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化腐朽為神奇,兩位Meta舊人攜Diem技術“王者歸來”

Anne Sraders
2022-08-21

想打造下一個擁有十億級用戶的L1區塊鏈。

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Aptos聯合創始人埃弗里·程(左)和莫·謝赫。圖片來源:KATIE THOMPSON FOR FORTUNE

壞消息是Diem已經行將就木,好消息是莫·謝赫和埃弗里·程或將給該項目帶來新生。

2021年感恩節前一周,在一場會議散會后,二人走出Meta Platforms(原Facebook)位于美國加州門洛帕克的辦公室。此時,他們意識到,經過近三年的痛苦和掙扎之后,他們一手塑造、此時深陷困境的加密貨幣支付網絡——Diem(原名Libra)或許能夠在Meta之外獲得新生。

埃弗里·程,現年42歲,是Diem區塊鏈和Meta加密貨幣錢包項目的軟件工程師,謝赫現年36歲,是Novi的戰略合作伙伴項目負責人。此前,二人已經在討論,一旦監管機構封殺Diem的舉動趨于明朗,就將Diem的開源代碼庫帶出Meta并在外部繼續開發。而在這場會議之后,謝赫回憶道:“程和我相互看著對方,跟彼此說:‘嘿,我想我們可以開始干了。’”

凱爾·薩馬尼是加密貨幣投資公司Multicoin Capital的聯合創始人及執行合伙人。薩馬尼稱,去年12月初,自己公司的峰會剛剛結束,因為忘了自己跟謝赫二人還約了電話探討潛在的投資事宜,對方來電時他正在邁阿密的一處游泳池邊休息,于是就在那里接起了電話。

謝赫和程向薩瑪尼推介了自己正在蓬勃發展的區塊鏈初創公司。薩瑪尼回憶道“打完電話,我走到圖沙爾(圖沙爾·賈殷,Multicoin的聯合創始人及執行合伙人)面前,他就坐在6米外”。我向圖沙爾介紹了剛剛與這個初創團隊(即后來的Aptos Labs)通話的內容進,“聽完介紹,他說:‘沒問題,這個項目我們投了。’可以說沒有絲毫猶豫。”薩馬尼回憶道。Multicoin以代幣權證(token warrants)形式投入了大量資金。在此類交易中,這種做法頗為常見。Multicoin還投資了Aptos的競爭對手——Solana。

薩馬尼回憶道,謝赫和程的推介主要圍繞“高效利用Diem代碼庫并以之為基礎開展運營工作”展開,即構建、推出一條“第一層區塊鏈(L1區塊鏈)”。薩馬尼認為,Aptos的一大競爭優勢在于,其使用的是Meta設計的Move編程語言,在他看來,這種語言“在設計上自成一派,因而也更不容易出現漏洞。”薩馬尼說,在Meta為實現該技術付出的努力以失敗告終之后,“我很高興看到他們說:‘去他的,不管Facebook或官方怎么說,我們就是要做成這件事情。’”

作為Aptos的聯合創始人,謝赫和程于去年12月正式從Meta離職,目前在這家位于帕洛阿爾托的初創企業分別擔任首席執行官和首席技術官的職位,他們雄心勃勃,想要“打造下一個擁有十億級用戶的L1區塊鏈”,不過目前還在努力解決基礎問題。雖然現在有許多L1區塊鏈都在致力于降低區塊鏈應用的開發和使用門檻、減少其使用成本,但大多仍然飽受宕機、高昂使用費用和安全漏洞等問題的困擾。Aptos區塊鏈目前處于測試階段(公開、正式版本預計將于2022年晚些時候推出),其目標是成為一個去中心化的通用區塊鏈(general purpose blockchain)——為非同質化代幣(NFT)項目、社交媒體、DeFi(去中心化金融)等領域的開發者提供一種更安全且更具擴展性的基礎設施。

擁有科技巨頭背景的創始團隊,未來可期的頂尖技術,加上剛剛幫助其于今年3月完成新一輪2億美元融資的加密貨幣領域頂級風投機構——除Multicoin外,Aptos還吸引到了安德森·霍洛維茨基金(Andreessen Horowitz,又稱a16z)、凱蒂·豪恩、老虎環球基金(Tiger Global)、FTX Ventures的投資,Aptos Labs似乎已經具備了許多在區塊鏈領域取得成功所需的要素。據報道,這家初創公司的估值在10億美元到20億美元之間,目前約有60名員工(該公司拒絕對其估值予以置評)。

但除了最近幾周加密貨幣市場驟然出現的災難性下跌外,這家初創企業還面臨著另一個更為直接的問題:今年3月初,該公司與公司首席執行官謝赫一起被告上了法庭。發起這場訴訟的是莎莉·格萊澤及其旗下區塊鏈投資公司Swoon Capital。據其指控,謝赫和程并非該初創企業唯一的創始人,相反,作為合作伙伴,她原本與謝赫約定各自擁有該公司50%的權益,因而她有權獲得該初創企業一半的“創始人股份”(據她聲稱,這些股份至少價值10億美元)。

耿耿于懷

在5月初的一次視頻通話中,程和謝赫并排坐著,看起來活力滿滿:程外形非常干練,但著裝比較休閑,而謝赫則留著一頭飄逸的灰白頭長發。(程開玩笑說,在他第一次見到謝赫本人時,就像去相親一樣:“他的照片看起來非常職業,身著正裝,一頭短發,親眼見到他本人時,我感覺挺意外的。”)

如果你問他們如何評價自己,二人會說自己還有對方都是那種非常爭強好勝的人。

兩人都很喜歡打籃球,據二人介紹,他們周末常去斯坦福大學的校園里與各大區塊鏈公司的球友切磋球技(謝赫提醒說,程“跳投神準,而且特別喜歡展示自己的這項絕技”)。最初,二人只是通過Zoom與對方有所交集,因為據謝赫說,當時他還住在東海岸,2021年年底,二人在Meta工作時才第一次見到對方真人,然后又因球結緣。

在程眼中,他在檀香山的成長經歷“愉快而輕松……大家都是把家人和朋友放在首位,每天都在享受生活”。而謝赫的生活則是另一番景象。據謝赫介紹,出生于阿布扎比的他在1990年隨家人移民紐約布萊頓海灘,一直在地下室生活,據他說,“那時的自己卑微到了泥土里”。

薩馬尼覺得謝赫和程都屬于那種“心里憋著一股勁兒的人”,他認為,“對于企業家而言,具有這種特點一般都是好事”,這說明他們倆都不愿意自己花在Diem上的心血付諸東流。

由Facebook母公司Meta牽頭成立的Diem原本擁有遠大的雄心,力圖打造一款(穩定幣形式的)全球性數字貨幣,讓民眾能夠輕松、低成本地在全球各地完成支付、匯款操作。2019年,Meta推出了這一雄心勃勃的項目,同時,其他一些公司也組成了一個聯盟,以獨立團體的形式(Diem協會)對該項目進行監管。

謝赫和程都曾經在Meta旗下負責電子錢包業務的子公司Novi工作,謝赫供職于戰略合作部門,而程則是該公司的首席軟件工程師,主要負責開發Diem的底層區塊鏈。該項目成立之后可謂歷經磨難,多次遭到美國國會的盤問,在監管機構和政界人士的嚴格審查之下,Diem寸步難行,在兩年多的時間里僅僅成功推出了Novi的測試版本。之后不久,Meta加密貨幣業務的負責人大衛·馬庫斯就宣布自己將于2021年年底離開公司。在公開亮相之前,該穩定幣和Diem的底層區塊鏈已經胎死腹中。(2022年1月,Diem將其知識產權和其他資產打包出售給了Silvergate Bank。)

