歷經四周64場比賽和十多年的爭議,阿根廷在卡塔爾贏得了國際足聯男子世界杯冠軍。在梅西和他的隊友慶祝戰勝法國隊的同時,另一場比賽也落下了帷幕:“軟實力”之戰。
軟實力是一種外交政策工具,利用音樂、時尚和體育等事物來塑造全球認知和心態。國際足聯世界杯也許是終極軟實力平臺,有32個國家向數十億人展示他們的軟實力。
在賽事期間,可以觀察到三種類型的軟實力:“輝煌”軟實力,來自高水平的表現,不由讓人產生欽佩之情;“美麗”軟實力,激發了希望和團結意識;以及“良性”軟實力,體現在積極的態度和利他主義中。
利用這些類別,我們確定了2022年“軟實力世界杯”的國家排名。
冠軍:法國
在全球軟實力排名中,法國的排名因在2018年俄羅斯世界杯上奪冠而上升。在2022年世界杯上,法國隊的表現推動法國國家形象和聲譽進一步提升。這支球隊是“輝煌”軟實力的縮影,將風格和優雅與靈敏和競爭力相結合,并展現出國際化、多元化和團結的形象。
一名球員(可以說是目前世界上最好的球員)在這方面發揮了重要作用:基利安·姆巴佩(Kylian Mbappé)。他效力于巴黎圣日耳曼足球俱樂部(PSG),該俱樂部是法國軟實力故事的重要組成部分。在精心管理下,通過足球、時尚和音樂的結合,幫助法國塑造了良好聲譽。
據報道,今年早些時候,法國總統埃馬紐埃爾·馬克龍(Emmanuel Macron)出面勸說姆巴佩不要離開巴黎圣日耳曼轉會皇馬(Real Madrid),這就是他對法國的重要性。在全球事務中需要魅力、風格和自信,馬克龍對這一點深信不疑。法國隊進入半決賽后,他飛往多哈,會見了卡塔爾埃米爾。在決賽的全場比賽中,他反復安慰姆巴佩。
亞軍:韓國
憑借“鼓舞人心”的軟實力,韓國的足球明星效應持續升溫。這部分是政府實施的政策帶來的結果,另一方面也是私營部門高漲的愛國主義帶來的結果。
韓國隊的首場比賽是在歌手田柾國(Jung Kook)出席開幕式之后進行的。田柾國是防彈少年團(BTS)的歌手,該樂隊一直處于被稱為“韓流”(或K-wave)的前沿,使韓國在電影、電視和音樂領域處于全球舞臺的中心。汽車制造商現代起亞也與田柾國進行了合作,該公司與防彈少年團簽訂了代言協議,也是國際足聯(FIFA)的主要贊助商。
韓國也很幸運,他們實力最強的球員——托特納姆熱刺隊(Tottenham Hotspur)的孫興慜傷愈復出,為球隊贏得了全球認可。韓國人揮灑自如的比賽風格,再加上熱情洋溢的球迷,完美地展現了國家能量,使其成為21世紀流行文化巨頭。
第三名:摩洛哥
由于賽前足球排名落后于前20名,在大型賽事中表現不佳,沒有大牌球員,人們的期望并不高。但這屆世界杯對摩洛哥來說是一場勝利,無論是場上還是場下。
球隊歡快的氛圍、無拘無束的比賽方式產生了相當大的軟實力價值,個別球員也是如此。中場球員索菲亞內·鮑法爾(Sofiane Boufal)在球隊戰勝葡萄牙隊后與母親在球場上跳舞的場面,是令人信服的家庭和團結的行為,引起了世界各地人們的共鳴。許多人后來將阿特拉斯雄獅隊(Atlas Lions)作為他們第二喜愛的球隊。
這一點在阿拉伯世界表現得最為明顯,摩洛哥比以往任何一支來自中東或北非的球隊都走得更遠。摩洛哥球員對巴勒斯坦的公開支持也幫助球隊與該地區的球迷建立了聯系。
第四名:日本
日本隊在卡塔爾收獲了大量新球迷。就像2018年世界杯一樣,大批日本球迷抵達現場,并再次主動承擔了賽后場館的清理工作。作為“良性”軟實力的冠軍,日本國家隊還在賽后清理了更衣室。
整理內務在日本是有悠久歷史的。早在近藤麻理惠(Marie Kondo)上臺之前,整理和清潔就已經是日本文化結構的一部分。卡塔爾的賽后清理工作強化了這一流行慣例,并彰顯了其軟實力潛力。
但這次比賽不僅僅展示了該國的利他主義行為。這支球隊在對陣德國和西班牙這兩個歐洲足球超級大國的比賽中取得了驚人的勝利。
第五名:沙特阿拉伯
“綠色獵鷹”作為一個被廣泛視為賤民的國家的代表前往卡塔爾。雖然這支球隊在小組賽階段就出局了,但它在這個過程中贏得了人心。
大量球迷來到了多哈,他們在比賽前的聚集凸顯了這支球隊的吸引力。社交媒體上一個瘋傳的帖子顯示,在沙特阿拉伯擊敗最終的冠軍阿根廷后,大批支持者伴著1996年的流行歌曲跳起舞來,這進一步提升了該球隊的吸引力。
