直到上周,薩姆·班克曼-弗里德似乎注定要以英雄的身份載入加密貨幣史冊——在他的幫助下,數字貨幣進入主流市場,他還帶頭發起了一場慈善運動,一些人還將這場慈善運動譽為該行業成熟和日益穩定的標志。
時年30歲的班克曼-弗里德在其財富巔峰時期的身價達到260億美元,是FTX的創始人,該加密貨幣交易所迅速成為世界上最大的加密貨幣交易所之一。他塑造了一種新式巨頭形象,是美國民主黨的主要捐助者,也是2020年喬·拜登的最大捐助者之一。
在短短幾天內,這一切都改變了。班克曼-弗里德名譽掃地。而關于他本人的神話的消亡肯定會拖累整個加密貨幣領域。(班克曼-弗里德沒有回應就本文置評的請求。)
一些人,包括另一位傳奇巨擘,現在聲稱他們了解班克曼-弗里德的底細。埃隆·馬斯克于上周末在推特(Twitter)上談到與班克曼-弗里德的偶遇時稱:“我的騙子雷達亮起紅燈了。這就像,這家伙就是在胡說八道——這就是我的印象?!?/p>
但這位以其名字首字母SBF為人熟知的創始人,無疑贏得了加密貨幣、金融、科技、政治和流行文化領域里的許多人的青睞。對于那些相信他的話的人來說,問題仍然存在:他是理想主義者,而且過度自信?狡猾,而且涉嫌欺詐?還是他只是一個被擊敗的冒險者?
無論如何,在不到一周的時間里,SBF的帝國發生了驚人的內爆,這不同尋常的故事比Netflix的驚悚片還要曲折。
薩姆·班克曼-弗里德具備“心理變態”的素質
班克曼-弗里德的父母都是斯坦福大學(Stanford University)的法學教授——母親芭芭拉·弗里德專攻法律哲學,父親約瑟夫·班克曼專攻稅收。兩人都認同功利主義哲學:人們的一切行為準則和關鍵決策都應該以最大多數人的最大幸福為目標。
SBF畢業于麻省理工學院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology),獲得物理學學士學位,然后加入量化交易公司Jane Street Capital。懷著功利主義的理想,班克曼-弗里德從職業生涯開始就把一半的收入捐給了慈善事業。他說,他是一位素食主義者,因為他厭惡肉制品行業的殘酷。
“大學畢業后,他開始在加密貨幣市場進行交易,并發現了一個套利機會,他和他的公司可以在一個市場購買比特幣(Bitcoin),然后在另一個市場出售?!备偁帉κ諳KX加密貨幣交易所的首席營銷官海德爾·拉菲克告訴《財富》雜志?!斑@成了一門有利可圖的生意。”
這家企業是Alameda Research,這是SBF于2017年仍然在Jane Street工作時成立的一個加密貨幣交易集團。這一風險項目催生了FTX,FTX是他在2019年成立的,當時他對現有加密貨幣交易所沒有進行更多高風險、復雜交易感到失望。該公司的總部設在巴哈馬群島的拿索——像許多加密貨幣交易所一樣是離岸公司,這有助于其逃避美國監管機構的審查。班克曼-弗里德聚集了一群來自Jane Street公司和麻省理工學院的朋友,他們一邊經營著他的龐大帝國,一邊以室友的身份住在巴哈馬群島的一套頂層公寓里,據說那里是各色約會的溫床。
在2022年8月的一篇封面報道中,《財富》雜志強調了班克曼-弗里德是如何被加密貨幣行業的一些人譽為“下一個沃倫·巴菲特”的(同時警告稱這一切可能“以災難告終”)。同事們稱贊他才智過人,能力卓群,能夠基于風險計算,在頭腦冷靜的情況下做出重大決定。一位認識他的消息人士告訴《倫敦時報》(Times of London),SBF“心理變態”?!拔也皇钦f他有精神病。”他們補充道?!拔矣X得他就像一臺電腦。”
憑借才智過人,SBF從投資者那里籌集了18億美元的資金。與此同時,FTX在流行文化中的知名度不斷提高,買下了邁阿密熱火隊(Miami Heat)主場的冠名權。(FTX Arena目前正在打算把冠名權出售給其他買家。)喜劇演員拉里·戴維在針對散戶投資者的電視廣告中為該公司做宣傳。超模吉賽爾·邦辰加入公司,擔任該公司的環境和社會倡議顧問。美國職業棒球大聯盟(Major League Baseball)的裁判員和梅賽德斯(Mercedes)的一級方程式(Formula 1)賽車手精心規劃,把FTX標識放在球衣和底盤的突出位置,幫助推廣FTX。
FTX已經從一家混亂的小型加密貨幣交易所發展成為世界上最大的加密貨幣交易所之一。今年早些時候,由于通貨膨脹和更廣泛的經濟動蕩導致加密貨幣的價格暴跌,班克曼-弗里德把FTX說成是該行業的救世主,出手救助加密貨幣貸款機構BlockFi,并在另一家公司Voyager Digital破產后收購其資產。班克曼-弗里德當時表示,他這么做的原因是:必須有人來挽救加密貨幣的聲譽。他告訴Decrypt:“我并不清楚是否還有其他人會站出來這么做?!?/p>
在接受《財富》雜志采訪時,班克曼-弗里德預測,加密貨幣的寒冬正在逐漸消退,該行業將變得更加強大?!拔覀円呀浺娮C了最糟糕的情況?!彼f,“還會有一些糟糕情況出現,但不會太過糟糕了?!彼硎?,加密貨幣市場的低迷導致加密貨幣價格從歷史高點回落,這是對行業內表現不盡如人意的企業的“淘汰”,這一“淘汰”很有必要。他指出:“人們不得不重新思考如何對資產進行估值,而且要在方式方法上更接地氣一點,并意識到我們將重塑該行業,讓該行業更強大,而這一切都是很合理的?!?/p>
如今,班克曼-弗里德自己的企業正在經歷塌方,這種樂觀主義似乎不合時宜。