程說:“縱觀我的職業生涯,還沒有成功推出過任何產品。”

當被問及Meta是否投資了Aptos Labs時,一位發言人告訴《財富》雜志,由于“仍然有官司在打”,所以不予置評。Aptos Labs告訴《財富》雜志,Aptos和全體員工均未卷入與Meta有關的訴訟。

Aptos Labs并非唯一一家從Diem的廢墟中誕生的公司。Mysten Labs同樣如此,該初創企業成立于2021年,正在依靠若干Meta前工程師構建Web3基礎設施,有一些投資了Aptos的機構對該公司也有投資,a16z就在其列。Mysten Labs的聯合創始人及首席執行官埃文·程去年在接受媒體The Information采訪時表示,與Aptos一樣,Mysten Labs使用的也是Move語言,其目標是進一步提升區塊鏈的處理速度,最終達到每秒處理200000筆交易的水平。

雖然按照謝赫回憶,他是與Meta前同事共同創辦了Aptos Labs,但格萊澤告訴了我們一個不同的故事。

對半合伙

在格萊澤及其公司Swoon Capital對謝赫和Matonee, Inc.(Aptos Labs的登記名稱)發起的訴訟中,格萊澤聲稱,2021年夏天,她通過美國偉凱律師事務所(White & Case)的合伙人普拉丁·瓦拉巴內尼認識了謝赫(瓦拉巴內尼拒絕就此事向《財富》雜志發表評論),并通過她的投資公司Swoon Capital于2021年8月以35000美元的酬勞聘請謝赫擔任顧問一職,幫助她或她的公司尋找現有區塊鏈,并在既有基礎上加以改造,用于在體育、媒體和娛樂等產業開展業務。

格萊澤稱,她與謝赫分享了自己的“機密商業計劃”。她指出,2021年8月底,謝赫提議修改計劃,(從投資其他區塊鏈)轉為自主推出全新的區塊鏈,她接受了謝赫的提議,并同意讓謝赫在該項目中成為與自己“平起平坐”的合伙人,格萊澤聲稱,雙方同意“將此前的‘咨詢合作模式’轉為‘合伙成立合資公司’”,并且同意在初始階段避免使用風險投資代替她投入的資金,以免稀釋自己的股權。

格萊澤聲稱,在雙方溝通的過程中,她同意幫助謝赫引進工程師人才,并將把謝赫介紹給自己廣泛的人脈網絡。據格萊澤在訴訟中提交的來往電子郵件顯示,她在與瓦拉巴內尼、謝赫溝通的過程中表示:“我將與謝赫直接合作,一起推進這個項目。”她在提交給法庭的宣誓書中進一步指出,兩人同意引入“Meta的首席區塊鏈工程師”程,不過身份并非“共同創始合伙人”,而是“受薪員工”。

但是正如格萊澤聲稱的那樣,謝赫最終沒有與其攜手,而是從a16z等風投公司處爭取到了外部資金,并且自行成立了Matonee, Inc.(格萊澤聲稱,二人原本同意共同創辦這家公司)。她認為,自己“有權”獲得這家“區塊鏈技術企業”的合伙人身份,因為遭受謝赫蒙騙才黯然出局,并且聲稱自己和謝赫有口頭協議,雙方同意在這家公司中各占50%的股份,同時表示,為使公司各項業務順利啟動,自己原本打算投資1000萬美元,并且愿意在必要時投入更多資金,而且還準備從福克斯公司再爭取1000萬美元的投資(一名福克斯公司的新聞發言人在接受《財富》雜志采訪時表示,該集團最終并未投資這家初創公司)。對于《財富》雜志發出的多次置評請求,格萊澤及其律師均未作出回應。

不過謝赫和他的律師認為,撇開其他不談,即便有口頭協議,那也不具備法律效力。根據(謝赫在申請駁回格萊澤訴求時提供的)法庭文件,要想修改謝赫與格萊澤公司簽訂的咨詢合同,必須以書面形式方才具有法律效力(根據附件中提供的合同副本,并不存在此種情況)。謝赫否認有格萊澤所說的那種協議,并在文件中稱格萊澤是該公司的“潛在投資者”,而不是“聯合創始人”。

在反駁格萊澤的文件中,謝赫提供了他與格萊澤的WhatsApp聊天記錄,在對話中謝赫告訴格萊澤,外面會有很多“對新公司很感興趣”的風投公司,而且1000萬美元并不足以啟動公司的各項業務,謝赫稱,通過這些聊天記錄可以看出,即便雙方曾經約定不在創業初期引入其他投資者,格萊澤也不可能相信。謝赫進一步聲稱,格萊澤“打算引入福克斯投資”的證言恰恰說明,她自稱有權獲得該公司一半股權的說法不足為信,因為無從知曉該集團通過該筆投資將會獲得何種類型、數額的股權,又如何做到不稀釋格萊澤的所謂股權。

薩馬尼在一份電子郵件聲明里告訴《財富》雜志,在這場針對謝赫和Aptos的訴訟中,他的公司將會“為謝赫、程、整個Aptos團隊和他們的技術提供支持”,他們認為,格萊澤的說法“毫無根據”。

謝赫在給《財富》雜志的一份聲明中寫道:“相關指控完全站不住腳,處處都是嚴重錯誤和漏洞,(格萊澤的)目的就是搶走他人創造的勞動果實。”

該起訴訟目前仍然在進行之中,何時結束無從知曉。但在打官司的同時,謝赫和程也沒有放慢自己的腳步,仍然計劃在今年晚些時候正式推出Aptos區塊鏈。

企業區塊鏈

直到2021年11月的非同質化代幣行業年會NFT.NYC上,程才表示,團隊“長期以來一直埋頭工作,真正跟外界的接觸太少”。

當時程和謝赫還在Meta工作,于是他們帶著團隊前往非同質化代幣創作者、創始人、加密和Web3團體參與的多日論壇。程還記得當時坐在紐約一家酒店房間里,跟團隊討論看到的“酷項目”,也在想如果他們的項目還在,能夠為論壇提供哪些貢獻。“這次經歷讓很多人大開眼界,感受也改變了很多,比如,我們如何盡可能為社區做貢獻?”

正如謝赫所說,那一周“非常特別,因為團隊目睹了豐富的Web3生態,以及生態對此類加密技術的渴望”,具體而言指的是Aptos的區塊鏈。

很大程度上說,新的L1區塊鏈自認為具備幾大特點:是更快也更便宜的以太坊(Ethereum)替代品。以太坊是業內根基深厚的領導者,仍然支撐著去中心化金融服務等領域大部分活動,然而使用起來往往又慢又昂貴。Aptos也不例外,盡管聯合創始人聲稱它很快(初創公司表示“正努力”達到每秒100000筆交易,然而截至6月初每秒交易量約為10000筆)。

更重要的問題是,很多L1區塊鏈已經上線也吸引了用戶,行業真需要再來一個嗎?

“你必須提供跟比特幣和以太坊不一樣的產品,要么就比現有產品更有趣。”加密研究公司Messari的高級分析師湯姆·鄧拉維認為。“你的L1區塊鏈可以帶來什么,搶占加密貨幣市場空白?是不是更去中心化?亦或更快,更便宜?”

