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獨家專訪:幣圈反直覺投資人山姆·班克曼-弗里德

Jeff John Roberts
2022-08-15

山姆·班克曼-弗里德的投資策略要么開辟帝國,要么以災難告終。

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從山姆·班克曼-弗里德外表,根本看不出如今他是加密貨幣圈最有權勢的人。這位30歲的年輕人態度和善,衣服皺皺巴巴,一頭凌亂卷發,人們一般叫他名字的縮寫SBF。他對英雄聯盟,指尖陀螺,還有其他宅文化興趣濃厚。但在不修邊幅的外表之下,他是一位志向遠大的交易神童。SBF畢業于麻省理工學院(MIT)物理系,成功創辦公司Alameda Research之前曾在著名的量化基金Jane Street Capital磨練交易技能。2019年,他創立了加密交易所FTX,被不少人譽為有史以來最好的衍生品平臺。(1)

SBF早已是億萬富翁企業家(他的財富價值115億美元左右),如今又有了全新身份:加密貨幣圈白衣騎士,在比特幣(Bitcoin)和其他資產崩盤的“加密冬天”中奮力拯救了一些苦苦掙扎的初創公司。他最近到訪紐約時,我們跟他坐下來討論了投資、加密貨幣的未來以及他對FTX的最終設想。

為篇幅和簡明起見,本篇問答經過刪簡。

冬天來了

山姆,很多業內人士預測到加密貨幣會迎來寒冬。你預料到了嗎?如果你也料到,想過情況會如此糟糕嗎?

班克曼-弗里德:是,也不是。我沒料到會這么糟。(2)但如果你說的是納斯達克從峰值下跌40%,我確實早就猜到了。(市場)動向里可能僅有三分之一針對加密貨幣,另外三分之二只是宏觀事件(3)。

2014年和2018年之前加密貨幣也崩潰過,之后出現前所未有的強勁反彈。這次也會一樣嗎?

我認為最糟糕的情況已經過去。后面還有一點,但不會很糟糕。我認為這是一輪健康淘汰的過程。人們不得不重新思考如何評估資產價值,更加腳踏實地,認識到將要建設更強大的行業,這是有益的。

現在,所有假設的基礎是整體宏觀環境不會繼續惡化。如果納斯達克再跌25%,利率漲到7%,衰退持續兩年半,我認為比特幣可能會跌到1.5萬美元或1萬美元。然后可能會出現新一輪血洗市場。

貪婪是好事?

SBF曾因交易業績出色被譽為“風險王子”,而在經濟低迷時期他也不負眾望,投資了眾多陷入困境的風險投資公司,踐行了沃倫·巴菲特的格言:“別人害怕時要貪婪”。

SBF就像只有一個人的央行,支持對象(4)包括苦苦掙扎的加密貨幣貸款機構BlockFi(提供4億美元貸款)和加密資產經紀公司Voyager Digital(提供約5億美元貸款),目前Voyager Digital正在根據美國《破產法》第11章申請破產保護。與此同時,他持有加密貨幣交易平臺羅賓漢(Robinhood)約7.6%股份,還完全收購了一家加密游戲公司。由于SBF在業內的壟斷地位,有人將他比作摩根大通(J.P. Morgan)之類在美國金融動蕩早期攫取資產的富豪。

你安然度過了本輪低谷(5),還借機收購了其他一些公司的股份。你采取了什么策略?

班克曼·弗里德:主要考慮幾點。第一:有沒有辦法支持客戶資產?第二就是防止動蕩蔓延。如果一個地方崩潰,會不會導致更多地方爆炸?會出現連鎖反應嗎?

然后是第三件事,其實屬于前兩件事:能找到劃算的交易嗎?或者更準確地說,能找到“還不賴”的交易嗎?核心任務不是達成很棒的收購,目標是做成合理的交易,甚至可能有點差,但不可怕。

一位長期從事加密貨幣的內部人士告訴我,以后你會像沃倫·巴菲特一樣擁有大筆資產,還能讓很多人欠你人情。你認為這種說法有沒有夸大?

希望沒夸大,不過可能是有點夸張了。我希望跟別人合作時,比起有特別理由時表現得更慷慨些。

坦率地說,更重要的一點是信任,做交易時我可不想擔心對方會不會用預想不到的20種方式算計我。因為如果真是這樣,就沒法做交易了,對吧?

我想設定標準,比如,“聽著,我們不會想搞你,會努力做到合理,盡量慷慨。我們試著合理合作,從對整體有益的角度考慮問題,然后再考慮分餡餅。”

缺乏信任是巨大的交易成本,我剛進入行業時低估了這一點。

FTX以允許用戶交易衍生品聞名。(6) 即便你到處傳播FTX品牌,衍生品還是極少有人理解,更不用說使用。

我們正在做的品牌推廣工作。(7)不是為了直接獲取客戶。正如你所說,多數人不交易加密衍生品,我們在美國都不提供加密貨幣衍生品交易服務。與其說獲得客戶,不如說是企業品牌推廣。

但我認為你的核心觀點是對的,最終我們需要有直接改善人們生活的案例。我希望行業能多做一些。

那么,你是說加密貨幣缺乏實用性同樣也是FTX面臨的問題嗎?