在48小時內垮臺
隨著班克曼-弗里德作為加密貨幣領域白衣騎士的聲譽坍塌,一些人開始質疑他所建立的一切是否都是騙局。
這是因為這些數字并不相符。據《金融時報》(Financial Times)報道,在FTX破產時,其主要的國際交易所擁有9億美元的資產和90億美元的無擔保負債。在他所有的相關業務中,他欠超過10萬名債權人的債務高達500億美元。
據CoinDesk稱,班克曼-弗里德的交易公司Alameda Research似乎一直將客戶資產和FTT代幣作為抵押品來獲取貸款,FTT代幣允許FTX用戶在交易所進行折扣交易。有人擔心,FTX可能沒有足夠的資產來償還債務,因為它被鎖定在風險資本投資等非流動性頭寸上。有傳言稱,Alameda Research是因為過度投資Terra加密貨幣代幣而垮臺的,該代幣的價格在春季暴跌,此后一直通過巧妙的會計手段支撐著。
11月7日,班克曼-弗里德在推特(Twitter)上寫道:“FTX運行良好。資產也沒有問題?!彼[晦的公開聲明似乎是為了安撫投資者。但事與愿違。
盡管班克曼-弗里德對自己的財務困難輕描淡寫,但他仍然在與競爭對手幣安(Binance)及其所有者趙長鵬展開激烈競爭。趙長鵬曾經是SBF的朋友和知己,被稱為“加密貨幣之王”。兩人之間的競爭似乎轉為惡性競爭:例如,最近幾個月,據報道,班克曼-弗里德對趙長鵬進行了一系列抨擊,聲稱他因為法律問題而無法入境。
不幸的是,這惹惱了唯一一位可能有足夠資金挽救FTX的人。對趙長鵬來說,他看到了FTX的弱點并加以利用:由于幣安早期投資FTX,趙長鵬持有大量FTT代幣。11月6日,趙長鵬宣布他將拋售幣安持有的FTT代幣,引發了更廣泛的市場對該代幣的拋售。FTT代幣價格暴跌。
據報道,隨著FTT代幣的價格持續下跌,班克曼-弗里德低聲下氣地在華爾街和硅谷四處尋找融資,以維持公司運營。沒有人愿意上鉤。資產負債表是如此糟糕。
對于這位曾經在美國國會作證,解釋如何清理加密貨幣,并向基金會提供慈善捐款以讓世界更美好的人來說,這是一個巨大的落差。他是硅谷有效利他主義趨勢的代表,這是一種增強版的功利主義。他在會議上發言,曾經與美國前總統比爾·克林頓和英國前首相托尼·布萊爾坐在一起。
托尼·布萊爾和比爾·克林頓在同一個舞臺上(還有SBF)。這種情況這年頭可不常見,是吧?pic.twitter.com/Vt5pn6egHn
——丹·基勒(@dankeeler),2022年4月28日
現在,一些人將班克曼-弗里德和他的交易所所處的困境歸咎于他的有效利他主義心態。Facebook的聯合創始人及Asana的首席執行官達斯廷·莫斯科維茨在推特上寫道:“要么是有效利他主義助長了薩姆的不道德行為,要么就是有效利他主義為他的行為提供了合理化借口。這兩種情況都很糟糕?!?/p>
加密貨幣投資公司Castle Island Ventures的創始人及普通合伙人尼克·卡特將SBF的麻煩歸因于他是一個徹頭徹尾的騙子。卡特在接受《財富》雜志電話采訪時說:“他維持的表面形象都是為了欺騙債權人、投資者和政客。我認為,他的利他主義形象只是一種風度,一種將注意力從他所做的事情上轉移開的方法:在海外經營一家不受監管的交易所,幾乎不受任何監管或審查?!?/p>
垮臺
在趙長鵬把矛頭指向他的前朋友之后,FTX的失誤迅速變成了一場災難。11月8日,幣安宣布將收購該交易所,并簽署了一份意向書。起初,趙長鵬說他收購FTX是為了保護用戶和更廣泛的加密貨幣市場的信譽,包括他自己的交易所——這與幾個月前SBF收購陷入困境的競爭對手時所用的論點相呼應。
在那之后,“情況迅速惡化?!笨ㄌ卣f。
趙長鵬沖出重圍,拯救FTX的提議只持續不到29個小時(少9分鐘)。11月9日,幣安的官方賬號在推特上表示,該公司對FTX進行了更深入的考察,并不滿意它所看到的結果。該公司在推特上表示:“根據公司盡職調查的結果,以及有關客戶資金處理不當和據稱的美國機構調查的最新新聞報道,我們決定不再推進對FTX.com的潛在收購。這些問題超出了我們的控制范圍,我們愛莫能助。”美聯社(Associated Press)隨后援引一位與幣安有關的不具名消息人士的話說,FTX的賬目是一個“黑洞”,FTX的資產和負債與Alameda Research的資產和負債交織在一起,無法分割。
這對FTX來說就是死亡之吻(表面看上去有益但實際上具有毀滅性的行為)。對于那些三個月前讀過班克曼-弗里德對《財富》雜志發表的評論的人來說,幣安在其推特系列相關帖子(包含四部分)中選擇的措辭有一種幸災樂禍的感覺:“過去幾年里,我們看到加密貨幣生態系統正在變得越來越有彈性,我們相信,那些濫用用戶資金的離群者遲早會被自由市場淘汰出局。”
這句話的意思確定無疑:這一次,班克曼-弗里德是被“淘汰”的那個人。
早在今年8月,班克曼-弗里德就強調了加密貨幣行業的信任赤字,并表示他希望在該行業重塑誠信?!爱斘以谧鲆还P交易時,我不希望自己還要擔心對方是否會試圖用20種我沒有料到的方式在背后搗鬼。”他說?!耙驗槿绻鞘钦娴模敲唇灰拙蜔o從談起了,對吧?”盡管如此,在這段傳奇故事中,已經出現了很多信任錯位。
