免的?!辟澋蠈懙?。(財富中文網)
譯者:Agatha
An economic downturn in the U.S. this year is all but guaranteed as the Federal Reserve puts the brakes on the economy and clamps down on inflation.
But while nobody knows exactly how much of a decline the country is in for, fears of a historic recession may be overblown.
Bank CEOs, including JPMorgan Chase’s Jamie Dimon, as well as top economists ranging from NYU’s Nouriel Roubini to Mohamed El-Erian, president of Queens’ College at Cambridge, have forecasted economic doom and gloom for the U.S. in 2022, in response to the Fed’s dramatic cycle of interest rate hikes that began last year.
Dimon has even warned about a potential economic “hurricane” while El-Erian went as far as predicting a “profound economic and financial shift” as the global economy sits on the brink of an epochal transformation.
But for all the foreboding forecasts, not every economist is convinced the U.S. will spin out into a severe recession in 2023, or even that it will enter one at all.
The most likely scenario could be something more akin to a “slowcession,” according to Mark Zandi, chief economist at Moody’s Analytics and a leading voice and presidential adviser in U.S. economics.
Zandi was one of the first economists to predict the 2008 financial crash, and his research directed the federal government’s response to the crisis.
In 2023, U.S. unemployment may rise and growth could come grinding to a halt, Zandi wrote in a report released on January 3, but the economy may still be able to skate past an outright recession. Zandi and Moody’s “baseline outlook” for the year is that the Fed’s interest rate hikes will bring down inflation without triggering a recession, a so-called soft landing for the economy.
“[The Fed] will be able to raise rates high enough, fast enough, to sufficiently quell the wage and price pressures, but not so high and fast that it knocks the wind out of the economy,” Zandi wrote. “This is a scenario that we might well call a slowcession—growth that comes to a near standstill but that never slips into reverse.”
The “slowcession” economy
Zandi conceded that all is not well in the U.S. economy in 2023.
Recession risks are “uncomfortably high” owing to the rapid pace of Fed rate increases—seven last year and more planned for this year—and runaway inflation. “Under almost any scenario, the economy is set to have a difficult 2023,” he wrote.
But at the same time, the slowdown in growth and economic activity may not be as severe as many observers fear, as the economy has so far shown few signs typical of a looming recession.
The first factor boosting the chances of a slowcession are low oil prices, Zandi wrote.
Prices for oil surged to a 10-year high of $120 a barrel early last year after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, contributing to energy inflation in the U.S. and $5 a gallon gasoline across the country.
But prices have leveled off dramatically since then, partly owing to releases from the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve.
Zandi said oil prices are now leveling at near $80 a barrel, slightly higher than Moody’s “equilibrium” estimate for oil prices. Oil prices are likely to remain volatile throughout the year depending on energy demand in China and potential supply cuts in Russia, Zandi added, but he noted that the global oil market is so far “adjusting admirably” to disruptions, and he expected it to continue doing so for the rest of the year.
Inflation overall is set to “finally fade away” this year, Zandi wrote, as supply-chain bottlenecks ease up and China reopens to the world.
In December 2022, China lifted its strict zero-COVID policy that contributed to the supply shortages and price rises that afflicted the global economy throughout the pandemic, and while its economy may take some time to “get back to full speed,” Zandi predicted global supply chains to resettle by this summer once the current wave of COVID-19 infections in the country passes.
Zandi also cited recent evidence of slowing wage and job growth in the U.S., more signs that inflation is past its peak.
Finally, Zandi noted the financial health of American consumers, banks, and businesses as an indicator that a slowcession is more likely than a recession.
Zandi wrote that few of the typical “imbalances” commonly seen in the buildup to a recession, such as overextended credit lines or overbuilt real estate, are manifesting in today’s economy, boosting the chances of a soft landing when growth starts slowing down.
The most encouraging sign, according to Zandi, is the relative health of consumers and shoppers, which he referred to as the “fire wall” protecting the U.S. economy from a severe recession. Consumer spending in the U.S. has shown recent signs of slowing slightly, but still remains strong despite rising inflation and recession anxiety.
“Shoppers are the fire wall between an economy in recession and an economy that skirts a downturn. While the fire wall is sure to come under pressure, particularly as financially hard-pressed low-income households struggle, it should continue to hold,” Zandi wrote.
Recession still a very real risk
While Zandi is leaning toward a slowcession as the most likely outcome for the economy, he acknowledged a number of “serious threats” make a recession a very real risk, and the Fed will have to be careful in 2023 to make sure the U.S. avoids an unnecessarily steep and prolonged economic contraction.
“Most significant is the prospect of the Fed making an error in setting monetary policy, sparking a recession that would have been unnecessary to achieve its inflation target,” he wrote.
Zandi cautioned the Fed not to raise its funds rate past 5% in its efforts to bring inflation back down, lest it trigger an “unnecessary” recession. The Federal funds rate currently sits at a target range of 4.25% to 4.5% after December’s rate hike.
The Fed signaled late last year it would reconsider the size and frequency of rate hikes in 2023 depending on inflation data, although indicated pausing increases is off the table for now.
But while the risks are real, Zandi cautioned against pessimism and warned bad feelings about a recession could become a “self-fulfilling prophecy” if left unchecked, urging consumers and businesses not to lose faith in the economy.
“It is important not to be Pollyannish, but it is also important not to convince ourselves that a recession is inevitable. It is not,” he wrote.