是的,坦率地說,我們一直在努力找人(開發更實用的加密程序)。我認為做區塊鏈社交媒體網絡并不一定適合FTX,但我們非常樂意在技術上提供幫助。希望有人能做好。

我們一直非常積極尋找有引人注目案例的項目然后投資。我其實真的跟公司資深開發人員談過,比如“我認為有些東西對行業來說很重要。要花多長時間能做出來?”

我得到的回應是:“天哪,山姆,我們可沒法三個月新開一家公司。”不過在某個時候,如果其他人都沒動作,我們會采取行動。

并非加密兄弟

加密世界喜歡有傳奇色彩的英雄,比如比特幣化名創始人中本聰(Satoshi),還有交易所巨頭幣安(Binance)特立獨行的首席執行官趙長鵬。

雖然SBF看起來要進入封神行列,但他很特別,打破了很多“加密兄弟”的成見。他父親是斯坦福大學(Stanford University)法學教授,2020年是喬·拜登競選總統最大手筆的捐贈者之一,他信奉利他主義和道德義務哲學。SBF說自己是素食主義者,主要因為厭惡工業動物農場的殘酷,對加密圈其他富豪的花哨消費幾乎沒興趣。換言之,他與圈中很多人非常不一樣,而他現在是加密圈實際領導者。

你說你進入加密貨幣行業是因為發現了賺大錢的方法——不是因為想改變世界或取代政府等等。坦率地說,這讓人耳目一新。但你的觀點是否會導致跟加密虔誠信徒關系緊張?

班克曼·弗里德:我想,我會為最相信這個領域的人們做正確的事,這是我義不容辭的責任。有些人對我持懷疑態度,認為我更看重務實角度而非意識形態。我相信區塊鏈,因為我認為這項技術很有用,可以以非常具體的方式讓世界變得更好。

我相信,行業前景最終取決于區塊鏈能否對世界產生真正積極的影響。我想我能充分代表其他相信行業的人,即便他們剛開始看待行業的角度并不相同,不過總還是有點不安。

隨著威權主義、氣候危機等等蔓延,感覺全世界都身處火海。為了解決各種問題,似乎需要某種形式的集體主義,當然不一定是斯堪的納維亞式社會主義。然而,加密社區的世界觀通常是超自由主義,偏個人主義。你擔不擔心加密貨幣可能導致公民秩序下滑?

我覺得有點奇怪。就同一個話題我給你兩種不同的看法。當你想到威權主義時,可以從需要集體行動加以抵制的角度來考慮,也可以想象加密貨幣本身就是威權主義的詛咒。我認為兩個都是事實,對嗎?

我認為盛氣凌人、漠不關心的態度,踐踏他人,造成了世界上很多壞現象。這并不是加密行業代表的意義,我認為加密行業剛好相反。

但另一方面,你不能完全不參與其中,對嗎?你不能忽視(類似威權主義)然后說,“我們就守在去中心化的島上,忽略周圍的世界。”必須參與,加密貨幣可以成為世界的一部分。但這不是全部答案,并不是所有事都能解釋一切。

這些是比較深刻的想法。我們談點輕松話題結束吧。如果宏觀層面沒有嚴重沖擊,你猜以太坊(Ethereum)價格會怎么走?兩年內比特幣能達到10萬美元嗎?(8)

天啊,以太坊很有趣。顯然,隨著即將到來的合并(9), 會出現很大波動性,對嗎?我認為可能變得更好也可能更糟——我不知道答案。

我認為比特幣更容易預測。如果行業迎來更多陣痛和清盤,情況會改變。但會從大屠殺中恢復一點,監管也會明確,這可能是巨大的外部沖擊,可能在明年出現的積極沖擊。如果能漲到10萬美元很幸運,不排除這種可能性。但是,如果年底你告訴我比特幣漲到3.5萬美元,我也只能接受。

山姆瘋狂“購物”

雖然加密市場內爆導致大多數幸存者收縮并持有現金,但SBF抓住了這一時機,把危機當成買入機會。隨著他的影響力網絡增長,會在信奉去中心化的行業里變成巨鱷嗎?或者,盡管他在巴哈馬發表了講話,會不會引起美國監管機構憤怒?我們拭目以待。與此同時,來看看他最近一些交易,有些作為個人,有些則通過控制的各種公司實體完成。

BlockFi

加密熱潮巔峰時期,這家貸款公司通過簡化進入所謂去中心化金融市場渠道,為消費者提供9%或更高回報。但跟很多同行一樣,今年春天BlockFi遇到了流動性問題。SBF趁機提供了4億美元的信貸額度,并表示此舉可以幫助BlockFi“保持優勢地位引領市場”。如果該公司沒做到,該交易中SBF還享有直接收購BlockFi的選擇權。