班克曼-弗里德再次尋求投資者的幫助——這次是那些已經接觸過該公司的投資者。據《華爾街日報》(Wall Street Journal)報道,他需要80億美元來滿足用戶從比特幣交易所提現的要求。由于人們開始擔心加密貨幣將會崩盤,他們從比特幣交易所的提現速度越來越快。投資者非但沒有給他現金,反而跟隨客戶的腳步:紅杉資本(Sequoia Capital)于幾年前向FTX投資了2.14億美元,在11月10日將其投資價值降至零。
很明顯,事情敗露了。甚至那些與班克曼-弗里德關系最密切的人也認為自己被背叛了。他的慈善基金的全體員工在11月10日辭職了。他們在集體告別信里稱,他們說他們“對為FTX基金會(FTX Foundation)和未來基金(Future Fund)提供資金的商業運作的合法性和完整性存疑”。
FTX的垮臺拖垮了一家SBF曾經吹噓要拯救的公司:BlockFi最近暫停提款,原因是其需要面對一度被視為避難所的FTX帶來的風險。FTX于11月11日上午申請破產,同時宣布班克曼-弗里德辭去首席執行官一職。他當天在推特上寫道:“我想再次重申一遍,我真的很抱歉,我們最終走到了這一步。希望事情還有轉機?!睂λ膯T工,他更直言不諱:“我搞砸了?!卑嗫寺?弗里德告訴他們。
事件余波,混亂不堪
如果說FTX的破產對那些投資該交易所的人來說還不夠糟糕的話,更糟糕的事情還在后頭。11月11日晚些時候,推特上流言四起,稱FTX的運作令人起疑。區塊鏈的記錄顯示,數以億計的美元被從FTX交易所的錢包中轉走,而轉走這筆錢的并不是錢包的主人。一位觀察人士說,這就像是打劫尸體一樣。
與此同時,FTX的應用程序開始出現故障,推特上有人警告稱,該應用程序已經被破壞。在FTX的官方Telegram聊天界面中,FTX集團的法律顧問萊恩·米勒在主頁置頂了一條帖子,寫道:“FTX遭到黑客攻擊。FTX應用程序是惡意軟件。刪除它們。聊天室是開放的。不要打開FTX網站,因為這樣做可能會下載木馬程序?!?/p>
三小時后,米勒再次發推:被視為“異?!钡那闆r,實際上是簡單的流程,也是FTX和FTX.us根據美國《破產法》第十一章破產重整申請破產保護的一部分。他沒有解釋為什么黑客攻擊的警告會被置頂在Telegram群組(目前已經刪除)。顯而易見的是這些丟失的錢至今下落不明。
即便是現在,在發生了這一切之后,一些人仍然稱贊班克曼-弗里德是天才,并為他的意圖辯護。OKX的拉菲克說,那些責備他的決定讓FTX陷入困境的人忽視了他職業生涯的大部分軌跡。
“他所取得的成就絕非易事。”他說?!艾F在大多數人都在抨擊他。但我個人不想忽略他對這個行業的貢獻。他曾經在美國國會的聽證會上為加密貨幣做辯護。他做了很多積極的事情。Alameda和FTX所發生的一切都是不幸的?!?/p>
這對一度蓬勃發展的加密貨幣世界無疑是不幸的,該領域苦苦掙扎,希望被視為一個可靠而有序的現金投資場所。比特幣和以太坊(Ethereum)的價格觸底,趙本人也稱FTX的垮臺對加密貨幣世界的沖擊類似于2008年的金融危機。白宮新聞秘書卡琳·讓-皮埃爾提到:FTX事件表明對加密貨幣進行監管是必要的。據報道,美國司法部(Department of Justice)和美國證券交易委員會(Securities and Exchange Commission)正在考慮對潛在的犯罪活動展開調查。巴哈馬群島當局于11月13日宣布,他們正在調查FTX;據報道,作為調查的一部分,班克曼-弗里德接受了警方的問話。
加密貨幣政策智庫Coin Center的尼拉杰·K·阿格拉瓦爾認為,FTX的垮臺會讓人們更難對加密貨幣建立信任。但他認為,這應該被視為一個孤立事件,而不是該行業的系統性失敗。
阿格拉瓦爾寫給《財富》雜志:“重要的是要記住,發送和存儲加密貨幣的中心化業務與去中心化加密貨幣網絡本身完全是兩回事。一家企業因為表現不佳而倒閉,并不意味著比特幣的安全性不佳。”
與此同時,Castle Island Ventures的卡特表示,FTX的垮臺是因禍得福,盡管這一事件本身是災難性的:“這家伙在美國已經名譽掃地,他將不再主導美國加密貨幣相關監管政策對話。”
但班克曼-弗里德的隕落是他今年夏天所描述的那種合理的“淘汰”,還是更廣泛意義上的解體的開始,目前還有待觀察。(財富中文網)
譯者:中慧言-王芳
直到上周,薩姆·班克曼-弗里德似乎注定要以英雄的身份載入加密貨幣史冊——在他的幫助下,數字貨幣進入主流市場,他還帶頭發起了一場慈善運動,一些人還將這場慈善運動譽為該行業成熟和日益穩定的標志。
時年30歲的班克曼-弗里德在其財富巔峰時期的身價達到260億美元,是FTX的創始人,該加密貨幣交易所迅速成為世界上最大的加密貨幣交易所之一。他塑造了一種新式巨頭形象,是美國民主黨的主要捐助者,也是2020年喬·拜登的最大捐助者之一。
在短短幾天內,這一切都改變了。班克曼-弗里德名譽掃地。而關于他本人的神話的消亡肯定會拖累整個加密貨幣領域。(班克曼-弗里德沒有回應就本文置評的請求。)
一些人,包括另一位傳奇巨擘,現在聲稱他們了解班克曼-弗里德的底細。埃隆·馬斯克于上周末在推特(Twitter)上談到與班克曼-弗里德的偶遇時稱:“我的騙子雷達亮起紅燈了。這就像,這家伙就是在胡說八道——這就是我的印象?!?/p>
但這位以其名字首字母SBF為人熟知的創始人,無疑贏得了加密貨幣、金融、科技、政治和流行文化領域里的許多人的青睞。對于那些相信他的話的人來說,問題仍然存在:他是理想主義者,而且過度自信?狡猾,而且涉嫌欺詐?還是他只是一個被擊敗的冒險者?