盡管人們對沙特阿拉伯的政治陰謀仍有擔憂(尤其是對其體育洗白(舉辦運動賽事來提高國家聲譽)的指控),這是合乎情理的,但卡塔爾主辦的賽事展示了沙特公民積極的、與眾不同的一面。對足球的全民熱情讓遠道而來的球迷感到沙特公民很有人情味。
特別提名獎:卡塔爾
從提交申辦世界杯的那一刻起,卡塔爾就一直在尋求投射軟實力。這個國家的熱情好客,沒有足球流氓暴力,以及充滿活力的球迷區似乎對它很有利。
但它也可能發現自己被剝奪了權力,因為人們對移民工人和性少數群體權利的擔憂仍然存在。考驗將是人們在未來幾年如何談論卡塔爾這個國家和它主辦的賽事。不過,就目前而言,盡管球員和球迷可能感覺不到這一點,但軟實力的大贏家屬于法國。(財富中文網)
西蒙·查德威克(Simon Chadwick), SKEMA商學院體育和地緣政治經濟學教授,保羅·維多普(Paul Widdop),曼徹斯特大學體育商業研究員。
本文以創作共用協議的形式轉載自The Conversation。
譯者:中慧言-王芳
歷經四周64場比賽和十多年的爭議,阿根廷在卡塔爾贏得了國際足聯男子世界杯冠軍。在梅西和他的隊友慶祝戰勝法國隊的同時,另一場比賽也落下了帷幕:“軟實力”之戰。
軟實力是一種外交政策工具,利用音樂、時尚和體育等事物來塑造全球認知和心態。國際足聯世界杯也許是終極軟實力平臺,有32個國家向數十億人展示他們的軟實力。
在賽事期間,可以觀察到三種類型的軟實力:“輝煌”軟實力,來自高水平的表現,不由讓人產生欽佩之情;“美麗”軟實力,激發了希望和團結意識;以及“良性”軟實力,體現在積極的態度和利他主義中。
利用這些類別,我們確定了2022年“軟實力世界杯”的國家排名。
冠軍:法國
在全球軟實力排名中,法國的排名因在2018年俄羅斯世界杯上奪冠而上升。在2022年世界杯上,法國隊的表現推動法國國家形象和聲譽進一步提升。這支球隊是“輝煌”軟實力的縮影,將風格和優雅與靈敏和競爭力相結合,并展現出國際化、多元化和團結的形象。
一名球員(可以說是目前世界上最好的球員)在這方面發揮了重要作用:基利安·姆巴佩(Kylian Mbappé)。他效力于巴黎圣日耳曼足球俱樂部(PSG),該俱樂部是法國軟實力故事的重要組成部分。在精心管理下,通過足球、時尚和音樂的結合,幫助法國塑造了良好聲譽。
據報道,今年早些時候,法國總統埃馬紐埃爾·馬克龍(Emmanuel Macron)出面勸說姆巴佩不要離開巴黎圣日耳曼轉會皇馬(Real Madrid),這就是他對法國的重要性。在全球事務中需要魅力、風格和自信,馬克龍對這一點深信不疑。法國隊進入半決賽后,他飛往多哈,會見了卡塔爾埃米爾。在決賽的全場比賽中,他反復安慰姆巴佩。
亞軍:韓國
憑借“鼓舞人心”的軟實力,韓國的足球明星效應持續升溫。這部分是政府實施的政策帶來的結果,另一方面也是私營部門高漲的愛國主義帶來的結果。
韓國隊的首場比賽是在歌手田柾國(Jung Kook)出席開幕式之后進行的。田柾國是防彈少年團(BTS)的歌手,該樂隊一直處于被稱為“韓流”(或K-wave)的前沿,使韓國在電影、電視和音樂領域處于全球舞臺的中心。汽車制造商現代起亞也與田柾國進行了合作,該公司與防彈少年團簽訂了代言協議,也是國際足聯(FIFA)的主要贊助商。
韓國也很幸運,他們實力最強的球員——托特納姆熱刺隊(Tottenham Hotspur)的孫興慜傷愈復出,為球隊贏得了全球認可。韓國人揮灑自如的比賽風格,再加上熱情洋溢的球迷,完美地展現了國家能量,使其成為21世紀流行文化巨頭。
第三名:摩洛哥
由于賽前足球排名落后于前20名,在大型賽事中表現不佳,沒有大牌球員,人們的期望并不高。但這屆世界杯對摩洛哥來說是一場勝利,無論是場上還是場下。
球隊歡快的氛圍、無拘無束的比賽方式產生了相當大的軟實力價值,個別球員也是如此。中場球員索菲亞內·鮑法爾(Sofiane Boufal)在球隊戰勝葡萄牙隊后與母親在球場上跳舞的場面,是令人信服的家庭和團結的行為,引起了世界各地人們的共鳴。許多人后來將阿特拉斯雄獅隊(Atlas Lions)作為他們第二喜愛的球隊。
這一點在阿拉伯世界表現得最為明顯,摩洛哥比以往任何一支來自中東或北非的球隊都走得更遠。摩洛哥球員對巴勒斯坦的公開支持也幫助球隊與該地區的球迷建立了聯系。
第四名:日本
