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桑德伯格離職,Meta員工談論對前景的困惑、混亂和對扎克伯格的信心下降

公司目前面臨的困難,表明最輝煌的時期已經成為歷史。

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如今,在曾經名為Facebook的這家公司工作是一段很艱難的日子。擔任了14年首席運營官的雪莉·桑德伯格,日前宣布從Meta Platforms辭職。在公司經過混亂的一年之后,她的離職可能會加劇許多員工的不安。

對去年10月Facebook更名為Meta之后離職的十多名前員工的采訪結果顯示,面對蘋果(Apple)隱私政策的調整和TikTok的激烈競爭,以及將公司業務重心向元宇宙轉移遭到的猛烈抨擊,Meta很難維持收入和用戶增長,令許多員工感到不安和迷失方向。而權力平衡的明顯變化,加劇了這種不安。早在桑德伯格宣布離職決定之前,已經有多位高管離職,公司創始人和首席執行官馬克·扎克伯格以下的領導崗位都經歷過調整,導致員工無法確定公司真正的掌舵人以及他們的立場。去年,公司最有影響力的高管之一、長期擔任扎克伯格二把手的桑德伯格似乎已經被降職,她所負責的面向公眾的職責越來越少。(桑德伯格曾表示她將繼續在Meta董事會任職。)

一位最近離職的前高管表示:“許多人感到迷茫,不清楚自己應該做什么和為什么要這樣做。”(為避免違反保密協議或與這樣一家強大的公司為敵,所有前高管均要求匿名。)這位高管表示,這個問題在技術團隊中非常尖銳,許多技術人員都急于啟動元宇宙相關項目,因為他們發現,這些項目能夠獲得資金,還能增加在管理高層面前的曝光率。但負責廣告銷售業務的員工同樣面臨不確定性問題。該項業務是Meta到目前為止最大的收入驅動因素。這位高管稱:“他們需要弄清楚如何銷售元宇宙的廣告。在五年內可能不會有對元宇宙廣告的需求,但他們必須為此做好準備。”

桑德伯格在接受《財富》雜志的艾莉森·肖特爾和菲爾·沃赫拜采訪時表示,她希望拿出更多時間投身慈善事業,包括在羅訴韋德案可能被推翻的情況下,為女性問題奔走呼吁。Meta正在經歷改造,而廣告業務遭遇了前所未有的問題,在被問到為什么會選擇這個時候決定離職時,桑德伯格說道:“從來不會有一個完美時刻。你知道,廣告業沒有開始也沒有終結……元宇宙的故事還沒有明確的發展脈絡。”

許多前員工表示,他們和同事擔心的是公司能否繼續維持以往的業績。Meta曾經有可靠的盈利和增長引擎。一位前員工表示:“公司業務重心調整在財務上是否會成功?我認為有許多人都對此憂心忡忡。”這位高管表示,他曾在一次大規模內部會議上聽到扎克伯格若有所思地提到大公司的壽命,稱很少有公司能夠維持全球領先的收入水平超過十年。(Facebook成立于2004年,2012年上市。)

2月份Meta股價暴跌之后,Evercore的互聯網分析師馬克·馬哈尼在一份投資者報告中表示,市場對于Meta是否會變成“雅虎(Yahoo)3.0”產生了質疑。《Business Insider》在4月報道稱,至少有一位公司內部人士聽到同事將公司與雅虎進行對比。(雅虎曾經是占據主導地位的互聯網公司,但在社交媒體和智能手機時代跌下神壇;后來雅虎被威瑞森(Verizon)收購,最終被低價賣給了一家私募股權公司。)雖然《財富》雜志采訪的高管并未聽說有人特別提到雅虎,但他們表示,有些員工擔心Meta可能呈現出衰退之勢。自2021年10月中旬更名以來,公司股價下跌超過40%。最近離職的Meta員工表示,股價下跌也是人們談論的話題之一,因為員工有很大一部分薪酬是股權的形式,他們有大量潛在個人財富面臨風險。一位員工表示:“所有人都很關心股價。”

在被問到員工對公司財務狀況的看法時,一名Meta發言人拒絕發表評論,但這位發言人向記者提到了扎克伯格在公司4月27日的營收電話會議上的發言,他表示對公司的長期計劃充滿信心。