無論如何,在不到一周的時間里,SBF的帝國發生了驚人的內爆,這不同尋常的故事比Netflix的驚悚片還要曲折。
薩姆·班克曼-弗里德具備“心理變態”的素質
班克曼-弗里德的父母都是斯坦福大學(Stanford University)的法學教授——母親芭芭拉·弗里德專攻法律哲學,父親約瑟夫·班克曼專攻稅收。兩人都認同功利主義哲學:人們的一切行為準則和關鍵決策都應該以最大多數人的最大幸福為目標。
SBF畢業于麻省理工學院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology),獲得物理學學士學位,然后加入量化交易公司Jane Street Capital。懷著功利主義的理想,班克曼-弗里德從職業生涯開始就把一半的收入捐給了慈善事業。他說,他是一位素食主義者,因為他厭惡肉制品行業的殘酷。
“大學畢業后,他開始在加密貨幣市場進行交易,并發現了一個套利機會,他和他的公司可以在一個市場購買比特幣(Bitcoin),然后在另一個市場出售。”競爭對手OKX加密貨幣交易所的首席營銷官海德爾·拉菲克告訴《財富》雜志?!斑@成了一門有利可圖的生意。”
這家企業是Alameda Research,這是SBF于2017年仍然在Jane Street工作時成立的一個加密貨幣交易集團。這一風險項目催生了FTX,FTX是他在2019年成立的,當時他對現有加密貨幣交易所沒有進行更多高風險、復雜交易感到失望。該公司的總部設在巴哈馬群島的拿索——像許多加密貨幣交易所一樣是離岸公司,這有助于其逃避美國監管機構的審查。班克曼-弗里德聚集了一群來自Jane Street公司和麻省理工學院的朋友,他們一邊經營著他的龐大帝國,一邊以室友的身份住在巴哈馬群島的一套頂層公寓里,據說那里是各色約會的溫床。
在2022年8月的一篇封面報道中,《財富》雜志強調了班克曼-弗里德是如何被加密貨幣行業的一些人譽為“下一個沃倫·巴菲特”的(同時警告稱這一切可能“以災難告終”)。同事們稱贊他才智過人,能力卓群,能夠基于風險計算,在頭腦冷靜的情況下做出重大決定。一位認識他的消息人士告訴《倫敦時報》(Times of London),SBF“心理變態”?!拔也皇钦f他有精神病。”他們補充道?!拔矣X得他就像一臺電腦?!?/p>
憑借才智過人,SBF從投資者那里籌集了18億美元的資金。與此同時,FTX在流行文化中的知名度不斷提高,買下了邁阿密熱火隊(Miami Heat)主場的冠名權。(FTX Arena目前正在打算把冠名權出售給其他買家。)喜劇演員拉里·戴維在針對散戶投資者的電視廣告中為該公司做宣傳。超模吉賽爾·邦辰加入公司,擔任該公司的環境和社會倡議顧問。美國職業棒球大聯盟(Major League Baseball)的裁判員和梅賽德斯(Mercedes)的一級方程式(Formula 1)賽車手精心規劃,把FTX標識放在球衣和底盤的突出位置,幫助推廣FTX。
FTX已經從一家混亂的小型加密貨幣交易所發展成為世界上最大的加密貨幣交易所之一。今年早些時候,由于通貨膨脹和更廣泛的經濟動蕩導致加密貨幣的價格暴跌,班克曼-弗里德把FTX說成是該行業的救世主,出手救助加密貨幣貸款機構BlockFi,并在另一家公司Voyager Digital破產后收購其資產。班克曼-弗里德當時表示,他這么做的原因是:必須有人來挽救加密貨幣的聲譽。他告訴Decrypt:“我并不清楚是否還有其他人會站出來這么做?!?/p>
在接受《財富》雜志采訪時,班克曼-弗里德預測,加密貨幣的寒冬正在逐漸消退,該行業將變得更加強大。“我們已經見證了最糟糕的情況?!彼f,“還會有一些糟糕情況出現,但不會太過糟糕了?!彼硎?,加密貨幣市場的低迷導致加密貨幣價格從歷史高點回落,這是對行業內表現不盡如人意的企業的“淘汰”,這一“淘汰”很有必要。他指出:“人們不得不重新思考如何對資產進行估值,而且要在方式方法上更接地氣一點,并意識到我們將重塑該行業,讓該行業更強大,而這一切都是很合理的。”
如今,班克曼-弗里德自己的企業正在經歷塌方,這種樂觀主義似乎不合時宜。
在48小時內垮臺
隨著班克曼-弗里德作為加密貨幣領域白衣騎士的聲譽坍塌,一些人開始質疑他所建立的一切是否都是騙局。
這是因為這些數字并不相符。據《金融時報》(Financial Times)報道,在FTX破產時,其主要的國際交易所擁有9億美元的資產和90億美元的無擔保負債。在他所有的相關業務中,他欠超過10萬名債權人的債務高達500億美元。
據CoinDesk稱,班克曼-弗里德的交易公司Alameda Research似乎一直將客戶資產和FTT代幣作為抵押品來獲取貸款,FTT代幣允許FTX用戶在交易所進行折扣交易。有人擔心,FTX可能沒有足夠的資產來償還債務,因為它被鎖定在風險資本投資等非流動性頭寸上。有傳言稱,Alameda Research是因為過度投資Terra加密貨幣代幣而垮臺的,該代幣的價格在春季暴跌,此后一直通過巧妙的會計手段支撐著。
11月7日,班克曼-弗里德在推特(Twitter)上寫道:“FTX運行良好。資產也沒有問題。”他隱晦的公開聲明似乎是為了安撫投資者。但事與愿違。
盡管班克曼-弗里德對自己的財務困難輕描淡寫,但他仍然在與競爭對手幣安(Binance)及其所有者趙長鵬展開激烈競爭。趙長鵬曾經是SBF的朋友和知己,被稱為“加密貨幣之王”。兩人之間的競爭似乎轉為惡性競爭:例如,最近幾個月,據報道,班克曼-弗里德對趙長鵬進行了一系列抨擊,聲稱他因為法律問題而無法入境。
不幸的是,這惹惱了唯一一位可能有足夠資金挽救FTX的人。對趙長鵬來說,他看到了FTX的弱點并加以利用:由于幣安早期投資FTX,趙長鵬持有大量FTT代幣。11月6日,趙長鵬宣布他將拋售幣安持有的FTT代幣,引發了更廣泛的市場對該代幣的拋售。FTT代幣價格暴跌。
據報道,隨著FTT代幣的價格持續下跌,班克曼-弗里德低聲下氣地在華爾街和硅谷四處尋找融資,以維持公司運營。沒有人愿意上鉤。資產負債表是如此糟糕。
對于這位曾經在美國國會作證,解釋如何清理加密貨幣,并向基金會提供慈善捐款以讓世界更美好的人來說,這是一個巨大的落差。他是硅谷有效利他主義趨勢的代表,這是一種增強版的功利主義。他在會議上發言,曾經與美國前總統比爾·克林頓和英國前首相托尼·布萊爾坐在一起。
托尼·布萊爾和比爾·克林頓在同一個舞臺上(還有SBF)。這種情況這年頭可不常見,是吧?pic.twitter.com/Vt5pn6egHn
——丹·基勒(@dankeeler),2022年4月28日