日本隊在卡塔爾收獲了大量新球迷。就像2018年世界杯一樣,大批日本球迷抵達現場,并再次主動承擔了賽后場館的清理工作。作為“良性”軟實力的冠軍,日本國家隊還在賽后清理了更衣室。
整理內務在日本是有悠久歷史的。早在近藤麻理惠(Marie Kondo)上臺之前,整理和清潔就已經是日本文化結構的一部分。卡塔爾的賽后清理工作強化了這一流行慣例,并彰顯了其軟實力潛力。
但這次比賽不僅僅展示了該國的利他主義行為。這支球隊在對陣德國和西班牙這兩個歐洲足球超級大國的比賽中取得了驚人的勝利。
第五名:沙特阿拉伯
“綠色獵鷹”作為一個被廣泛視為賤民的國家的代表前往卡塔爾。雖然這支球隊在小組賽階段就出局了,但它在這個過程中贏得了人心。
大量球迷來到了多哈,他們在比賽前的聚集凸顯了這支球隊的吸引力。社交媒體上一個瘋傳的帖子顯示,在沙特阿拉伯擊敗最終的冠軍阿根廷后,大批支持者伴著1996年的流行歌曲跳起舞來,這進一步提升了該球隊的吸引力。
盡管人們對沙特阿拉伯的政治陰謀仍有擔憂(尤其是對其體育洗白(舉辦運動賽事來提高國家聲譽)的指控),這是合乎情理的,但卡塔爾主辦的賽事展示了沙特公民積極的、與眾不同的一面。對足球的全民熱情讓遠道而來的球迷感到沙特公民很有人情味。
特別提名獎:卡塔爾
從提交申辦世界杯的那一刻起,卡塔爾就一直在尋求投射軟實力。這個國家的熱情好客,沒有足球流氓暴力,以及充滿活力的球迷區似乎對它很有利。
但它也可能發現自己被剝奪了權力,因為人們對移民工人和性少數群體權利的擔憂仍然存在。考驗將是人們在未來幾年如何談論卡塔爾這個國家和它主辦的賽事。不過,就目前而言,盡管球員和球迷可能感覺不到這一點,但軟實力的大贏家屬于法國。(財富中文網)
西蒙·查德威克(Simon Chadwick), SKEMA商學院體育和地緣政治經濟學教授,保羅·維多普(Paul Widdop),曼徹斯特大學體育商業研究員。
本文以創作共用協議的形式轉載自The Conversation。
譯者:中慧言-王芳
After four weeks, 64 games, and more than a decade of controversy, Argentina has won the Fifa men’s World Cup in Qatar. And as Lionel Messi and his teammates celebrate victory over France, another competition has also reached its conclusion: the battle for “soft power.”
Soft power is a foreign policy tool. It’s about shaping global perceptions and attitudes using things like music, fashion, and sport. The Fifa World Cup is perhaps the ultimate soft power platform, with 32 countries on show to billions of people.
During the event, three types of soft power could be observed: “brilliant” soft power, which comes from high performance levels and generates feelings of admiration; “beautiful” soft power, which inspires hope and a sense of togetherness; and “benign” soft power, which is found in positive attitudes and altruism.
Using these categories we have determined the following national placings for the 2022 “World Cup of Soft Power.”