羅賓漢

去年上市以來,加密貨幣交易平臺羅賓漢的股票遭受了重創,今年春天下跌超過80%,跌至10美元以下。這給了SBF奇襲的機會。5月,他搶購了陷入困境的羅賓漢7.6%股份。SBF一直對羅賓漢的計劃守口如瓶,但有猜測稱他可能會全盤收購,順便將有價值的客戶名單納入囊中。

VoyagerDigital

與BlockFi一樣,Voyager也是加密貨幣貸款公司,遇到了破產后償付能力問題。6月SBF提供了2億美元和1.5萬比特幣的信貸額度。5月該公司申請破產之前動用了其中的7500萬美元。(破產文件顯示,除了作為Voyager最大債權人,FTX也是其最大的債務人之一。)

GoodLuckGames

3月,FTX收購了專門開發加密游戲的Good Luck Games,創始團隊是紙牌游戲萬智牌(Magic: The Gathering)的行業元老。該筆交易說明,SBF正展望加密貨幣的下一階段,很多人認為以后游戲會成為很重要一塊。

日本、加拿大、韓國的交易所

2月FTX收購了一家名叫Liquid的日本加密交易平臺,6月收購了加拿大合規加密交易所Bitvo。兩筆交易價格尚未披露,但之前每家公司估值都在10億美元以上。7月底,新聞報道稱FTX即將收購韓國加密貨幣交易所Bithumb。這幾筆收購可幫助FTX擴大客戶群,也為國際擴張提供了快速通道,因為被收購公司已與當地監管機構建立了關系。

注釋

(1)現在穩定:1月,在加密冬天最糟糕時期,FTX以320億美元估值募集到4億美元。交易業務似乎保持強勁:FTX表示,2022年上半年總交易量為760億美元,而2021同期為640億美元。

(2)這可是萬億美元:2021年11月市場觸及峰值以來,加密貨幣的整體市值損失了約2萬億美元。因此,該領域很多初創公司要么破產,要么估值跳水。

(3)無處藏身:通貨膨脹加劇和俄烏沖突等因素全面打擊資產價格,加密貨幣也不例外。雖然長期以來支持者一直認為危機時期比特幣會成為安全的避風港,然而當前其低迷走勢說明并非如此。

(4)伸出援手:想了解SBF最新交易的更多信息,請參閱上方側欄。

(5)只是零錢?根據彭博億萬富翁指數(Bloomberg Billionaires Index),2022年SBF的凈值減少了47億美元。

(6)水晶球賭注:衍生品是預測資產未來價格的交易工具。衍生品也有實際用途,例如,航空公司可能會用來對沖航空燃油的未來價格,但也會成為加密貨幣和其他領域大量投機活動的基礎。

(7)球賽:最近的加密熱潮中,各公司陷入了營銷熱潮,FTX更是如此。該公司在美國職業棒球大聯盟(MLB)裁判身上加了自家公司標志,代價未披露,又花了1.35億美元購買NBA邁阿密熱火隊(Miami Heat)賽場的冠名權,還為拉里·戴維(Larry David)的超級碗廣告支付了650萬美元。

(8)崩潰曲線:比特幣和以太坊的價格趨勢見上圖。

(9)合并順利:智能合約平臺以太坊是僅次于比特幣的市值排名第二的區塊鏈,正計劃稱為合并的重大技術升級。如果成功,以太坊將大大降低能耗并提高交易速度。該項更新已推遲多次,目前計劃在9月進行。(財富中文網)

本文刊載于2022年8月/9月的《財富》雜志,標題為《對話:山姆·班克曼-弗里德》

譯者:夏林

從山姆·班克曼-弗里德外表,根本看不出如今他是加密貨幣圈最有權勢的人。這位30歲的年輕人態度和善,衣服皺皺巴巴,一頭凌亂卷發,人們一般叫他名字的縮寫SBF。他對英雄聯盟,指尖陀螺,還有其他宅文化興趣濃厚。但在不修邊幅的外表之下,他是一位志向遠大的交易神童。SBF畢業于麻省理工學院(MIT)物理系,成功創辦公司Alameda Research之前曾在著名的量化基金Jane Street Capital磨練交易技能。2019年,他創立了加密交易所FTX,被不少人譽為有史以來最好的衍生品平臺。(1)

SBF早已是億萬富翁企業家(他的財富價值115億美元左右),如今又有了全新身份:加密貨幣圈白衣騎士,在比特幣(Bitcoin)和其他資產崩盤的“加密冬天”中奮力拯救了一些苦苦掙扎的初創公司。他最近到訪紐約時,我們跟他坐下來討論了投資、加密貨幣的未來以及他對FTX的最終設想。

為篇幅和簡明起見,本篇問答經過刪簡。

冬天來了

山姆,很多業內人士預測到加密貨幣會迎來寒冬。你預料到了嗎?如果你也料到,想過情況會如此糟糕嗎?

