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美國經(jīng)濟(jì)仍在增長,但原因并不是你所想象的那樣

WILL DANIEL
2022-11-01

雖然第三季度GDP確實(shí)有所反彈,但通過分析GDP增長的原因你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)濟(jì)前景并不容樂觀。

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2022年10月27日,在紐約證券交易所忙碌的交易員。攝影:SPENCER PLATT —— 蓋蒂圖片社

今年夏天,美國經(jīng)濟(jì)連續(xù)兩個(gè)季度萎縮,大多數(shù)美國人都認(rèn)為美國陷入了經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退,盡管經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們并沒有那么確定。

但本周,雖然面臨惡性通脹和華爾街對經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的預(yù)測,美國經(jīng)濟(jì)卻出現(xiàn)了一種新趨勢。

美國經(jīng)濟(jì)分析局(Bureau of Economic Analysis)周四報(bào)告稱,第三季度,美國國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)增長2.6%。GDP是衡量經(jīng)濟(jì)增長最常用的指標(biāo)。

報(bào)告發(fā)布之后,美國總統(tǒng)拜登很快慶祝了一番。

他發(fā)推文說:“幾個(gè)月來,末世論者們都說美國經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入衰退。但今天發(fā)布的第三季度GDP報(bào)告顯示,我們有更多證據(jù)證明美國經(jīng)濟(jì)仍在持續(xù)復(fù)蘇。”

雖然第三季度GDP確實(shí)有所反彈,但通過分析GDP增長的原因你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)濟(jì)前景并不容樂觀。

最新GDP數(shù)據(jù)顯示,出口增長了14.4%,進(jìn)口減少了6.9%,使美國的貿(mào)易赤字大幅減少,GDP增長了約2.8個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。

聯(lián)信銀行(Comerica Bank)首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家比爾·亞當(dāng)斯認(rèn)為,出口增長是因?yàn)楣?yīng)鏈情況好轉(zhuǎn),而且美國向面臨能源危機(jī)的歐洲大陸出口的石油、石油產(chǎn)品和天然氣創(chuàng)下歷史記錄。而進(jìn)口減少的原因是美國人增加了服務(wù)消費(fèi),減少了商品消費(fèi),而且由于庫存積壓和對通脹的擔(dān)憂,美國零售商減少了支出。

Raymond James公司首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家歐金尼奧·阿萊曼對《財(cái)富》雜志表示:“美國經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)疲軟,但整體GDP數(shù)據(jù)依舊隱瞞了這些問題。美聯(lián)儲應(yīng)該慎重看待這份報(bào)告,并關(guān)注美國經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的基本趨勢,真實(shí)情況顯示美國經(jīng)濟(jì)日益疲軟。”

阿萊曼指出,在今年第一和第二季度,貿(mào)易赤字?jǐn)U大導(dǎo)致GDP增長放緩,這與第三季度有明顯的區(qū)別。

亞當(dāng)斯對《財(cái)富》雜志表示:“雖然GDP表現(xiàn)略好于預(yù)期,但基本經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的趨勢依舊是在放緩。在近期內(nèi),經(jīng)濟(jì)可能進(jìn)一步降溫。”

更重要的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)

雖然第三季度的整體GDP數(shù)據(jù)展現(xiàn)了美國經(jīng)濟(jì)的韌性,但有經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家提到了其他關(guān)鍵統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),認(rèn)為通過這些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)能更好地了解美國的基本經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力。

對國內(nèi)消費(fèi)者的實(shí)際最終銷售是一個(gè)用于評估需求的指標(biāo),不考慮貿(mào)易赤字的影響。第三季度,該指標(biāo)僅上漲了0.1%。這低于第二季度的0.5%和第一季度的2.1%。

隨著高利率繼續(xù)影響房地產(chǎn)市場,住宅投資或私人住宅與設(shè)備購買下降了26.4%。

最后,第三季度個(gè)人儲蓄率下降到僅有3.3%。個(gè)人儲蓄率代表消費(fèi)者可以儲蓄的可支配收入。這遠(yuǎn)低于1959年至2022年近9%的歷史平均水平,甚至接近于2005年7月的歷史最低水平2.2%。

美國銀行(Bank of America)首席美國經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家邁克爾·加彭在周四發(fā)布的一份研究報(bào)告中表示,他認(rèn)為國內(nèi)需求、住宅投資和個(gè)人儲蓄下降等,都表明“美國國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)處在增長衰退期”,即雖然維持正增長,但低于歷史趨勢。