只有一件事情他們確定需要?就是名字。謝赫回憶道,他和程見投資人時,還沒有找到合適的公司名字,所以把公司稱為“XYZ項目”。但早在2022年,謝赫多次動搖后意識到,初創公司要盡快有名字。“有天晚上,我告訴程:‘嘿,來我這里。有個問題必須解決。’”他說,地點在他帕洛阿爾托的公寓,是離開東海岸后到加州協助成立Aptos時剛搬的新居。他回憶道:“大概晚上9點程來了……我燃起壁爐,放了點音樂,點了幾根蠟燭,然后一起禪宗冥想。”在濃咖啡幫助下,兩人最終想到帕洛阿爾托附近一個城鎮的名字Aptos,該詞來源于居住在灣區的奧隆部落,意思是“人民”。謝赫說,兩人“認為這個名字能夠完美體現努力目標。”

公司成立以來,Aptos Labs團隊一直明確表示,希望針對企業和大公司進行優化。

“我們希望采用企業級技術的最佳實踐,為有興趣使用新技術的十億新用戶服務。”謝赫告訴《財富》雜志。“如果我們跟大機構合作,就可以輕松找到十億新用戶。”Aptos已經為實現目標奠定了基礎。

今年3月,謝赫在宣布Aptos募資的博客中稱,包括Anchorage、Binance、Blockorus、Coinbase、Livepeer、Moonclave、Paxos、Paymagic、Rarible和Streaming Fast等數家公司已經開始參與項目并貢獻代碼。“很多大機構對我們的項目很興奮,我們也很激動。”謝赫說。

謝赫稱,他們正在社交網絡、媒體娛樂、游戲和金融(包括傳統金融)等關鍵領域“尋找合作伙伴”。未來可能將區塊鏈整合到流行的社交媒體應用程序中。謝赫表示,希望有一天,Snapchat、推特(Twitter)和Instagram(屬于他的前雇主)等開始測試將非同質化代幣整合到平臺上的公司會使用Aptos區塊鏈。4月該公司還宣布,將與谷歌云(Google Cloud)合作,為其節點基礎設施或運行區塊鏈網絡的服務器供電。

一些觀察人士認為,進軍企業圈可能是明智之舉。Messari的分析師鄧拉維表示,對于該領域很多L1區塊鏈來說,“現在很多真的只是營銷游戲。”他認為“企業級區塊鏈用例確實尚未解決”。

程聲稱,希望所有人都能夠使用Aptos區塊鏈。他說,雖然大機構是“版圖的關鍵”,但“公司目標不僅僅是大機構”。

用新語言寫代碼

5月初,Aptos團隊在位于帕洛阿爾托的辦公室舉辦了首屆個人黑客競賽,這是加密領域常見的活動,參與者包括開發者、程序員和創始人,競賽內容是在區塊鏈上開發項目。

畢業于帕洛阿爾托本地斯坦福大學的杰森·趙就是參與競賽的開發者之一,之前他曾經在DeepMind和Google X工作,現在是一家尚未公布的Web3初創公司的聯合創始人。他表示,自己一直在學習并使用區塊鏈語言,例如Solidity(用于以太坊)和Rust(用于Solana),盡管黑客競賽中他和其他開發者遇到了一些“怪事”,但對Aptos使用的移動編碼語言“印象深刻”,尤其是該區塊鏈還處于早期階段。

據Aptos Labs介紹,在黑客競賽期間,杰森·趙和自己的團隊參與了一個非同質化代幣市場項目,也是競賽孵化的12個項目之一。

Aptos的區塊鏈還沒有白皮書,所以使用權益證明(PoS)模型,公司指出,今年晚些時候推出公鏈時,該模型將完全開放且無須許可。團隊表示,正在努力提升安全性并改善用戶體驗,尤其是不熟悉加密領域的用戶。在私有網絡測試中,公司聲稱可以在不停機情況下更新協議,并表示一致性協議的安全性已經過審核驗證。

根據Aptos文件,該區塊鏈設計更安全,能夠阻止經常困擾其他加密平臺的拒絕服務攻擊(DoS)。程表示,目前團隊仍然在測試網絡,構建區塊鏈時也考慮到日后升級的情況。Aptos Labs尚未推出代幣,但謝赫稱,已經研究代幣經濟學相關的各種文件也就是代幣供需機制,最終文件即將確認,希望設計出可能情況下“最公平”的代幣經濟。

Messari公司的研究分析師蔡斯·德文斯表示,區塊鏈與以太坊虛擬機(EVM)不兼容。以太坊虛擬機是在以太坊上創建智能合約的軟件,以太坊虛擬機“既是需要克服的障礙”,從競爭角度來看“又有點像護城河”,因為如果Aptos可以吸引開發者使用其語言,就能夠將開發者“圈起來”。

至少,杰森·趙之類開發者似乎已經有所體會。“我不敢說精通這門語言,但也不完全像學習新語言。感覺有點熟悉。”他說。

“逆流而上”

毫無疑問,Aptos推出的時機并不理想。2022年,比特幣和以太幣等頭部加密貨幣從去年11月的高點下跌了60%以上,5月大型算法穩定幣TerraUSD和Luna幣崩潰,引發市場雪崩。與此同時,廣受歡迎的加密借貸平臺Celsium Network凍結提款。報道稱由于償還債務困難,公司正準備破產。即便在私人市場,投資者也預測加密初創公司估值下降,不會保持之前讓人血脈賁張的水平。

很多人保持懷疑,Messari的德文斯就是其中之一,他說:“最近市場狀況不佳,加上加密技術不斷發展,對新加入L1區塊鏈競爭的公司來說并不友好。”他通過電子郵件告訴《財富》雜志。“2021年L1區塊鏈之所以繁榮,主要原因是以太坊交易費用過高,以及為了獲客推出代幣激勵活動。”他指出,并補充稱“用戶對類似稀釋活動已經不感興趣,與此同時以太坊拓展方案也已經起飛。兩大問題都會損害新L1區塊鏈系統未來的價值主張。除非L1區塊鏈已經可以自然增長,否則就是逆流而上。”

但謝赫認為,經濟低迷可消除不健康的投機炒作,方便團隊埋頭研發項目。如今該公司仍然要處理10億美元的訴訟,今年晚些時候Aptos區塊鏈推出運行之前,團隊無法對網絡安全性和擴展性進行全面測試。

“正式啟動后才能遇到挫折。”投資者薩馬尼指出,“之前看不出來。我相信會遇到問題。”

目前,他們正在勇往直前。或者,正如薩馬尼描述的那樣:見鬼去吧,先實現再說。(財富中文網)

譯者:梁宇

審校:夏林

壞消息是Diem已經行將就木,好消息是莫·謝赫和埃弗里·程或將給該項目帶來新生。

2021年感恩節前一周,在一場會議散會后,二人走出Meta Platforms(原Facebook)位于美國加州門洛帕克的辦公室。此時,他們意識到,經過近三年的痛苦和掙扎之后,他們一手塑造、此時深陷困境的加密貨幣支付網絡——Diem(原名Libra)或許能夠在Meta之外獲得新生。

埃弗里·程,現年42歲,是Diem區塊鏈和Meta加密貨幣錢包項目的軟件工程師,謝赫現年36歲,是Novi的戰略合作伙伴項目負責人。此前,二人已經在討論,一旦監管機構封殺Diem的舉動趨于明朗,就將Diem的開源代碼庫帶出Meta并在外部繼續開發。而在這場會議之后,謝赫回憶道:“程和我相互看著對方,跟彼此說:‘嘿,我想我們可以開始干了。’”

凱爾·薩馬尼是加密貨幣投資公司Multicoin Capital的聯合創始人及執行合伙人。薩馬尼稱,去年12月初,自己公司的峰會剛剛結束,因為忘了自己跟謝赫二人還約了電話探討潛在的投資事宜,對方來電時他正在邁阿密的一處游泳池邊休息,于是就在那里接起了電話。