班克曼-弗里德:是,也不是。我沒料到會這么糟。(2)但如果你說的是納斯達克從峰值下跌40%,我確實早就猜到了。(市場)動向里可能僅有三分之一針對加密貨幣,另外三分之二只是宏觀事件(3)。

2014年和2018年之前加密貨幣也崩潰過,之后出現前所未有的強勁反彈。這次也會一樣嗎?

我認為最糟糕的情況已經過去。后面還有一點,但不會很糟糕。我認為這是一輪健康淘汰的過程。人們不得不重新思考如何評估資產價值,更加腳踏實地,認識到將要建設更強大的行業,這是有益的。

現在,所有假設的基礎是整體宏觀環境不會繼續惡化。如果納斯達克再跌25%,利率漲到7%,衰退持續兩年半,我認為比特幣可能會跌到1.5萬美元或1萬美元。然后可能會出現新一輪血洗市場。

貪婪是好事?

SBF曾因交易業績出色被譽為“風險王子”,而在經濟低迷時期他也不負眾望,投資了眾多陷入困境的風險投資公司,踐行了沃倫·巴菲特的格言:“別人害怕時要貪婪”。

SBF就像只有一個人的央行,支持對象(4)包括苦苦掙扎的加密貨幣貸款機構BlockFi(提供4億美元貸款)和加密資產經紀公司Voyager Digital(提供約5億美元貸款),目前Voyager Digital正在根據美國《破產法》第11章申請破產保護。與此同時,他持有加密貨幣交易平臺羅賓漢(Robinhood)約7.6%股份,還完全收購了一家加密游戲公司。由于SBF在業內的壟斷地位,有人將他比作摩根大通(J.P. Morgan)之類在美國金融動蕩早期攫取資產的富豪。

你安然度過了本輪低谷(5),還借機收購了其他一些公司的股份。你采取了什么策略?

班克曼·弗里德:主要考慮幾點。第一:有沒有辦法支持客戶資產?第二就是防止動蕩蔓延。如果一個地方崩潰,會不會導致更多地方爆炸?會出現連鎖反應嗎?

然后是第三件事,其實屬于前兩件事:能找到劃算的交易嗎?或者更準確地說,能找到“還不賴”的交易嗎?核心任務不是達成很棒的收購,目標是做成合理的交易,甚至可能有點差,但不可怕。

一位長期從事加密貨幣的內部人士告訴我,以后你會像沃倫·巴菲特一樣擁有大筆資產,還能讓很多人欠你人情。你認為這種說法有沒有夸大?

希望沒夸大,不過可能是有點夸張了。我希望跟別人合作時,比起有特別理由時表現得更慷慨些。

坦率地說,更重要的一點是信任,做交易時我可不想擔心對方會不會用預想不到的20種方式算計我。因為如果真是這樣,就沒法做交易了,對吧?

我想設定標準,比如,“聽著,我們不會想搞你,會努力做到合理,盡量慷慨。我們試著合理合作,從對整體有益的角度考慮問題,然后再考慮分餡餅。”

缺乏信任是巨大的交易成本,我剛進入行業時低估了這一點。

FTX以允許用戶交易衍生品聞名。(6) 即便你到處傳播FTX品牌,衍生品還是極少有人理解,更不用說使用。

我們正在做的品牌推廣工作。(7)不是為了直接獲取客戶。正如你所說,多數人不交易加密衍生品,我們在美國都不提供加密貨幣衍生品交易服務。與其說獲得客戶,不如說是企業品牌推廣。

但我認為你的核心觀點是對的,最終我們需要有直接改善人們生活的案例。我希望行業能多做一些。

那么,你是說加密貨幣缺乏實用性同樣也是FTX面臨的問題嗎?

是的,坦率地說,我們一直在努力找人(開發更實用的加密程序)。我認為做區塊鏈社交媒體網絡并不一定適合FTX,但我們非常樂意在技術上提供幫助。希望有人能做好。

我們一直非常積極尋找有引人注目案例的項目然后投資。我其實真的跟公司資深開發人員談過,比如“我認為有些東西對行業來說很重要。要花多長時間能做出來?”

我得到的回應是:“天哪,山姆,我們可沒法三個月新開一家公司。”不過在某個時候,如果其他人都沒動作,我們會采取行動。

并非加密兄弟

加密世界喜歡有傳奇色彩的英雄,比如比特幣化名創始人中本聰(Satoshi),還有交易所巨頭幣安(Binance)特立獨行的首席執行官趙長鵬。

雖然SBF看起來要進入封神行列,但他很特別,打破了很多“加密兄弟”的成見。他父親是斯坦福大學(Stanford University)法學教授,2020年是喬·拜登競選總統最大手筆的捐贈者之一,他信奉利他主義和道德義務哲學。SBF說自己是素食主義者,主要因為厭惡工業動物農場的殘酷,對加密圈其他富豪的花哨消費幾乎沒興趣。換言之,他與圈中很多人非常不一樣,而他現在是加密圈實際領導者。

你說你進入加密貨幣行業是因為發現了賺大錢的方法——不是因為想改變世界或取代政府等等。坦率地說,這讓人耳目一新。但你的觀點是否會導致跟加密虔誠信徒關系緊張?