從7月開始,加彭就預(yù)測美國經(jīng)濟(jì)將在今年陷入全面衰退,但9月,他更新了預(yù)測,認(rèn)為在明年之前不會(huì)發(fā)生“輕度衰退”。他今天表示,周四的GDP報(bào)告證實(shí)了他的新理論。

加彭現(xiàn)在預(yù)測,下個(gè)季度GDP將繼續(xù)正增長,增長率為0.5%,但他認(rèn)為到明年年底,GDP增長會(huì)下降到負(fù)0.8%。

摩根士丹利(Morgan Stanley)首席美國經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家艾倫·曾特納在周四發(fā)布的一份研究報(bào)告稱,第三季度“是季度增長的最高點(diǎn),因?yàn)槌掷m(xù)緊縮的貨幣政策的累積影響會(huì)導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)增長低于潛力水平。”

通脹方面的好消息

雖然最新GDP報(bào)告并不像表面上看起來那么強(qiáng)勁,但有一個(gè)積極的基本趨勢非常關(guān)鍵。

美聯(lián)儲經(jīng)常用來衡量通貨膨脹的個(gè)人消費(fèi)支出(PCE)物價(jià)指數(shù),本季度僅上漲了4.2%,上一季度的漲幅高達(dá)7.3%。即使不包含波動(dòng)性更大的食品和能源價(jià)格,與上一季度的4.7%相比,本季度PCE物價(jià)指數(shù)也只上漲了4.5%,上漲速度放緩。

基石財(cái)富(Cornerstone Wealth)首席投資官克里夫·霍琦告訴《財(cái)富》雜志:“有一個(gè)跡象表明通貨膨脹最嚴(yán)重的時(shí)候可能已經(jīng)結(jié)束。”

但盡管通脹壓力趨緩,美國經(jīng)濟(jì)在第三季度所展現(xiàn)出來的韌性,不太可能促使美聯(lián)儲在應(yīng)對通脹的戰(zhàn)斗中停止動(dòng)作,而這從長遠(yuǎn)來看,可能對經(jīng)濟(jì)不利。

注冊投資咨、詢經(jīng)紀(jì)和交易公司聯(lián)邦金融網(wǎng)絡(luò)(Commonwealth Financial Network)的固定收益投資策略師山姆·米利特對《財(cái)富》雜志表示:“盡管本季度通脹壓力有所緩解,但這份報(bào)告可能成為美聯(lián)儲在11月的會(huì)議上再加息75個(gè)基點(diǎn)的理由。美國經(jīng)濟(jì)在第三季度展現(xiàn)出的韌性非常強(qiáng)大,盡管美聯(lián)儲繼續(xù)收緊貨幣政策會(huì)抑制經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)。”(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

翻譯:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

今年夏天,美國經(jīng)濟(jì)連續(xù)兩個(gè)季度萎縮,大多數(shù)美國人都認(rèn)為美國陷入了經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退,盡管經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們并沒有那么確定。

但本周,雖然面臨惡性通脹和華爾街對經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的預(yù)測,美國經(jīng)濟(jì)卻出現(xiàn)了一種新趨勢。

美國經(jīng)濟(jì)分析局(Bureau of Economic Analysis)周四報(bào)告稱,第三季度,美國國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)增長2.6%。GDP是衡量經(jīng)濟(jì)增長最常用的指標(biāo)。

報(bào)告發(fā)布之后,美國總統(tǒng)拜登很快慶祝了一番。

他發(fā)推文說:“幾個(gè)月來,末世論者們都說美國經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入衰退。但今天發(fā)布的第三季度GDP報(bào)告顯示,我們有更多證據(jù)證明美國經(jīng)濟(jì)仍在持續(xù)復(fù)蘇。”

雖然第三季度GDP確實(shí)有所反彈,但通過分析GDP增長的原因你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)濟(jì)前景并不容樂觀。

最新GDP數(shù)據(jù)顯示,出口增長了14.4%,進(jìn)口減少了6.9%,使美國的貿(mào)易赤字大幅減少,GDP增長了約2.8個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。

聯(lián)信銀行(Comerica Bank)首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家比爾·亞當(dāng)斯認(rèn)為,出口增長是因?yàn)楣?yīng)鏈情況好轉(zhuǎn),而且美國向面臨能源危機(jī)的歐洲大陸出口的石油、石油產(chǎn)品和天然氣創(chuàng)下歷史記錄。而進(jìn)口減少的原因是美國人增加了服務(wù)消費(fèi),減少了商品消費(fèi),而且由于庫存積壓和對通脹的擔(dān)憂,美國零售商減少了支出。