Winners: France
In global soft power rankings, France was lifted by its win at the 2018 Fifa World Cup in Russia. In 2022, the football team’s performances have only strengthened the national image and reputation. The squad is the epitome of “brilliant” soft power, combining style and elegance with acute competitiveness, and projecting an image that is cosmopolitan, diverse, and united.
One player (arguably the world’s best right now) is instrumental in this: Kylian Mbappé. His club side, Paris Saint Germain (PSG), is a big part of France’s soft power story, helping to build its credentials through a carefully managed combination of football, fashion, and music.
Earlier this year, French president Emmanuel Macron reportedly stepped in to persuade Mbappé not to leave PSG for Real Madrid, such is his importance to France. Macron fully understands the need for charm, style, and confidence in global affairs. When he flew to Doha after France had made it to the semifinals, he met the emir of Qatar. At full time in the final, he repeatedly consoled Mbappé.
Runner-up: South Korea
Masters of “inspirational” soft power, South Korea’s star continues to rise. This is partly a result of government policy, but also the private sector’s enthusiastic patriotism.
South Korea’s first match at the tournament came after an appearance by the singer Jung Kook at the opening ceremony. Kook is a singer with BTS, a band that has been at the forefront of what has become known as the “Korean wave” (or K-wave), which put the country center stage globally in cinema, television, and music. In tandem with Kook came the carmaker Hyundai-Kia, which has an endorsement deal with BTS and is also a key Fifa sponsor.
South Korea was also lucky to have its biggest player—Tottenham Hotspur’s Son Heung-min—back from injury, bringing global recognition to the squad. The Koreans’ swashbuckling style of play, matched by exuberant fans, tapped perfectly into a national energy, which has seen it become a juggernaut of 21st-century popular culture.
Third place: Morocco
With a pre-competition football ranking below the top 20, a history of underperformance in big tournaments, and no big-name players, expectations were not high. But this World Cup has turned out to be a triumph for Morocco, on and off the pitch.
The joyous, uninhibited way in which the team competed generated considerable soft power value, as did some of the individual players. The sight of midfielder Sofiane Boufal dancing on the pitch with his mother after his side’s victory over Portugal was a compelling act of family and togetherness that has resonated with people around the world. Many subsequently adopted the Atlas Lions as their second favorite team. https://www.youtube.com/embed/l1AOzi0MXNo?wmode=transparent&start=2
https://www.youtube.com/embed/l1AOzi0MXNo?wmode=transparent&start=2
Nowhere was this more evident than across the Arab world, Morocco having progressed further than any other previous team from the Middle East or North Africa. The Moroccan players’ public support for Palestine also helped the team bond with fans from across the region.
Fourth place: Japan
Japan won plenty of new fans in Qatar. Just like at the 2018 tournament, Japanese supporters arrived in huge numbers, and again took it upon themselves to undertake post-match tidy-ups of the stadiums. Adding to their position as champions of “benign” soft power, the Japanese national team also cleaned their changing rooms after their matches.
Tidying up has history in Japan. Long before Marie Kondo arrived on the scene, de-cluttering and cleaning were part of the national cultural fabric. Tidying up in Qatar reinforced this popular convention and harnessed its soft power potential.
But the tournament wasn’t just about acts of altruism. The team celebrated stunning victories against two of Europe’s football superpowers, Germany and Spain.
Fifth place: Saudi Arabia
The Green Falcons headed to Qatar as representatives of a nation widely viewed as a pariah. And although the team went out at the group stage, it won many hearts and minds in the process.
A huge number of fans made it to Doha, their congregation before matches highlighting their appeal. This was further enhanced with a viral social media post showing large numbers of supporters dancing to a 1996 pop song after Saudi Arabia beat the eventual champions, Argentina.
And while legitimate concerns remain about Saudi Arabia’s political machinations (not least accusations of sportswashing), events in Qatar showed Saudi citizens in a different and positive light. The traveling fans were humanized by their national passion for football.
Special mention: Qatar
From the very moment it submitted its bid to host the World Cup, Qatar has sought to project soft power. The country’s hospitality, the absence of hooligan violence, and the vibrant fan zones appear to have worked in its favor.
But it may also find itself disempowered, as concerns about migrant workers and LGBTQ+ rights remain. The test will be how Qatar the nation and the event it hosted are talked about in the years to come. For now, though, although it may not feel like it for the players and fans, the big soft power win belongs to France.
Simon Chadwick, professor of sport and geopolitical economy, SKEMA Business School, and Paul Widdop, researcher of sport business, University of Manchester.
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license.