謝赫和程向薩瑪尼推介了自己正在蓬勃發展的區塊鏈初創公司。薩瑪尼回憶道“打完電話,我走到圖沙爾(圖沙爾·賈殷,Multicoin的聯合創始人及執行合伙人)面前,他就坐在6米外”。我向圖沙爾介紹了剛剛與這個初創團隊(即后來的Aptos Labs)通話的內容進,“聽完介紹,他說:‘沒問題,這個項目我們投了。’可以說沒有絲毫猶豫。”薩馬尼回憶道。Multicoin以代幣權證(token warrants)形式投入了大量資金。在此類交易中,這種做法頗為常見。Multicoin還投資了Aptos的競爭對手——Solana。

薩馬尼回憶道,謝赫和程的推介主要圍繞“高效利用Diem代碼庫并以之為基礎開展運營工作”展開,即構建、推出一條“第一層區塊鏈(L1區塊鏈)”。薩馬尼認為,Aptos的一大競爭優勢在于,其使用的是Meta設計的Move編程語言,在他看來,這種語言“在設計上自成一派,因而也更不容易出現漏洞。”薩馬尼說,在Meta為實現該技術付出的努力以失敗告終之后,“我很高興看到他們說:‘去他的,不管Facebook或官方怎么說,我們就是要做成這件事情。’”

作為Aptos的聯合創始人,謝赫和程于去年12月正式從Meta離職,目前在這家位于帕洛阿爾托的初創企業分別擔任首席執行官和首席技術官的職位,他們雄心勃勃,想要“打造下一個擁有十億級用戶的L1區塊鏈”,不過目前還在努力解決基礎問題。雖然現在有許多L1區塊鏈都在致力于降低區塊鏈應用的開發和使用門檻、減少其使用成本,但大多仍然飽受宕機、高昂使用費用和安全漏洞等問題的困擾。Aptos區塊鏈目前處于測試階段(公開、正式版本預計將于2022年晚些時候推出),其目標是成為一個去中心化的通用區塊鏈(general purpose blockchain)——為非同質化代幣(NFT)項目、社交媒體、DeFi(去中心化金融)等領域的開發者提供一種更安全且更具擴展性的基礎設施。

擁有科技巨頭背景的創始團隊,未來可期的頂尖技術,加上剛剛幫助其于今年3月完成新一輪2億美元融資的加密貨幣領域頂級風投機構——除Multicoin外,Aptos還吸引到了安德森·霍洛維茨基金(Andreessen Horowitz,又稱a16z)、凱蒂·豪恩、老虎環球基金(Tiger Global)、FTX Ventures的投資,Aptos Labs似乎已經具備了許多在區塊鏈領域取得成功所需的要素。據報道,這家初創公司的估值在10億美元到20億美元之間,目前約有60名員工(該公司拒絕對其估值予以置評)。

但除了最近幾周加密貨幣市場驟然出現的災難性下跌外,這家初創企業還面臨著另一個更為直接的問題:今年3月初,該公司與公司首席執行官謝赫一起被告上了法庭。發起這場訴訟的是莎莉·格萊澤及其旗下區塊鏈投資公司Swoon Capital。據其指控,謝赫和程并非該初創企業唯一的創始人,相反,作為合作伙伴,她原本與謝赫約定各自擁有該公司50%的權益,因而她有權獲得該初創企業一半的“創始人股份”(據她聲稱,這些股份至少價值10億美元)。

耿耿于懷

在5月初的一次視頻通話中,程和謝赫并排坐著,看起來活力滿滿:程外形非常干練,但著裝比較休閑,而謝赫則留著一頭飄逸的灰白頭長發。(程開玩笑說,在他第一次見到謝赫本人時,就像去相親一樣:“他的照片看起來非常職業,身著正裝,一頭短發,親眼見到他本人時,我感覺挺意外的。”)

如果你問他們如何評價自己,二人會說自己還有對方都是那種非常爭強好勝的人。

兩人都很喜歡打籃球,據二人介紹,他們周末常去斯坦福大學的校園里與各大區塊鏈公司的球友切磋球技(謝赫提醒說,程“跳投神準,而且特別喜歡展示自己的這項絕技”)。最初,二人只是通過Zoom與對方有所交集,因為據謝赫說,當時他還住在東海岸,2021年年底,二人在Meta工作時才第一次見到對方真人,然后又因球結緣。

在程眼中,他在檀香山的成長經歷“愉快而輕松……大家都是把家人和朋友放在首位,每天都在享受生活”。而謝赫的生活則是另一番景象。據謝赫介紹,出生于阿布扎比的他在1990年隨家人移民紐約布萊頓海灘,一直在地下室生活,據他說,“那時的自己卑微到了泥土里”。

薩馬尼覺得謝赫和程都屬于那種“心里憋著一股勁兒的人”,他認為,“對于企業家而言,具有這種特點一般都是好事”,這說明他們倆都不愿意自己花在Diem上的心血付諸東流。

由Facebook母公司Meta牽頭成立的Diem原本擁有遠大的雄心,力圖打造一款(穩定幣形式的)全球性數字貨幣,讓民眾能夠輕松、低成本地在全球各地完成支付、匯款操作。2019年,Meta推出了這一雄心勃勃的項目,同時,其他一些公司也組成了一個聯盟,以獨立團體的形式(Diem協會)對該項目進行監管。

謝赫和程都曾經在Meta旗下負責電子錢包業務的子公司Novi工作,謝赫供職于戰略合作部門,而程則是該公司的首席軟件工程師,主要負責開發Diem的底層區塊鏈。該項目成立之后可謂歷經磨難,多次遭到美國國會的盤問,在監管機構和政界人士的嚴格審查之下,Diem寸步難行,在兩年多的時間里僅僅成功推出了Novi的測試版本。之后不久,Meta加密貨幣業務的負責人大衛·馬庫斯就宣布自己將于2021年年底離開公司。在公開亮相之前,該穩定幣和Diem的底層區塊鏈已經胎死腹中。(2022年1月,Diem將其知識產權和其他資產打包出售給了Silvergate Bank。)

程說:“縱觀我的職業生涯,還沒有成功推出過任何產品。”

當被問及Meta是否投資了Aptos Labs時,一位發言人告訴《財富》雜志,由于“仍然有官司在打”,所以不予置評。Aptos Labs告訴《財富》雜志,Aptos和全體員工均未卷入與Meta有關的訴訟。

Aptos Labs并非唯一一家從Diem的廢墟中誕生的公司。Mysten Labs同樣如此,該初創企業成立于2021年,正在依靠若干Meta前工程師構建Web3基礎設施,有一些投資了Aptos的機構對該公司也有投資,a16z就在其列。Mysten Labs的聯合創始人及首席執行官埃文·程去年在接受媒體The Information采訪時表示,與Aptos一樣,Mysten Labs使用的也是Move語言,其目標是進一步提升區塊鏈的處理速度,最終達到每秒處理200000筆交易的水平。

雖然按照謝赫回憶,他是與Meta前同事共同創辦了Aptos Labs,但格萊澤告訴了我們一個不同的故事。

對半合伙

在格萊澤及其公司Swoon Capital對謝赫和Matonee, Inc.(Aptos Labs的登記名稱)發起的訴訟中,格萊澤聲稱,2021年夏天,她通過美國偉凱律師事務所(White & Case)的合伙人普拉丁·瓦拉巴內尼認識了謝赫(瓦拉巴內尼拒絕就此事向《財富》雜志發表評論),并通過她的投資公司Swoon Capital于2021年8月以35000美元的酬勞聘請謝赫擔任顧問一職,幫助她或她的公司尋找現有區塊鏈,并在既有基礎上加以改造,用于在體育、媒體和娛樂等產業開展業務。