Raymond James公司首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家歐金尼奧·阿萊曼對《財(cái)富》雜志表示:“美國經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)疲軟,但整體GDP數(shù)據(jù)依舊隱瞞了這些問題。美聯(lián)儲應(yīng)該慎重看待這份報(bào)告,并關(guān)注美國經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的基本趨勢,真實(shí)情況顯示美國經(jīng)濟(jì)日益疲軟。”

阿萊曼指出,在今年第一和第二季度,貿(mào)易赤字?jǐn)U大導(dǎo)致GDP增長放緩,這與第三季度有明顯的區(qū)別。

亞當(dāng)斯對《財(cái)富》雜志表示:“雖然GDP表現(xiàn)略好于預(yù)期,但基本經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的趨勢依舊是在放緩。在近期內(nèi),經(jīng)濟(jì)可能進(jìn)一步降溫。”

更重要的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)

雖然第三季度的整體GDP數(shù)據(jù)展現(xiàn)了美國經(jīng)濟(jì)的韌性,但有經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家提到了其他關(guān)鍵統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),認(rèn)為通過這些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)能更好地了解美國的基本經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力。

對國內(nèi)消費(fèi)者的實(shí)際最終銷售是一個(gè)用于評估需求的指標(biāo),不考慮貿(mào)易赤字的影響。第三季度,該指標(biāo)僅上漲了0.1%。這低于第二季度的0.5%和第一季度的2.1%。

隨著高利率繼續(xù)影響房地產(chǎn)市場,住宅投資或私人住宅與設(shè)備購買下降了26.4%。

最后,第三季度個(gè)人儲蓄率下降到僅有3.3%。個(gè)人儲蓄率代表消費(fèi)者可以儲蓄的可支配收入。這遠(yuǎn)低于1959年至2022年近9%的歷史平均水平,甚至接近于2005年7月的歷史最低水平2.2%。

美國銀行(Bank of America)首席美國經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家邁克爾·加彭在周四發(fā)布的一份研究報(bào)告中表示,他認(rèn)為國內(nèi)需求、住宅投資和個(gè)人儲蓄下降等,都表明“美國國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)處在增長衰退期”,即雖然維持正增長,但低于歷史趨勢。

從7月開始,加彭就預(yù)測美國經(jīng)濟(jì)將在今年陷入全面衰退,但9月,他更新了預(yù)測,認(rèn)為在明年之前不會(huì)發(fā)生“輕度衰退”。他今天表示,周四的GDP報(bào)告證實(shí)了他的新理論。

加彭現(xiàn)在預(yù)測,下個(gè)季度GDP將繼續(xù)正增長,增長率為0.5%,但他認(rèn)為到明年年底,GDP增長會(huì)下降到負(fù)0.8%。

摩根士丹利(Morgan Stanley)首席美國經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家艾倫·曾特納在周四發(fā)布的一份研究報(bào)告稱,第三季度“是季度增長的最高點(diǎn),因?yàn)槌掷m(xù)緊縮的貨幣政策的累積影響會(huì)導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)增長低于潛力水平。”

通脹方面的好消息

雖然最新GDP報(bào)告并不像表面上看起來那么強(qiáng)勁,但有一個(gè)積極的基本趨勢非常關(guān)鍵。

美聯(lián)儲經(jīng)常用來衡量通貨膨脹的個(gè)人消費(fèi)支出(PCE)物價(jià)指數(shù),本季度僅上漲了4.2%,上一季度的漲幅高達(dá)7.3%。即使不包含波動(dòng)性更大的食品和能源價(jià)格,與上一季度的4.7%相比,本季度PCE物價(jià)指數(shù)也只上漲了4.5%,上漲速度放緩。

基石財(cái)富(Cornerstone Wealth)首席投資官克里夫·霍琦告訴《財(cái)富》雜志:“有一個(gè)跡象表明通貨膨脹最嚴(yán)重的時(shí)候可能已經(jīng)結(jié)束。”

但盡管通脹壓力趨緩,美國經(jīng)濟(jì)在第三季度所展現(xiàn)出來的韌性,不太可能促使美聯(lián)儲在應(yīng)對通脹的戰(zhàn)斗中停止動(dòng)作,而這從長遠(yuǎn)來看,可能對經(jīng)濟(jì)不利。

注冊投資咨、詢經(jīng)紀(jì)和交易公司聯(lián)邦金融網(wǎng)絡(luò)(Commonwealth Financial Network)的固定收益投資策略師山姆·米利特對《財(cái)富》雜志表示:“盡管本季度通脹壓力有所緩解,但這份報(bào)告可能成為美聯(lián)儲在11月的會(huì)議上再加息75個(gè)基點(diǎn)的理由。美國經(jīng)濟(jì)在第三季度展現(xiàn)出的韌性非常強(qiáng)大,盡管美聯(lián)儲繼續(xù)收緊貨幣政策會(huì)抑制經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)。”(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

翻譯:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

After the U.S. economy contracted for the second consecutive quarter this summer, most Americans believed that a recession was here—even if economists weren’t so sure.