班克曼·弗里德:我想,我會為最相信這個領域的人們做正確的事,這是我義不容辭的責任。有些人對我持懷疑態度,認為我更看重務實角度而非意識形態。我相信區塊鏈,因為我認為這項技術很有用,可以以非常具體的方式讓世界變得更好。

我相信,行業前景最終取決于區塊鏈能否對世界產生真正積極的影響。我想我能充分代表其他相信行業的人,即便他們剛開始看待行業的角度并不相同,不過總還是有點不安。

隨著威權主義、氣候危機等等蔓延,感覺全世界都身處火海。為了解決各種問題,似乎需要某種形式的集體主義,當然不一定是斯堪的納維亞式社會主義。然而,加密社區的世界觀通常是超自由主義,偏個人主義。你擔不擔心加密貨幣可能導致公民秩序下滑?

我覺得有點奇怪。就同一個話題我給你兩種不同的看法。當你想到威權主義時,可以從需要集體行動加以抵制的角度來考慮,也可以想象加密貨幣本身就是威權主義的詛咒。我認為兩個都是事實,對嗎?

我認為盛氣凌人、漠不關心的態度,踐踏他人,造成了世界上很多壞現象。這并不是加密行業代表的意義,我認為加密行業剛好相反。

但另一方面,你不能完全不參與其中,對嗎?你不能忽視(類似威權主義)然后說,“我們就守在去中心化的島上,忽略周圍的世界。”必須參與,加密貨幣可以成為世界的一部分。但這不是全部答案,并不是所有事都能解釋一切。

這些是比較深刻的想法。我們談點輕松話題結束吧。如果宏觀層面沒有嚴重沖擊,你猜以太坊(Ethereum)價格會怎么走?兩年內比特幣能達到10萬美元嗎?(8)

天啊,以太坊很有趣。顯然,隨著即將到來的合并(9), 會出現很大波動性,對嗎?我認為可能變得更好也可能更糟——我不知道答案。

我認為比特幣更容易預測。如果行業迎來更多陣痛和清盤,情況會改變。但會從大屠殺中恢復一點,監管也會明確,這可能是巨大的外部沖擊,可能在明年出現的積極沖擊。如果能漲到10萬美元很幸運,不排除這種可能性。但是,如果年底你告訴我比特幣漲到3.5萬美元,我也只能接受。

山姆瘋狂“購物”

雖然加密市場內爆導致大多數幸存者收縮并持有現金,但SBF抓住了這一時機,把危機當成買入機會。隨著他的影響力網絡增長,會在信奉去中心化的行業里變成巨鱷嗎?或者,盡管他在巴哈馬發表了講話,會不會引起美國監管機構憤怒?我們拭目以待。與此同時,來看看他最近一些交易,有些作為個人,有些則通過控制的各種公司實體完成。

BlockFi

加密熱潮巔峰時期,這家貸款公司通過簡化進入所謂去中心化金融市場渠道,為消費者提供9%或更高回報。但跟很多同行一樣,今年春天BlockFi遇到了流動性問題。SBF趁機提供了4億美元的信貸額度,并表示此舉可以幫助BlockFi“保持優勢地位引領市場”。如果該公司沒做到,該交易中SBF還享有直接收購BlockFi的選擇權。

羅賓漢

去年上市以來,加密貨幣交易平臺羅賓漢的股票遭受了重創,今年春天下跌超過80%,跌至10美元以下。這給了SBF奇襲的機會。5月,他搶購了陷入困境的羅賓漢7.6%股份。SBF一直對羅賓漢的計劃守口如瓶,但有猜測稱他可能會全盤收購,順便將有價值的客戶名單納入囊中。

VoyagerDigital

與BlockFi一樣,Voyager也是加密貨幣貸款公司,遇到了破產后償付能力問題。6月SBF提供了2億美元和1.5萬比特幣的信貸額度。5月該公司申請破產之前動用了其中的7500萬美元。(破產文件顯示,除了作為Voyager最大債權人,FTX也是其最大的債務人之一。)

GoodLuckGames

3月,FTX收購了專門開發加密游戲的Good Luck Games,創始團隊是紙牌游戲萬智牌(Magic: The Gathering)的行業元老。該筆交易說明,SBF正展望加密貨幣的下一階段,很多人認為以后游戲會成為很重要一塊。

日本、加拿大、韓國的交易所

2月FTX收購了一家名叫Liquid的日本加密交易平臺,6月收購了加拿大合規加密交易所Bitvo。兩筆交易價格尚未披露,但之前每家公司估值都在10億美元以上。7月底,新聞報道稱FTX即將收購韓國加密貨幣交易所Bithumb。這幾筆收購可幫助FTX擴大客戶群,也為國際擴張提供了快速通道,因為被收購公司已與當地監管機構建立了關系。