現在,一些人將班克曼-弗里德和他的交易所所處的困境歸咎于他的有效利他主義心態。Facebook的聯合創始人及Asana的首席執行官達斯廷·莫斯科維茨在推特上寫道:“要么是有效利他主義助長了薩姆的不道德行為,要么就是有效利他主義為他的行為提供了合理化借口。這兩種情況都很糟糕?!?/p>
加密貨幣投資公司Castle Island Ventures的創始人及普通合伙人尼克·卡特將SBF的麻煩歸因于他是一個徹頭徹尾的騙子。卡特在接受《財富》雜志電話采訪時說:“他維持的表面形象都是為了欺騙債權人、投資者和政客。我認為,他的利他主義形象只是一種風度,一種將注意力從他所做的事情上轉移開的方法:在海外經營一家不受監管的交易所,幾乎不受任何監管或審查?!?/p>
垮臺
在趙長鵬把矛頭指向他的前朋友之后,FTX的失誤迅速變成了一場災難。11月8日,幣安宣布將收購該交易所,并簽署了一份意向書。起初,趙長鵬說他收購FTX是為了保護用戶和更廣泛的加密貨幣市場的信譽,包括他自己的交易所——這與幾個月前SBF收購陷入困境的競爭對手時所用的論點相呼應。
在那之后,“情況迅速惡化?!笨ㄌ卣f。
趙長鵬沖出重圍,拯救FTX的提議只持續不到29個小時(少9分鐘)。11月9日,幣安的官方賬號在推特上表示,該公司對FTX進行了更深入的考察,并不滿意它所看到的結果。該公司在推特上表示:“根據公司盡職調查的結果,以及有關客戶資金處理不當和據稱的美國機構調查的最新新聞報道,我們決定不再推進對FTX.com的潛在收購。這些問題超出了我們的控制范圍,我們愛莫能助?!泵缆撋纾ˋssociated Press)隨后援引一位與幣安有關的不具名消息人士的話說,FTX的賬目是一個“黑洞”,FTX的資產和負債與Alameda Research的資產和負債交織在一起,無法分割。
這對FTX來說就是死亡之吻(表面看上去有益但實際上具有毀滅性的行為)。對于那些三個月前讀過班克曼-弗里德對《財富》雜志發表的評論的人來說,幣安在其推特系列相關帖子(包含四部分)中選擇的措辭有一種幸災樂禍的感覺:“過去幾年里,我們看到加密貨幣生態系統正在變得越來越有彈性,我們相信,那些濫用用戶資金的離群者遲早會被自由市場淘汰出局。”
這句話的意思確定無疑:這一次,班克曼-弗里德是被“淘汰”的那個人。
早在今年8月,班克曼-弗里德就強調了加密貨幣行業的信任赤字,并表示他希望在該行業重塑誠信?!爱斘以谧鲆还P交易時,我不希望自己還要擔心對方是否會試圖用20種我沒有料到的方式在背后搗鬼。”他說?!耙驗槿绻鞘钦娴模敲唇灰拙蜔o從談起了,對吧?”盡管如此,在這段傳奇故事中,已經出現了很多信任錯位。
班克曼-弗里德再次尋求投資者的幫助——這次是那些已經接觸過該公司的投資者。據《華爾街日報》(Wall Street Journal)報道,他需要80億美元來滿足用戶從比特幣交易所提現的要求。由于人們開始擔心加密貨幣將會崩盤,他們從比特幣交易所的提現速度越來越快。投資者非但沒有給他現金,反而跟隨客戶的腳步:紅杉資本(Sequoia Capital)于幾年前向FTX投資了2.14億美元,在11月10日將其投資價值降至零。
很明顯,事情敗露了。甚至那些與班克曼-弗里德關系最密切的人也認為自己被背叛了。他的慈善基金的全體員工在11月10日辭職了。他們在集體告別信里稱,他們說他們“對為FTX基金會(FTX Foundation)和未來基金(Future Fund)提供資金的商業運作的合法性和完整性存疑”。
FTX的垮臺拖垮了一家SBF曾經吹噓要拯救的公司:BlockFi最近暫停提款,原因是其需要面對一度被視為避難所的FTX帶來的風險。FTX于11月11日上午申請破產,同時宣布班克曼-弗里德辭去首席執行官一職。他當天在推特上寫道:“我想再次重申一遍,我真的很抱歉,我們最終走到了這一步。希望事情還有轉機?!睂λ膯T工,他更直言不諱:“我搞砸了。”班克曼-弗里德告訴他們。
事件余波,混亂不堪
如果說FTX的破產對那些投資該交易所的人來說還不夠糟糕的話,更糟糕的事情還在后頭。11月11日晚些時候,推特上流言四起,稱FTX的運作令人起疑。區塊鏈的記錄顯示,數以億計的美元被從FTX交易所的錢包中轉走,而轉走這筆錢的并不是錢包的主人。一位觀察人士說,這就像是打劫尸體一樣。
與此同時,FTX的應用程序開始出現故障,推特上有人警告稱,該應用程序已經被破壞。在FTX的官方Telegram聊天界面中,FTX集團的法律顧問萊恩·米勒在主頁置頂了一條帖子,寫道:“FTX遭到黑客攻擊。FTX應用程序是惡意軟件。刪除它們。聊天室是開放的。不要打開FTX網站,因為這樣做可能會下載木馬程序?!?/p>
三小時后,米勒再次發推:被視為“異?!钡那闆r,實際上是簡單的流程,也是FTX和FTX.us根據美國《破產法》第十一章破產重整申請破產保護的一部分。他沒有解釋為什么黑客攻擊的警告會被置頂在Telegram群組(目前已經刪除)。顯而易見的是這些丟失的錢至今下落不明。
即便是現在,在發生了這一切之后,一些人仍然稱贊班克曼-弗里德是天才,并為他的意圖辯護。OKX的拉菲克說,那些責備他的決定讓FTX陷入困境的人忽視了他職業生涯的大部分軌跡。
“他所取得的成就絕非易事。”他說?!艾F在大多數人都在抨擊他。但我個人不想忽略他對這個行業的貢獻。他曾經在美國國會的聽證會上為加密貨幣做辯護。他做了很多積極的事情。Alameda和FTX所發生的一切都是不幸的?!?/p>
這對一度蓬勃發展的加密貨幣世界無疑是不幸的,該領域苦苦掙扎,希望被視為一個可靠而有序的現金投資場所。比特幣和以太坊(Ethereum)的價格觸底,趙本人也稱FTX的垮臺對加密貨幣世界的沖擊類似于2008年的金融危機。白宮新聞秘書卡琳·讓-皮埃爾提到:FTX事件表明對加密貨幣進行監管是必要的。據報道,美國司法部(Department of Justice)和美國證券交易委員會(Securities and Exchange Commission)正在考慮對潛在的犯罪活動展開調查。巴哈馬群島當局于11月13日宣布,他們正在調查FTX;據報道,作為調查的一部分,班克曼-弗里德接受了警方的問話。
加密貨幣政策智庫Coin Center的尼拉杰·K·阿格拉瓦爾認為,FTX的垮臺會讓人們更難對加密貨幣建立信任。但他認為,這應該被視為一個孤立事件,而不是該行業的系統性失敗。
阿格拉瓦爾寫給《財富》雜志:“重要的是要記住,發送和存儲加密貨幣的中心化業務與去中心化加密貨幣網絡本身完全是兩回事。一家企業因為表現不佳而倒閉,并不意味著比特幣的安全性不佳。”