格萊澤稱,她與謝赫分享了自己的“機密商業計劃”。她指出,2021年8月底,謝赫提議修改計劃,(從投資其他區塊鏈)轉為自主推出全新的區塊鏈,她接受了謝赫的提議,并同意讓謝赫在該項目中成為與自己“平起平坐”的合伙人,格萊澤聲稱,雙方同意“將此前的‘咨詢合作模式’轉為‘合伙成立合資公司’”,并且同意在初始階段避免使用風險投資代替她投入的資金,以免稀釋自己的股權。

格萊澤聲稱,在雙方溝通的過程中,她同意幫助謝赫引進工程師人才,并將把謝赫介紹給自己廣泛的人脈網絡。據格萊澤在訴訟中提交的來往電子郵件顯示,她在與瓦拉巴內尼、謝赫溝通的過程中表示:“我將與謝赫直接合作,一起推進這個項目。”她在提交給法庭的宣誓書中進一步指出,兩人同意引入“Meta的首席區塊鏈工程師”程,不過身份并非“共同創始合伙人”,而是“受薪員工”。

但是正如格萊澤聲稱的那樣,謝赫最終沒有與其攜手,而是從a16z等風投公司處爭取到了外部資金,并且自行成立了Matonee, Inc.(格萊澤聲稱,二人原本同意共同創辦這家公司)。她認為,自己“有權”獲得這家“區塊鏈技術企業”的合伙人身份,因為遭受謝赫蒙騙才黯然出局,并且聲稱自己和謝赫有口頭協議,雙方同意在這家公司中各占50%的股份,同時表示,為使公司各項業務順利啟動,自己原本打算投資1000萬美元,并且愿意在必要時投入更多資金,而且還準備從福克斯公司再爭取1000萬美元的投資(一名福克斯公司的新聞發言人在接受《財富》雜志采訪時表示,該集團最終并未投資這家初創公司)。對于《財富》雜志發出的多次置評請求,格萊澤及其律師均未作出回應。

不過謝赫和他的律師認為,撇開其他不談,即便有口頭協議,那也不具備法律效力。根據(謝赫在申請駁回格萊澤訴求時提供的)法庭文件,要想修改謝赫與格萊澤公司簽訂的咨詢合同,必須以書面形式方才具有法律效力(根據附件中提供的合同副本,并不存在此種情況)。謝赫否認有格萊澤所說的那種協議,并在文件中稱格萊澤是該公司的“潛在投資者”,而不是“聯合創始人”。

在反駁格萊澤的文件中,謝赫提供了他與格萊澤的WhatsApp聊天記錄,在對話中謝赫告訴格萊澤,外面會有很多“對新公司很感興趣”的風投公司,而且1000萬美元并不足以啟動公司的各項業務,謝赫稱,通過這些聊天記錄可以看出,即便雙方曾經約定不在創業初期引入其他投資者,格萊澤也不可能相信。謝赫進一步聲稱,格萊澤“打算引入福克斯投資”的證言恰恰說明,她自稱有權獲得該公司一半股權的說法不足為信,因為無從知曉該集團通過該筆投資將會獲得何種類型、數額的股權,又如何做到不稀釋格萊澤的所謂股權。

薩馬尼在一份電子郵件聲明里告訴《財富》雜志,在這場針對謝赫和Aptos的訴訟中,他的公司將會“為謝赫、程、整個Aptos團隊和他們的技術提供支持”,他們認為,格萊澤的說法“毫無根據”。

謝赫在給《財富》雜志的一份聲明中寫道:“相關指控完全站不住腳,處處都是嚴重錯誤和漏洞,(格萊澤的)目的就是搶走他人創造的勞動果實。”

該起訴訟目前仍然在進行之中,何時結束無從知曉。但在打官司的同時,謝赫和程也沒有放慢自己的腳步,仍然計劃在今年晚些時候正式推出Aptos區塊鏈。

企業區塊鏈

直到2021年11月的非同質化代幣行業年會NFT.NYC上,程才表示,團隊“長期以來一直埋頭工作,真正跟外界的接觸太少”。

當時程和謝赫還在Meta工作,于是他們帶著團隊前往非同質化代幣創作者、創始人、加密和Web3團體參與的多日論壇。程還記得當時坐在紐約一家酒店房間里,跟團隊討論看到的“酷項目”,也在想如果他們的項目還在,能夠為論壇提供哪些貢獻。“這次經歷讓很多人大開眼界,感受也改變了很多,比如,我們如何盡可能為社區做貢獻?”

正如謝赫所說,那一周“非常特別,因為團隊目睹了豐富的Web3生態,以及生態對此類加密技術的渴望”,具體而言指的是Aptos的區塊鏈。

很大程度上說,新的L1區塊鏈自認為具備幾大特點:是更快也更便宜的以太坊(Ethereum)替代品。以太坊是業內根基深厚的領導者,仍然支撐著去中心化金融服務等領域大部分活動,然而使用起來往往又慢又昂貴。Aptos也不例外,盡管聯合創始人聲稱它很快(初創公司表示“正努力”達到每秒100000筆交易,然而截至6月初每秒交易量約為10000筆)。

更重要的問題是,很多L1區塊鏈已經上線也吸引了用戶,行業真需要再來一個嗎?

“你必須提供跟比特幣和以太坊不一樣的產品,要么就比現有產品更有趣。”加密研究公司Messari的高級分析師湯姆·鄧拉維認為。“你的L1區塊鏈可以帶來什么,搶占加密貨幣市場空白?是不是更去中心化?亦或更快,更便宜?”

只有一件事情他們確定需要?就是名字。謝赫回憶道,他和程見投資人時,還沒有找到合適的公司名字,所以把公司稱為“XYZ項目”。但早在2022年,謝赫多次動搖后意識到,初創公司要盡快有名字。“有天晚上,我告訴程:‘嘿,來我這里。有個問題必須解決。’”他說,地點在他帕洛阿爾托的公寓,是離開東海岸后到加州協助成立Aptos時剛搬的新居。他回憶道:“大概晚上9點程來了……我燃起壁爐,放了點音樂,點了幾根蠟燭,然后一起禪宗冥想。”在濃咖啡幫助下,兩人最終想到帕洛阿爾托附近一個城鎮的名字Aptos,該詞來源于居住在灣區的奧隆部落,意思是“人民”。謝赫說,兩人“認為這個名字能夠完美體現努力目標。”

公司成立以來,Aptos Labs團隊一直明確表示,希望針對企業和大公司進行優化。

“我們希望采用企業級技術的最佳實踐,為有興趣使用新技術的十億新用戶服務。”謝赫告訴《財富》雜志。“如果我們跟大機構合作,就可以輕松找到十億新用戶。”Aptos已經為實現目標奠定了基礎。

今年3月,謝赫在宣布Aptos募資的博客中稱,包括Anchorage、Binance、Blockorus、Coinbase、Livepeer、Moonclave、Paxos、Paymagic、Rarible和Streaming Fast等數家公司已經開始參與項目并貢獻代碼。“很多大機構對我們的項目很興奮,我們也很激動。”謝赫說。

謝赫稱,他們正在社交網絡、媒體娛樂、游戲和金融(包括傳統金融)等關鍵領域“尋找合作伙伴”。未來可能將區塊鏈整合到流行的社交媒體應用程序中。謝赫表示,希望有一天,Snapchat、推特(Twitter)和Instagram(屬于他的前雇主)等開始測試將非同質化代幣整合到平臺上的公司會使用Aptos區塊鏈。4月該公司還宣布,將與谷歌云(Google Cloud)合作,為其節點基礎設施或運行區塊鏈網絡的服務器供電。