注釋

(1)現在穩定:1月,在加密冬天最糟糕時期,FTX以320億美元估值募集到4億美元。交易業務似乎保持強勁:FTX表示,2022年上半年總交易量為760億美元,而2021同期為640億美元。

(2)這可是萬億美元:2021年11月市場觸及峰值以來,加密貨幣的整體市值損失了約2萬億美元。因此,該領域很多初創公司要么破產,要么估值跳水。

(3)無處藏身:通貨膨脹加劇和俄烏沖突等因素全面打擊資產價格,加密貨幣也不例外。雖然長期以來支持者一直認為危機時期比特幣會成為安全的避風港,然而當前其低迷走勢說明并非如此。

(4)伸出援手:想了解SBF最新交易的更多信息,請參閱上方側欄。

(5)只是零錢?根據彭博億萬富翁指數(Bloomberg Billionaires Index),2022年SBF的凈值減少了47億美元。

(6)水晶球賭注:衍生品是預測資產未來價格的交易工具。衍生品也有實際用途,例如,航空公司可能會用來對沖航空燃油的未來價格,但也會成為加密貨幣和其他領域大量投機活動的基礎。

(7)球賽:最近的加密熱潮中,各公司陷入了營銷熱潮,FTX更是如此。該公司在美國職業棒球大聯盟(MLB)裁判身上加了自家公司標志,代價未披露,又花了1.35億美元購買NBA邁阿密熱火隊(Miami Heat)賽場的冠名權,還為拉里·戴維(Larry David)的超級碗廣告支付了650萬美元。

(8)崩潰曲線:比特幣和以太坊的價格趨勢見上圖。

(9)合并順利:智能合約平臺以太坊是僅次于比特幣的市值排名第二的區塊鏈,正計劃稱為合并的重大技術升級。如果成功,以太坊將大大降低能耗并提高交易速度。該項更新已推遲多次,目前計劃在9月進行。(財富中文網)

本文刊載于2022年8月/9月的《財富》雜志,標題為《對話:山姆·班克曼-弗里德》

譯者:夏林

Sam Bankman-Fried does not look like the most powerful man in crypto. Friendly and rumpled, with an unruly halo of curly hair, the 30-year-old widely known as SBF has an affinity for League of Legends, fidget spinners, and other trappings of nerd culture. But underneath the goofy facade is a trading wunderkind whose ambition knows no limits. An MIT physics grad, SBF honed his trading skills at renowned quant shop Jane Street Capital before launching a successful firm of his own, Alameda Research. In 2019 he founded crypto exchange FTX, hailed by some as the best derivatives platform ever built.1

Already a multibillionaire entrepreneur (his fortune is valued at $11.5 billion or so), today SBF has a new identity: crypto’s white knight, swooping in to save some of the startups struggling amid the “crypto winter” in which Bitcoin and other assets have crash-landed. We sat down with him on a recent visit to New York to talk about his investments, the future of crypto, and his endgame for FTX.

This edited Q&A has been condensed for space and clarity.

Winter is … here

Sam, a lot of people in the industry predicted the current crypto winter. Did you? And if so, did you think it would be this bad?

Bankman-Fried: Yes and no. I would not have guessed this bad.2 But if you told me that Nasdaq was gonna be down 40% from its peak, then I would have guessed. Probably only a third of this [market] move was crypto specific. And the other two-thirds was just macro events.3

Previous crypto crashes in 2014 and 2018 were followed by the industry bouncing back stronger than ever. Will it be the same this time?

I think we’ve already seen the worst of it; there’s a little more to come, but it’s not very bad. And I think it’s been a healthy weeding out. It’s been healthy that people have had to rethink how to value assets and had to be a little more grounded—and to realize that we’ll build back a stronger industry.

Now, that is all with the assumption that the overall macro environment doesn’t degrade from here. If the Nasdaq has another 25% left to drop, and if interest rates are actually going up to 7%, and if we’re going to be in a recession for two and a half years—in that world, I think Bitcoin might go down to $15K or $10K. Then there may be a new round of carnage that comes from that.

Greed is good?

Once dubbed the “prince of risk” for his trading exploits, SBF has lived up to the label during the downturn, investing in numerous troubled ventured and exemplifying the Warren Buffett maxim: Be “greedy when others are fearful.”

Acting much like a one-man central bank, SBF has backstopped players? including struggling lender BlockFi (with a $400 million credit facility) and crypto asset broker Voyager Digital (a loan of around $500 million), which is now in Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings. Meanwhile, he has also taken about a 7.6% stake in trading app Robinhood, and outright acquired a crypto gaming company. SBF’s dominance has sparked comparisons to J.P. Morgan and other plutocrats who scooped up assets during earlier eras of turbulence in American finance.