與此同時,Castle Island Ventures的卡特表示,FTX的垮臺是因禍得福,盡管這一事件本身是災難性的:“這家伙在美國已經名譽掃地,他將不再主導美國加密貨幣相關監管政策對話。”
但班克曼-弗里德的隕落是他今年夏天所描述的那種合理的“淘汰”,還是更廣泛意義上的解體的開始,目前還有待觀察。(財富中文網)
譯者:中慧言-王芳
Up until last week, Sam Bankman-Fried looked destined to go down in crypto history as a hero—for helping bring digital currency into the mainstream, and for spearheading a philanthropic movement some heralded as a sign of the sector’s maturity and growing stability.
The 30-year-old Bankman-Fried, who at the peak of his fortune was worth $26 billion, was the founder of FTX, a crypto exchange that had quickly become one of the world’s biggest. He had cultivated an image as a kind of new-style magnate, a major donor to the Democratic party in the U.S., and among Joe Biden’s largest donors in 2020.
In a matter of days all that has changed. The reputation Bankman-Fried built up has crumbled. And the destruction of his mythology will almost certainly bring down the standing of the broader crypto world. (Bankman-Fried did not respond to a request to comment for this story.)
Some, including another larger-than-life titan, are now claiming that they always had Bankman-Fried’s number. “My bullshit meter was redlining,” Elon Musk said of an encounter with Bankman-Fried, in a Twitter space last weekend. “It was like, this dude is bullshit—that was my impression.”
But the founder widely known by his initials, SBF, certainly won over many in the crypto, finance, tech, politics, and pop-culture worlds. For those who took him at his word, the questions remain: Was he idealistic and overconfident? Slick and fraudulent? Or was he just a risk-taker who got outplayed?
In any case, the spectacular implosion of SBF’s empire in less than a week is an extraordinary tale with more twists than a Netflix thriller.
The makings of Sam Bankman Fried’s “abnormal psychology”
Bankman-Fried’s parents are both Stanford University law professors—Barbara Fried, whose focus is legal philosophy, and Joseph Bankman, whose focus is tax. The two subscribe to the philosophy of utilitarianism: Life should be lived, and key decisions made, with the goal of maximizing happiness for as many people as possible.
SBF graduated with a bachelor’s in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, then joined the quantitative trading firm Jane Street Capital. Following an ideal from utilitarianism, Bankman-Fried donated half his earnings to charity from the beginning of his career. He’s a vegan, he has said, because he’s repulsed by the cruelty of the meat industry.
“After leaving college, he started to trade in crypto markets and found an arbitrage opportunity where he and his firm could buy bitcoin in one market and sell in another,” Haider Rafique, chief marketing officer of OKX, a competing crypto exchange, tells Fortune. “That became a profitable business.”