一些觀察人士認為,進軍企業圈可能是明智之舉。Messari的分析師鄧拉維表示,對于該領域很多L1區塊鏈來說,“現在很多真的只是營銷游戲。”他認為“企業級區塊鏈用例確實尚未解決”。

程聲稱,希望所有人都能夠使用Aptos區塊鏈。他說,雖然大機構是“版圖的關鍵”,但“公司目標不僅僅是大機構”。

用新語言寫代碼

5月初,Aptos團隊在位于帕洛阿爾托的辦公室舉辦了首屆個人黑客競賽,這是加密領域常見的活動,參與者包括開發者、程序員和創始人,競賽內容是在區塊鏈上開發項目。

畢業于帕洛阿爾托本地斯坦福大學的杰森·趙就是參與競賽的開發者之一,之前他曾經在DeepMind和Google X工作,現在是一家尚未公布的Web3初創公司的聯合創始人。他表示,自己一直在學習并使用區塊鏈語言,例如Solidity(用于以太坊)和Rust(用于Solana),盡管黑客競賽中他和其他開發者遇到了一些“怪事”,但對Aptos使用的移動編碼語言“印象深刻”,尤其是該區塊鏈還處于早期階段。

據Aptos Labs介紹,在黑客競賽期間,杰森·趙和自己的團隊參與了一個非同質化代幣市場項目,也是競賽孵化的12個項目之一。

Aptos的區塊鏈還沒有白皮書,所以使用權益證明(PoS)模型,公司指出,今年晚些時候推出公鏈時,該模型將完全開放且無須許可。團隊表示,正在努力提升安全性并改善用戶體驗,尤其是不熟悉加密領域的用戶。在私有網絡測試中,公司聲稱可以在不停機情況下更新協議,并表示一致性協議的安全性已經過審核驗證。

根據Aptos文件,該區塊鏈設計更安全,能夠阻止經常困擾其他加密平臺的拒絕服務攻擊(DoS)。程表示,目前團隊仍然在測試網絡,構建區塊鏈時也考慮到日后升級的情況。Aptos Labs尚未推出代幣,但謝赫稱,已經研究代幣經濟學相關的各種文件也就是代幣供需機制,最終文件即將確認,希望設計出可能情況下“最公平”的代幣經濟。

Messari公司的研究分析師蔡斯·德文斯表示,區塊鏈與以太坊虛擬機(EVM)不兼容。以太坊虛擬機是在以太坊上創建智能合約的軟件,以太坊虛擬機“既是需要克服的障礙”,從競爭角度來看“又有點像護城河”,因為如果Aptos可以吸引開發者使用其語言,就能夠將開發者“圈起來”。

至少,杰森·趙之類開發者似乎已經有所體會。“我不敢說精通這門語言,但也不完全像學習新語言。感覺有點熟悉。”他說。

“逆流而上”

毫無疑問,Aptos推出的時機并不理想。2022年,比特幣和以太幣等頭部加密貨幣從去年11月的高點下跌了60%以上,5月大型算法穩定幣TerraUSD和Luna幣崩潰,引發市場雪崩。與此同時,廣受歡迎的加密借貸平臺Celsium Network凍結提款。報道稱由于償還債務困難,公司正準備破產。即便在私人市場,投資者也預測加密初創公司估值下降,不會保持之前讓人血脈賁張的水平。

很多人保持懷疑,Messari的德文斯就是其中之一,他說:“最近市場狀況不佳,加上加密技術不斷發展,對新加入L1區塊鏈競爭的公司來說并不友好。”他通過電子郵件告訴《財富》雜志。“2021年L1區塊鏈之所以繁榮,主要原因是以太坊交易費用過高,以及為了獲客推出代幣激勵活動。”他指出,并補充稱“用戶對類似稀釋活動已經不感興趣,與此同時以太坊拓展方案也已經起飛。兩大問題都會損害新L1區塊鏈系統未來的價值主張。除非L1區塊鏈已經可以自然增長,否則就是逆流而上。”

但謝赫認為,經濟低迷可消除不健康的投機炒作,方便團隊埋頭研發項目。如今該公司仍然要處理10億美元的訴訟,今年晚些時候Aptos區塊鏈推出運行之前,團隊無法對網絡安全性和擴展性進行全面測試。

“正式啟動后才能遇到挫折。”投資者薩馬尼指出,“之前看不出來。我相信會遇到問題。”

目前,他們正在勇往直前。或者,正如薩馬尼描述的那樣:見鬼去吧,先實現再說。(財富中文網)

譯者:梁宇

審校:夏林

The bad news? Diem was dying. The good news? Mo Shaikh and Avery Ching saw a way they could give it an afterlife.

It was the week before Thanksgiving in 2021, and the pair recall walking out of a meeting at the offices of Meta Platforms, formerly Facebook, in Menlo Park, Calif., and realizing that after a fraught nearly three years, the project they had been working on—Meta’s embattled crypto payments network, Diem, previously called Libra—could perhaps find new life outside the social media giant.

The duo (Ching, 42, a software engineer working on the Diem blockchain and Meta’s crypto wallet, Novi, and Shaikh, 36, who led strategic partnerships at Novi) had already been discussing taking the open-source codebase of Diem out of Meta and building it out externally once it was clear regulators would squash Diem. And following that meeting, “Avery and I looked at each other…and we said, ‘Wow, I think we just got the green light’” to build the blockchain outside, recounts Shaikh.

By early December, Kyle Samani, the managing partner and cofounder of crypto-focused investment firm Multicoin Capital, recalls relaxing by the pool in Miami after his firm’s summit had just wrapped up. Samani says he forgot he had a call scheduled with a couple of founders to pitch a prospective investment—but, poolside, he hopped on the phone.

Shaikh and Ching pitched their burgeoning blockchain startup to Samani, and “after the phone call was over, I walked over to Tushar [Jain, cofounder and managing partner at Multicoin], who was, like, sitting 20 feet away,” and explained the conversation he just had with the team at what would later be called Aptos Labs, Samani recalls. “And [Jain] was like, ‘All right, we’re in. Let’s go.’ It was a very fast decision,” Samani recounts. Multicoin chipped in a chunk of cash (they invested in equity with token warrants, which is a common structure for such deals. Samani declined to provide the size of their investment). Multicoin is also invested in rival blockchain Solana.

Shaikh and Ching’s pitch was effectively taking the Diem codebase “and running with it,” recalls Samani, which meant building and launching a layer one, or L1, blockchain. He believes a competitive differentiator for Aptos is the Move coding language that it uses, designed at Meta, which he considers to be “very opinionated in how it’s designed, and it’s meant to make it harder to have bugs, quite frankly.” And after the failure of bringing the technology to life at Meta, “I love the fact that they said, ‘Fuck this,’ like, ‘I don’t care what Facebook and the government says, we’re gonna go make it happen,’” says Samani.

Aptos’s cofounders Shaikh and Ching—who officially left Meta in December and are now CEO and CTO of the Palo Alto–based startup, respectively—espouse a grandiose vision of “building a L1 for the next billion users”—but they’re trying to solve a basic problem. Despite numerous layer one blockchains working on making crypto applications easier and cheaper to build and use, many of the current options still come with outages, high fees, and security vulnerabilities. The Aptos blockchain, currently in a testing phase (the public, and live, version is expected to launch later in 2022), is aimed at being a decentralized, general purpose blockchain—a safer and more scalable base for builders of things like NFT projects, social media, and DeFi, or decentralized finance.