You’ve weathered this downturn pretty well? and used it to acquire stakes in a number of other companies. What’s the strategy here?

Bankman-Fried: There are a few things that go into it. First: Is there a way for us to backstop customer assets? The second thing is stopping contagion spread. You know, if a place blows up, can it cause more places to blow up? Are we gonna see a chain reaction?

And then the third thing, subordinate to those two: Is there a good deal for us here? Or to be precise, is there a “not bad” deal for us here? The mandate here was not to try to make amazing acquisitions. The mandate here was to make deals that are kind of reasonable, maybe even a little bad, but not horrific.

A longtime crypto insider told me you’re going to come out of this looking like Warren Buffett—owning a lot, and everyone owing you a lot of favors. Do you think that’s overstating it?

I hope it’s not overstating it, though it might be. I want to be in a position where when we work with people, we’re a little more generous than we have particular reason to be.

The bigger piece of this, frankly, is a trust thing where I don’t want to have to worry when I’m doing a deal about whether the other side is going to try and fuck me in 20 ways I’m not anticipating. Because if that’s true, just doing the deal becomes fucking impossible, right?

I want to set a standard, like, “Look, we’re just not going to try and fuck you, we’re gonna try and be reasonable, we’re going to try and be generous when we can. Let’s just try to work reasonably together and consider things from what is good for the sum-of-us perspective and then we can think about splitting the pie.”

Lack of trust is an enormous transaction cost, and I underestimated this when I first got into business.

FTX is known for allowing users to trade derivatives.? But derivatives are a product that few people understand let alone use, even if you splash the FTX brand everywhere.

The branding things we’re doing? are not for direct customer acquisition. As you said, most people are not trading crypto derivatives, and we don’t even offer them in the United States. It’s much more of a corporate branding thing than it is a customer acquisition thing.

But I think your core point is right that, eventually, we need to have use cases that make people’s lives directly better. That’s something I wish the industry did a lot more.

So are you saying this lack of utility for crypto is FTX’s problem too?

Yes, and frankly we’ve been trying to find people to [build more practical crypto applications]. I don’t think running a blockchain social media network is a great fit for FTX, but we’d be super happy to help technologically with that. I want someone to build that out and do a great job of it.

We’ve been very actively seeking out projects with compelling use cases that we can invest in. I would be lying if I said I haven’t had conversations with our senior developers like, “Here are some things I think it is important for the industry to build. How long would it take us to build them?”

The sort of response I get back is like, “Jesus Christ, Sam, we can’t also start a whole new company in the next three months.” But at some point, we will pull the trigger on that if no one else is doing it.

No bro

The crypto world loves to embrace larger-than-life heroes like Satoshi, Bitcoin’s pseudonymous founder, and Changpeng Zhao, maverick CEO of giant trading exchange Binance.

And while SBF looks to be joining that pantheon, he stands out, shattering many of the “crypto bro” stereotypes. The son of Stanford Law professors, he was among Joe Biden’s largest donors in 2020, and he espouses a philosophy of altruism and moral obligation. SBF says he’s a vegan because he’s repulsed by the cruelty of industrial animal farms, and shows little appetite for the garish consumption practiced by other wealthy crypto figures. He is, in other words, very unlike many people in the community of which he is now the de facto leader.

You’ve said you came to crypto because you saw a way to make a lot of money— not because you want to change the world or replace the government and all that stuff. It’s kind of refreshing, frankly. But does your outlook cause tension with crypto true believers?

Bankman-Fried: I would like to think that I’ll do right by the people who believe in this space the most, but that’s incumbent on me. There’s been skepticism of me from people who, correctly, view me as coming at it from a pragmatic rather than ideological perspective. I believe in blockchain because I think it’s useful and can make the world better in very specific practical ways.

My belief is that the industry is contingent on blockchains ultimately being able to have a real positive impact on the world. I’d like to think I do a good job of representing other people who believe in the industry even if they came at it from a different angle originally, but there is always a little bit of unease there.

It feels like the world is on fire right now with the march of authoritarianism, the climate crisis, and so on. To tackle all this, it seems we need, if not Scandinavian-style socialism, at least some form of collectivism. And yet, the crypto community’s worldview is typically a hyper-libertarian, individualistic one. Do you ever worry crypto may be contributing to the decline of civic order?

I think it’s weird. Let me give you two different takes on the same topic. When you think about authoritarianism, you can think about it in terms of needing collective action to resist it. Or you can think about it in terms of crypto itself being anathema to authoritarianism. And I think there’s truth to both of those, right?

I think a domineering and uncaring attitude, and being willing to trample on other people, has brought a lot of these bad things to the world. That is very much not what the crypto space has stood for—and I think crypto is a good counterpoint to that.

But on the other hand, you can’t just not play the game at all, right? You can’t just ignore [something like authoritarianism] and say, “We’re going to have our decentralized island and ignore what’s going on around us in the world.” You do have to engage, and crypto can be a piece of that. But it can’t be the whole answer—not everything is about everything.