The business was Alameda Research, a crypto trading group SBF established in 2017 while still at Jane Street. That venture spawned FTX, a company he set up in 2019 out of frustration that existing crypto exchanges didn’t do more high-risk, complex trades. The company is based in Nassau in the Bahamas—offshore like many crypto exchanges, which helped it escape the scrutiny of American regulatory agencies. Bankman-Fried gathered a group of friends from Jane Street and MIT, and they ran his sprawling empire while living as roommates in a Bahamian penthouse that has been described as a hotbed of intermingled dating.
In an August 2022 cover story, Fortune highlighted how Bankman-Fried had been hailed as “the next Warren Buffett” by some within the crypto industry (while cautioning that it might all “end in disaster”). Associates praised him for his intellect, and his ability to dispassionately make big decisions based on calculations of risk. One source who knows him told the Times of London that SBF has “an abnormal psychology.” “I don’t think he’s a psychopath,” they added. “I think he’s a computer.”
That intellect helped SBF raise $1.8 billion in funding from investors. Meanwhile, FTX grew its profile in popular culture, buying the naming rights to the Miami Heat’s home arena. (FTX Arena is now looking for another name rights buyer.) Comedian Larry David acted as the hype man for the company in TV ads targeting retail investors. The supermodel Gisele Bündchen came onboard as an advisor to the company on environmental and social initiatives. Umpires in Major League Baseball and Formula 1 racers for Mercedes helped promote the FTX name through carefully positioned logos on shirts and chassis.
FTX had grown from a small, scrappy crypto exchange to one of the world’s biggest. And earlier this year, as inflation and broader economic volatility sent cryptocurrency prices plunging, Bankman-Fried framed FTX as the savior of the sector, wading in to bail out BlockFi, a crypto lender, and buying the assets of Voyager Digital, another, after it went bankrupt. The reason, Bankman-Fried said at the time: Someone had to save the reputation of crypto. “It doesn’t seem clear to me that there are others who are stepping up and doing that,” he told Decrypt.
In that Fortune interview, Bankman-Fried predicted that the Crypto Winter was winding down and that the sector would emerge stronger. “We’ve already seen the worst of it,” he said: “There’s a little more to come, but it’s not very bad.” He suggested that the downturn in crypto markets that saw prices retreat from all-time highs had been a necessary “weeding out” of bad players in the industry. “It’s been healthy that people have had to rethink how to value assets and had to be a little more grounded—and to realize that we’ll build back a stronger industry,” he said.
Now that Bankman-Fried’s own venture is imploding, that optimism looks misplaced.
The 48-hour downfall
As Bankman-Fried’s reputation as crypto’s white knight has collapsed, some are asking whether everything he built was a sham.
That’s because the numbers don’t stack up. At the time of its collapse, FTX’s main international exchange had $900 million in assets—and $9 billion in unbacked liabilities, according to the Financial Times. Across all his associated businesses, up to $50 billion in liabilities was owed to more than 100,000 creditors.
Alameda Research, Bankman-Fried’s trading firm, appears to have been using customer assets, as well as the FTT token that allows FTX users to trade on the exchange at a discount, as collateral to take on loans, according to CoinDesk. There were concerns that FTX might not have the assets to cover the liabilities because it was locked up in illiquid positions such as venture capital investments. Rumors are swirling that Alameda Research was brought down by its overexposure to the Terra crypto token, the price of which tanked in the spring and has been propped up since through clever accounting.
On Nov. 7, Bankman-Fried tweeted: “FTX is fine. Assets are fine.” His cryptic public statements appeared designed to reassure investors. They didn’t.
Even as Bankman-Fried downplayed his financial difficulties, he was engaged in a cutthroat competition with rival exchange Binance and its owner, Changpeng “CZ” Zhao. Once a friend and confidante of SBF, Zhao has been called the “king of crypto.” The competition between the two seems to have turned rather toxic: In recent months, for example, Bankman-Fried reportedly took some potshots at Zhao, alleging that he couldn’t enter the United States because of legal troubles.
This had the unfortunate effect of annoying the one man who may have had enough capital to save FTX from crashing. For his part, Zhao saw a weakness and took advantage of it: Thanks to Binance’s early investment in FTX, Zhao held large holdings of FTT tokens. On Nov. 6, Zhao declared he would dump Binance’s holdings of FTT tokens, causing flight from the token in the wider market. The price plummeted.
Bankman-Fried reportedly went cap in hand around Wall Street and Silicon Valley looking for financing to keep his company afloat as the price of FTT tokens continued to drop. No one would bite. The balance sheet was that bad.
It was a huge fall from grace for the man who had acted as the better angel of the industry, testifying to Congress about how to clean up crypto and offering philanthropic donations to foundations to better the world. He was the face of the Silicon Valley trend of effective altruism, a kind of utilitarianism on steroids. He spoke at conferences, once sitting alongside former President Bill Clinton and former U.K. prime minister Tony Blair.
Tony Blair and Bill Clinton on the same stage (and SBF.) You don’t see that very often these days, eh? pic.twitter.com/Vt5pn6egHn
— Dan Keeler (@dankeeler) April 28, 2022
Now, some are blaming Bankman-Fried’s effective altruism mindset for the predicament he and his exchange find themselves in. “Either EA encouraged Sam’s unethical behavior, or provided a convenient rationalization for such actions,” tweeted Dustin Moskovitz, a cofounder of Facebook and CEO of Asana. “Either is bad.”
Nic Carter, founder and general partner at crypto investment firm Castle Island Ventures, attributes SBF’s troubles to a fundamental insincerity. “His whole persona and fa?ade is to dupe creditors, investors, and politicians,” said Carter, speaking on the phone to Fortune. “I think his whole altruistic persona was a demeanor, a way to redirect attention away from what he was doing: running an unregulated exchange offshore, with very little oversight or scrutiny.”