With ex–Big Tech founders, promising technology, and the top VC backers in crypto (in addition to Multicoin, the startup also attracted Andreessen Horowitz, or a16z, Katie Haun, Tiger Global, FTX Ventures, and others) to raise its March $200 million round, Aptos Labs appears to have many of the ingredients for a recipe for success in the space. The startup raised funds at a valuation that’s reportedly between $1 billion and $2 billion, and currently has about 60 employees (the company declined to comment on its valuation).

But in addition to the rapid and disastrous descent of the crypto market over recent weeks, the startup is facing another, more direct problem: In early March, the company and CEO Shaikh were hit with a hefty lawsuit. Shari Glazer, an entrepreneur and philanthropist whose family is the Glazer family, which owns NFL team the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and English football club Manchester United, claims along with her firm Swoon Capital that Shaikh and Ching weren’t the only founders of the startup. Instead of Ching, she claims, she was a “50/50” partner with Shaikh in the venture, entitled to half the startup’s “founder’s shares” in equity—what she claims is at least $1 billion.

A chip on their shoulder

On a video call in early May, Ching and Shaikh look very dynamic sitting side by side: Ching is fairly clean-cut, but casual; Shaikh sports a voluminous head of flowing gray hair (Ching jokes that when he first met Shaikh in person, it was like going on a blind date: “He has professional pictures, like a suit and short hair, and I met him in person, [and] I was very surprised.”).

If you ask them, the pair describe themselves, and each other, as competitive.

The duo share a love of basketball: They say they play a pickup game at the Stanford campus on weekends with other basketball enthusiasts at blockchain companies (Shaikh warns that Ching “has an amazing jump shot, and he’s not afraid to show it”). The two initially bonded over the sport when they first met in person in late 2021 while working at Meta, after only seeing each other over Zoom, since Shaikh says he was living on the East Coast at the time.

Ching describes his upbringing in Honolulu as “very relaxed…It was all about prioritizing family and friends and taking time to just enjoy life,” he says. Shaikh, meanwhile, says he was born in Abu Dhabi, and that his family immigrated in 1990 to Brighton Beach, New York, where Shaikh claims he grew up “quite humbly in a basement apartment.”

According to Samani, Shaikh and Ching have a “chip on [their] shoulder,” he says. “When you can sense that in an entrepreneur, it’s usually a very good sign,” he posits. In practice that meant neither was prepared to see the work they had done on the Diem project go to waste.

Diem, spearheaded by Facebook parent Meta, was envisioned as a global digital currency (in the form of a stablecoin) that would enable people to easily and inexpensively make payments and send money around the world. Meta announced the bold project in 2019, which was overseen by a consortium of other companies as an independent group (the Diem Association).

Shaikh and Ching both worked on the digital wallet unit, Novi, which was a subsidiary of Meta, with Shaikh working on strategic partnerships and Ching serving as a principal software engineer, focused largely on the underlying Diem blockchain. After over two years of setbacks and grilling at Congress, the project, thwarted by regulators’ and politicians’ scrutiny, had only managed to launch a pilot version of Novi. Shortly after, David Marcus, the executive who had spearheaded Meta’s crypto efforts, declared he was leaving the company by the end of 2021. The stablecoin and the underlying Diem blockchain never publicly debuted. (Diem sold its intellectual property and other assets to Silvergate Bank in January of 2022.)

“I’ve never not launched a product [before], no matter what thing I’ve been a part of,” Ching says.

When asked whether Meta invested in Aptos Labs, a spokesperson told Fortune the company could not comment due to an "ongoing legal matter." Aptos Labs told Fortune that neither Aptos nor anyone at the startup was currently involved in litigation with Meta.

Aptos Labs isn’t the only company born out of the carnage of the Diem project. Mysten Labs, a startup that’s building Web3 infrastructure from some fellow ex-Meta engineers, was founded in 2021 and also garnered backing from some of Aptos’s investors like a16z. Like Aptos, Mysten Labs uses the Move language and is targeting speed with its blockchain: a goal of over 200,000 transactions per second, cofounder and CEO Evan Cheng told?The Information last year.

But while CEO Shaikh recounts dreaming up Aptos Labs with his cofounder and fellow Meta colleagues, Glazer remembers a different story.

50/50 partners

According to her and her firm Swoon Capital’s lawsuit against Shaikh and Matonee, Inc. (the legal name for Aptos Labs), Glazer claims she met Shaikh through White & Case law partner Pratin Vallabhaneni in the summer of 2021, per Glazer’s deposition transcript (Vallabhaneni declined to comment to Fortune), and, through her investment firm, Swoon Capital, hired Shaikh as a consultant in August of 2021 to help her or her firm find existing blockchains to acquire to repurpose for sports, media, and entertainment endeavors, for $35,000 in payment, per the complaint.

Glazer says she shared her "confidential business plans" with Shaikh. Glazer alleges that at the end of August, Shaikh proposed that they modify the plan and instead launch a new blockchain, and she agreed to make Shaikh an “equal” partner in the endeavor, alleging they agreed to “change their consulting arrangement into a partnership in the Venture.” She alleges they agreed to initially eschew venture investing in lieu of funding she would put up because it would dilute her equity.

She claims that she agreed to help Shaikh secure engineers to join the venture, and that she would introduce Shaikh to her “extensive” network. According to what Glazer submitted as an email chain shared in the lawsuit, where Glazer communicated with Vallabhaneni and included Shaikh, Glazer described it as something “Mo and I are going to partner on…directly and do it together.” She further alleges in an affidavit filed for the lawsuit that the pair agreed to bring on “Meta’s lead blockchain engineer,” Ching, as a “salaried employee” and not a “co-founding partner.”

But, as Glazer alleges, Shaikh instead sought external funding from VCs including a16z, and incorporated Matonee, Inc. without her (she alleges they agreed to incorporate it together). She alleges Shaikh cheated her out of her “rightful share” of a partnership in a “blockchain technology venture,” claiming that she and Shaikh had an oral agreement that they were to be “50/50 partners” in the venture, and that she would initially contribute $10 million, or more if necessary, and secure an additional $10 million in financing from Fox (a Fox spokesperson told Fortune the conglomerate didn’t end up investing in the startup), per documents attached to the lawsuit, to get the project off the ground. Glazer and her lawyers did not respond to multiple requests for comment.

However, Shaikh and his lawyers argue that, among other things, an oral agreement wouldn’t legally hold up. According to the court filings (Shaikh filed to dismiss Glazer’s lawsuit), Shaikh’s consulting contract could only be legally amended in writing (which it was not, according to a copy submitted as an exhibit). Shaikh denies there was such an agreement as Glazer described, and in filings describes Glazer as a prospective investor in the venture, not a cofounder.

In what his filing says are WhatsApp messages with Glazer submitted in the filing to dismiss the complaint, Shaikh told Glazer of various venture investors who “would be very interested,” and told Glazer that $10 million “won’t be enough” to get the project off the ground, arguing that she could not have believed that they had an agreement not to bring on other investors early on. He further claims that the alleged investment from Fox puts Glazer’s allegation of being owed an equal share of the equity in the startup into question, as it’s unclear what type or amount of equity the conglomerate would have obtained for its investment that would not dilute her share.

Of the lawsuit against Shaikh and Aptos, Multicoin’s Samani says his firm stands “behind Mo, Avery, the entire Aptos team, and their technology,” and that they believe Glazer’s claims “are without merit,” he told Fortune in an emailed statement.

In a statement to Fortune, Shaikh wrote the “allegations are filled with material inaccuracies and mischaracterizations that attempt to take credit for the work of others.”

The lawsuit is ongoing, and the timeline is murky. But as they fight the litigation, Shaikh and Ching aren’t slowing down their plans to launch the Aptos blockchain later this year.