Those are some big ideas. Let’s end on something lighter. Barring any major macro shocks, what’s your best guess for the price of Ethereum? And could Bitcoin hit $100,000 in two years??

Boy, Ethereum is interesting. Obviously, with the upcoming merge?, there’s huge volatility, right? I think it could get way better or way worse—I just don’t know the answer.

I think Bitcoin’s a little bit easier to predict. If there’s more pain and more liquidations, that changes things. But a bit more recovery from the carnage, and regulatory clarity—that could be a big exogenous shock, a positive shock that could come over the next year. We’d be lucky to hit $100K, but I wouldn’t rule it out. But, you know, if you told me at the end of the year, Bitcoin is gonna be at $35K, I’d fucking take that.

Sam’s shopping spree

While the implosion of the crypto markets has led most survivors to hunker down and conserve cash, SBF has seized the moment as a buying opportunity. As his web of influence grows, will he get too big for an industry that prizes decentralization? Or, despite his Bahamian address, might he attract the ire of U.S. regulators? We’ll see. In the meantime, a look at some of his recent deals, which he has conducted both as an individual and through various corporate vehicles he controls.

BlockFi

At the height of the crypto boom, the lending company was offering consumers returns of 9% or more through simplified access to so-called DeFi markets. But like many of its peers, BlockFi ran into liquidity trouble this spring. SBF swooped in with a $400 million credit facility, saying the loan would help BlockFi “navigate the market from a position of strength.” Should it fail to do so, the deal also gives SBF an option to acquire BlockFi outright.

Robinhood

Since its IPO last year, Robinhood’s stock has taken a beating, falling over 80% to below $10 this spring. That led SBF to pounce. In May, he snapped up a 7.6% stake in the troubled stock-trading and crypto app. SBF has been cagey about his plans for Robinhood, but there’s been speculation that he could buy it—and its valuable customer list—outright.

Voyager Digital

Like BlockFi, Voyager is a crypto lender that ran into postcrash solvency problems. SBF offered a loan facility in the form of $200 million and 15,000 Bitcoins in June. The company drew on $75 million of that before filing for bankruptcy in May. (The bankruptcy documents reveal that in addition to being one of Voyager’s biggest creditors, FTX is also one of its biggest debtors.)

Good Luck Games

In March, FTX obtained Good Luck Games, a crypto-focused company founded by veterans of the card game Magic: The Gathering. The deal supports a thesis that SBF is looking ahead to the next phase of crypto, which many believe will have a large gaming component.

Exchanges in Japan, Canada, Korea

FTX acquired a Japanese trading platform called Liquid in February and then in June picked up Bitvo, a Canadian exchange. The price of each deal was not disclosed, but each company has previously been valued above $1 billion. In late July, news reports said FTX was on the cusp of buying Korean exchange Bithumb. These buys offer a way for FTX to grow its customer base—but also a fast track to international expansion since the acquired companies have established relations with local regulators.

Between the linesi

Steady now: In January, before the worst of the crypto winter, FTX raised $400 million at a $32 billion valuation. Trading operations appear to be holding strong: FTX says total volume was $76 billion in the first half of 2022 compared to $64 billion in the same period in 2021.

(2)

(2) That’s trillion with a T: Cryptocurrencies as a whole have lost about $2 trillion since the November 2021 market peak. As a result, numerous startups in the space have gone under or seen their value plummet.

(3) Nowhere to hide: Forces such as rising inflation and the Ukraine war have battered asset prices across the board, and crypto is no exception. While boosters have long argued that Bitcoin would serve as a safe haven in times of crisis, this has been belied by the current downturn.

(4) Lending a hand: See sidebar above for more on SBF’s latest deals.

(5) Pocket change? According to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, SBF’s net worth has dropped by $4.7 billion in 2022.

(6) Crystal ball bets: Derivatives are trading instruments that involve predicting the future price of assets. They have a practical use—for instance, an airline might use them to hedge the future price of jet fuel—but also form the basis of huge amounts of speculative activity in crypto and elsewhere.

(7) Playing ball: During the recent crypto boom, companies engaged in a frenzy of marketing—none more so than FTX. The company paid an undisclosed amount to put its logo on every MLB umpire, spent a reported $135 million for naming rights to the arena of the NBA’s Miami Heat, and laid out a reported $6.5 million for a Super Bowl ad featuring Larry David.

(8) Charting a crash: See graphics at left for the price trends in Bitcoin and Ethereum.

(9) Merge right: Ethereum, the smart contract platform that is the second most valuable blockchain after Bitcoin, is planning a major technological upgrade known as the Merge. If successful, it will drastically reduce its energy use and improve transaction speed. The update, which has been delayed repeatedly, is currently set to be attempted in September.

This article appears in the August/September 2022 issue of Fortune with the headline, “The Conversation: Sam Bankman-Fried.”

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