But this week, despite persistent inflation and recession predictions from Wall Street, a new trend has emerged.

U.S. gross domestic product (GDP), the most common measure of economic growth, jumped 2.6% in the third quarter, the Bureau of Economic Analysis reported on Thursday.

President Biden was quick to take a victory lap after the report came out.

“For months, doomsayers have been arguing that the U.S. economy is in a recession,” he tweeted. “But with today’s third-quarter GDP report, we got further evidence that our economic recovery is continuing to power forward.”

But while GDP certainly recovered in the third quarter, when you break down what caused the jump, the outlook for the economy becomes far less optimistic.

The latest GDP numbers reflect a 14.4% surge in exports and a 6.9% drop in imports, which caused the U.S. trade deficit to drop dramatically, adding roughly 2.8 percentage points to GDP growth.

The increase in exports was a result of supply chains uncoiling, and the U.S. sending record volumes of oil, petroleum products, and natural gas to Europe amid the continent’s energy crisis, according to Bill Adams, Comerica Bank’s chief economist. And the decline in imports was caused by Americans spending more on services and less on goods, while U.S. retailers pulled back on spending owing to swollen inventories and recession fears.

“The U.S. economy has continued to weaken, but once again, the top-line GDP number is hiding some of this weakness,” Raymond James chief economist Eugenio Alemán told Fortune. “The Federal Reserve should look at this report with caution and remain mindful of the underlying trend for U.S. economic growth, which shows a weakening economy.”

Alemán noted that in the first and second quarters of this year, GDP growth was pulled down by an increasing trade deficit—a major difference compared with this quarter.

“While GDP was a little better than expected, the underlying trend of economic activity continues to slow,” Adams told Fortune. “The economy will likely cool further near term.”

A few more telling stats

While the headline GDP number shows the U.S. economy was resilient in the third quarter, some economists point to other key statistics that may give a better picture of underlying economic strength.

Real final sales to domestic purchasers, which is used to gauge demand without the impact of the trade deficit, only creeped forward by 0.1% in the third quarter. That’s down from 0.5% in the second quarter and 2.1% in the first.

Residential investment, or purchases of private residential structures and equipment, also sank 26.4% as higher interest rates continue to batter the housing market.

And finally, the personal savings rate, which represents how much disposable income consumers are able to save, dropped to just 3.3% in the quarter. That’s well below the nearly 9% historical average from between 1959 and 2022, and is even closing in on the record low of 2.2% seen in July of 2005.

Bank of America’s chief U.S. economist, Michael Gapen, said in a Thursday research note that he believes falling domestic demand, residential investment, and personal savings are a few of the examples that show “the domestic economy is in a growth recession”—a period of positive but below-trend growth.

Starting in July, Gapen predicted that the economy would fall into a full-fledged recession sometime this year, but in September he updated that outlook, arguing a “mild recession” won’t hit until next year. And today, he wrote that Thursday’s GDP report confirmed his new theory.

Gapen now expects GDP growth to remain positive next quarter, at 0.5%, but by the end of next year he believes it will drop to negative 0.8%.

Morgan Stanley’s chief U.S. economist, Ellen Zentner, said in her own Thursday research note that the third quarter will “mark the peak in quarterly growth, as the cumulative effect of tighter monetary policy begins to push growth below potential.”

Some good news on the inflation front

While the latest GDP report isn’t nearly as strong as it looks on the surface, there was one key positive underlying trend.

The personal consumption expenditures (PCE) price index, a measure of inflation commonly used by the Federal Reserve, increased just 4.2% this quarter, compared with 7.3% last quarter. And even excluding more volatile food and energy prices, the PCE price index slowed, rising 4.5%, compared to 4.7% last quarter.

“This is another sign pointing to the likelihood that the worst of inflation may be behind us,” Cliff Hodge, chief investment officer for Cornerstone Wealth, told Fortune.

But although inflationary pressures may be easing, the resilience in the U.S. economy seen in the third quarter will likely keep the Fed locked in its battle with inflation—and that could be bad news for the economy in the long run.

“Despite the slowdown in inflationary pressure during the quarter, the report should support the Fed’s plans for an additional 75 basis point hike at their November meeting,” Sam Millette, fixed income strategist for Commonwealth Financial Network, a registered investment adviser broker-dealer, told Fortune. “The economy showed impressive resilience during the third quarter despite Fed efforts to slow activity through tighter monetary policy.”

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