The enterprise blockchain

Up until NFT.NYC in November of 2021, Ching says the team had been “building heads down for a long time and not really engaging very much with the outside” community.

Still working for Meta, Ching and Shaikh took their team to the multiday gathering of NFT creators, founders, and crypto and Web3 groups, and Ching remembers sitting in a hotel room in New York talking with the team about all the “cool projects” they were seeing and wondering what they could bring to the space if their project was live. “It was definitely an eye-opening experience for many of us. That changed a lot of our feelings in terms of, like, how do we best affect this community?”

As Shaikh claims, that week proved “really special because it showed our team how rich the Web3 ecosystem is and how desperate it is for this type of technology,” referring to Aptos’s blockchain.

For the most part, new L1s have billed themselves as one of a handful of things: mainly, faster and cheaper alternatives to Ethereum, the entrenched leader that still underpins the majority of activity in areas like DeFi, but which is often slow and expensive to use. Aptos is no exception, as its cofounders claim it will be fast (the startup says it’s already “on our way” to 100,000 transactions per second, though as of early June, it was doing about 10,000).

But the bigger question is, with many L1s already live and gaining users, does the space really need another one?

“You have to be something different or something more interesting than Bitcoin and Ethereum [are] right now,” argues Tom Dunleavy, senior research analyst at crypto research firm Messari. “What does your L1 bring to the table that tries to occupy the rest of whatever crypto’s market cap is? You know, is it going to be more decentralized? Is it going to be faster, is it going to be cheaper?”

One thing they knew they needed? A name. When meeting with investors Shaikh and Ching say they didn’t yet have a proper name, so the pair were calling the venture “Project XYZ,” Shaikh recalls. But early in 2022, Shaikh realized that after much back and forth, the startup needed a name ASAP. “I told Avery one night, ‘Hey, man, you just got to come over to my place. We gotta knock this out,’” he says, referring to his apartment in Palo Alto, which he says he just moved into after leaving the East Coast to help set up Aptos in California. He recalls Ching came over “around 9 p.m. or so…I lit the fireplace, played some music in the background, [lit] some candles, and we went into our zen mode.” With the help of some highly caffeinated drinks, the pair say they eventually arrived at Aptos, the name of a town near Palo Alto that was named after a word from the Ohlone tribes, who lived in the Bay Area, that meant “the people.” Shaikh says they “thought this was the perfect meaning for what we’re trying to achieve.”

Since its inception, the Aptos Labs team has been fairly explicit that it wants to be optimized for enterprises and large companies.

“We want to take the best practices of enterprise grade technology but apply it for the next billion users that are interested in using this technology,” Shaikh told Fortune. “If we collaborate with these larger institutions, we can meet the next billion users where they are.” Aptos is already laying the groundwork for that to take shape.

In his blog post announcing Aptos’s fundraise in March, Shaikh says several companies including Anchorage, Binance, Blockorus, Coinbase, Livepeer, Moonclave, Paxos, Paymagic, Rarible, and Streaming Fast were already engaging with the startup and contributing code. “We’re very excited about a lot of the large institutions being excited about us,” Shaikh said.

Shaikh says they are “pursuing partnerships” in key areas like social networks, media and entertainment, gaming, and finance (including traditional finance, or TradFi, they say). That could include incorporating the blockchain into popular social media apps: Shaikh says he hopes the likes of Snapchat, Twitter, and Instagram (owned by his former employer), which is starting to test integrating NFTs into its platform, would use the Aptos blockchain someday. The startup also announced in April it would work with Google Cloud to help power its node infrastructure, or the computer servers that run blockchain networks.

Leaning into enterprise may be a smart move, some observers suggest. For the many L1s in the space, Messari analyst Dunleavy argues, “Right now, you're seeing it’s really a marketing game.” And he suggests the “enterprise level blockchain use case really still hasn’t been solved” yet.

Ching declares they want everyone to use the Aptos blockchain. While large institutions are “key to the picture,” he says, it’s “not just these large institutions.”

Writing in another language

In early May, the Aptos team hosted their first in-person hackathon at their office in Palo Alto—a common type of event in the crypto space that gathers developers, programmers, and founders to work on projects on a blockchain.

Among those developers was Jason Zhao, a Palo Alto–based Stanford graduate who previously worked at DeepMind and Google X, and is now the cofounder of a yet-to-be announced Web3 startup. He says he’s been learning and working with blockchain languages like Solidity (used for Ethereum) and Rust (used with Solana), and though he and his fellow developers came across some “quirks” during the hackathon, he was “impressed” by the Move coding language Aptos uses, “especially given that it’s so early stage.”

During the hackathon, Zhao says his team worked on an NFT marketplace project—one of 12 projects that came out of the event, according to Aptos Labs.

Aptos’s blockchain, which still doesn’t have a white paper, uses a delegated proof of stake (PoS) model, and the company says it will be fully open and permissionless when they launch the public blockchain later this year. The team says it's working to make it safe, to improve user experience especially for those who aren’t native to the crypto space. In testing on a private network, the startup claims it’s been able to update the protocol with no downtime, and says its consensus protocol’s safety has been audited and verified.

Per Aptos’s documents, the blockchain is designed to be more secure, which could help prevent things like denial of service attacks (DoS), something that’s plagued other crypto platforms. So far, Ching says, the team is testing the network, and has built the blockchain with upgrading in mind. Aptos Labs also hasn’t launched a token yet, but Shaikh says they’ve looked at various documents for tokenomics, or the supply and demand dynamics of a token, and are finalizing them, planning to design the “most fair” tokenomics possible.

The blockchain isn’t compatible with the Ethereum virtual machine (EVM), the software used to create smart contracts on Ethereum, which is “both an obstacle to overcome” and “kind of like a moat for them” competition-wise, according to Messari research analyst Chase Devens, because if Aptos is able to attract developers to use their language, it will have them “fenced in there.”

At least some developers, like Zhao, seem to be getting the hang of Move. “I wouldn’t say I’m a master of it, but it wasn’t completely like learning a new language. It felt, like, sort of familiar,” he notes.

“Swimming upstream”

But there’s no mincing words: Aptos’s timing is less than ideal. Top coins like Bitcoin and Ethereum are down well over 60% so far in 2022 from their highs in November, and big algorithmic stablecoin TerraUSD and token Luna collapsed in May, triggering a meltdown. Popular crypto lending platform Celsius Network, meanwhile, froze withdrawals and is reportedly preparing for potential bankruptcy as it struggles to repay its debts. Even in the private markets, investors are predicting crypto startup valuations will cool off from their nosebleed levels.

There are plenty of skeptics like Messari’s Devens, who notes that the “recent market conditions, coupled with technical developments within crypto, have been unfriendly to newer L1 competitors,” he told Fortune via email. “Most of the 2021 L1 boom was driven by Ethereum’s high transaction fees and token incentive campaigns for customer acquisition,” he noted, adding that “the appetite for these dilutive campaigns has dried up, and Ethereum’s scaling solutions are beginning to take off. Both of these hurt the value proposition for new L1 systems going forward. Unless your L1 has already established organic activity, you’re swimming upstream.”

But Shaikh believes the downturn will weed out unhealthy speculation and hype, and allow them to work heads-down on their project. The startup is still dealing with the $1 billion lawsuit, and until the Aptos blockchain is public and running later this year, the team won’t get a full test of just how secure and scalable its network actually is.

“The bumps come after you launch,” notes investor Samani, “not before. I’m sure there will be problems.”

For now, they're charging ahead. Or, as Samani might describe it: F--k this, let’s go make it happen.

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