The collapse
After Zhao turned on his former friend, FTX’s stumble rapidly became a debacle. On Nov. 8, Binance declared it would buy the exchange, signing a letter of intent. At first Zhao said he was buying FTX to protect users and the credibility of the broader crypto market, including his own exchange—echoing the arguments that SBF had used when buying up distressed rivals just a few months earlier.
After that, “things deteriorated very quickly,” says Carter.
Zhao’s offer to sweep in and save FTX lasted nine minutes short of 29 hours. On Nov. 9, the official Binance account tweeted that the company had taken a deeper look at FTX, and didn’t like what it saw. “As a result of corporate due diligence, as well as the latest news reports regarding mishandled customer funds and alleged US agency investigations, we have decided that we will not pursue the potential acquisition of FTX.com,” the company tweeted. “The issues are beyond our control or ability to help.” The Associated Press later quoted an unnamed source linked to Binance saying that FTX’s books were a “black hole” where the assets and liabilities of FTX and the assets and liabilities of Alameda Research were intermingled and impossible to disentangle.
It was the kiss of death for FTX. For those who had read Bankman-Fried’s comments to Fortune just three months earlier, there was a sense of schadenfreude in the wording chosen by Binance as part of its four-part Twitter thread: “We have seen over the last several years that the crypto ecosystem is becoming more resilient and we believe in time that outliers that misuse user funds will be weeded out by the free market,” they wrote.
The reference was unmistakable: This time, Bankman-Fried is the one being “weeded out.”
Back in August, Bankman-Fried highlighted the trust deficit in the crypto industry, and said he hoped to instill honesty in the sector. “I don’t want to have to worry when I’m doing a deal about whether the other side is going to try and fuck me in 20 ways I’m not anticipating,” he said. “Because if that’s true, just doing the deal becomes fucking impossible, right?” Be that as it may, there has been plenty of misplaced trust in this saga.
Bankman-Fried tried investors again—this time those already exposed to the company. He needed $8 billion, the Wall Street Journal reported, to cover requests from users to withdraw their cash from the exchange, which was happening at an ever-quickening rate as people began to worry that the whole thing was going to collapse. Far from giving him that cash, the investors followed in the footsteps of the customers: Sequoia Capital, which had invested $214 million in FTX just a few years earlier, downgraded the value of its investment to zero on November 10.
It was clear the jig was up. Even those closest to Bankman-Fried expressed a sense of betrayal: The entire staff of his philanthropic fund resigned on Nov. 10. In their parting letter as a group, they said they “have fundamental questions about the legitimacy and integrity of the business operations that were funding the FTX Foundation and the Future Fund.”
FTX’s crash took down one company that SBF had touted saving: BlockFi has recently suspended withdrawals due to its exposure to the exchange that had once been a refuge. FTX itself filed for bankruptcy on the morning of Nov. 11, simultaneously announcing Bankman-Fried had resigned as CEO. “I’m really sorry, again, that we ended up here,” he tweeted that day. “Hopefully things can find a way to recover.” To his staff, he was more blunt: “I fucked up,” Bankman-Fried told them.
The messy aftermath
If the bankruptcy of FTX wasn’t bad enough for those who had invested in the exchange, worse was to come. Late on Nov. 11, rumors began to spread through crypto Twitter that something suspicious was happening with FTX. Blockchain records showed that hundreds of millions of dollars were being yanked from wallets held on the FTX exchange—and not by their owners. It was, one observer said, like looting a corpse.
At the same time, FTX’s app started malfunctioning, with warnings shared on Twitter that the app had been compromised. In FTX’s official Telegram chat, Ryne Miller, FTX’s group counsel, pinned a post to the top of the page reading: “FTX has been hacked. FTX apps are malware. Delete them. Chat is open. Don’t go on FTX site as it might download Trojans.”
Three hours later, Miller tweeted once more: What had been seen as “abnormalities” were, in fact, simple procedure, and part of the Chapter 11 bankruptcy filings that FTX and FTX.us were going through. He didn’t explain why the warning of a hack had been pinned to the (now deleted) Telegram group. The apparently missing money hasn’t been accounted for.
Even now, after all that has happened, some still praise Bankman-Fried as a genius, and defend his intentions. Those chastising him for the decisions that tanked FTX overlook large parts of his career, said OKX’s Rafique.
“It’s no small feat what he accomplished,” he said. “Most people are bashing him right now. But I personally don’t want to forget the contributions he’s had in the industry. He’s had a congressional hearing to advocate for crypto. He’s done a lot of positive stuff. It’s really unfortunate what’s happening—both with Alameda and FTX.”
It’s certainly unfortunate for the once booming world of crypto, which still struggles to be seen as a reliable, orderly place to invest cash. Bitcoin and Ethereum prices are hitting the floor, and Zhao himself has called the collapse of FTX a shock for the crypto world akin to the 2008 financial crisis. White House press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre mentioned FTX as an example of why crypto regulation is needed. The Department of Justice and Securities and Exchange Commission is reportedly considering a probe into potential criminal activity. Bahamian authorities announced on Nov. 13 that they were looking into FTX; Bankman-Fried was reportedly interviewed by police as part of that investigation.
The downfall of FTX hinders attempts to build trust in crypto, reckons Neeraj K. Agrawal of Coin Center, a cryptocurrency policy think tank. But it should be seen as an isolated incident, he argues, not as a systemic failure of the industry.
“It’s important to remember that a centralized business that sends and stores cryptocurrency is an entirely different thing than the decentralized cryptocurrency networks themselves,” Agrawal wrote to Fortune. “A business behaving badly and failing does not say anything about the security of something like bitcoin.”
Castle Island Ventures’ Carter, meanwhile, says FTX’s collapse is a blessing in disguise, as catastrophic as it has been: “This guy’s been discredited in D.C. and he no longer will be dictating the policy conversation around crypto regulation in Washington.”
But it remains to be seen whether Bankman-Fried’s demise is a healthy “weeding out” of the type he described this summer—or the beginning of a broader unraveling.