Meta社交平臺上的虛假信息和煽動性內容產生的爭議,持續困擾著公司,尤其是在內部給桑德伯格造成了問題。直到最近,桑德伯格一直是除扎克伯格以外,公司最優秀的發言人。但前英國副首相尼克·克萊格擔任Meta全球事務總裁之后,已經基本上取代了桑德伯格面向公眾的職責。據報道,在2021年1月美國國會大廈騷亂發生之后,桑德伯格因其公開言論與扎克伯格出現了矛盾,這加快了克萊格取代桑德伯格的進程。當時,桑德伯格的言論被廣泛解讀成試圖推卸Meta為許多右翼團體提供組織活動的平臺需要承擔的責任。有內部人士表示,桑德伯格曾有一系列不慎重的言行,這只是最近的一次。一位Meta前高管表示:“公司將她雪藏了一段時間。”(Meta發言人拒絕就公司的文化和人事問題發表評論。)

Meta員工對于扎克伯格在桑德伯格離職之后對公司的領導力,似乎表現出一種矛盾的心理。由員工通信公司Blind代表《財富》雜志在5月中旬桑德伯格未宣布辭職之前開展的一項調查顯示,約33%的受訪員工稱與去年相比,對扎克伯格的領導力信心下降,有27%的員工表示對扎克伯格變得更有信心。40%的受訪者表示在這方面的感受沒有變化。

與此同時,《財富》雜志采訪的現有員工和前員工表示,公司員工盡管感到憂慮,但基本上愿意姑且相信扎克伯格的領導力尤其是元宇宙業務。這是因為,他們之前見證過扎克伯格成功帶領公司調整業務重心:首先是將Facebook從一個人們主要在電腦上訪問的網站,變成了一款移動應用;后來收購了Instagram和WhatsApp;發布了旨在與Snap競爭的Stories功能,該功能發布的以圖片為主的帖子只保存一天;推出了Meta目前的電商功能Shops;并對News Feed算法的運行模式進行了多次調整。

扎克伯格帶領公司進行了多次重心調整,這也幫助解釋了為什么這些員工會相對樂觀。此外,該公司有相對強大的財務實力:盡管面臨各種問題,2021年Meta Platforms的凈收入達到近400億美元,2022年第1季度的利潤達到75億美元。

扎克伯格本人曾在3月末告訴蒂姆·費里斯,人們對他將公司業務重心轉向元宇宙的決定感覺迷茫和不確定,這只是進一步證明這是一個正確的決定。扎克伯格表示:“顯然,當你嘗試要做的事情從根本上遭到誤解或人們對此并不相信的時候,你可能會舉步維艱。但經過多輪周期之后,我覺得自己已經學會了從相反的一面看待問題,即如果我太長時間覺得自己要做的事情很容易被人們理解,我可能會變得自滿。我希望推動大家進入這樣一個狀態:讓我們堅持做一些可能遭到質疑的事情。如果不去做,我們能做些什么呢?”不必介意,這種唯我論的邏輯可以為幾乎任何項目辯護,顯然一個經過深思熟慮制定的商業計劃是頭腦狹隘人士的心魔。

高層變動

有前員工表示,Meta多位管理高層離職,以及最接近扎克伯格的人事變動,加劇了同事的不安。據商業期刊《Insider》統計,僅2021年,Meta就有18名高管離職。其中包括公司前首席收入官大衛·費希爾;負責Facebook應用的費姬·西莫離開Meta,擔任Instacart首席執行官;全球廣告銷售負責人卡羅琳·埃弗森,與西莫一起加入了Instacart。曾負責Meta通信應用的阿莎·夏馬爾,以及曾在Meta主持支付技術(包括已經流產的加密貨幣項目)開發的大衛·馬庫斯,也將離職。

離職者中還包括一些技術人員,他們的專業知識可能對建造元宇宙至關重要。其中包括曾在Meta任職13年的首席技術官邁克·“施雷普”·斯科洛普夫。施雷普花費了大量時間,希望發展Meta的人工智能技術,包括使用人工智能協助審查平臺上的內容等。接替他的安德魯·“博茲”·博斯沃思曾負責Meta的Reality Labs部門,其工作重點是虛擬現實和增強現實,現在負責為Meta的元宇宙開發硬件。(Reality Labs依舊由博斯沃思負責;Instagram元老維沙爾·沙阿現任元宇宙副總裁,負責元宇宙的軟件和業務開發。)

據一位熟悉首席技術官辦公室的前員工表示,從施雷普到博茲的人事變動并不順利。這位前員工表示:“事情并不順利。”他表示,這與個人性格和管理風格有關。施雷普為外界留下的印象是低調內斂,有前員工表示,他個人對公司在有害內容方面的問題一直非常憂慮,并且很關心能否解決這些問題。而博茲更外向,更強硬,更傲慢。前員工表示:“兩人的管理風格大相徑庭。”從扎克伯格身上也能感受到這種差異。例如,扎克伯格在接受費里斯播客采訪時表示:“我的同事博茲有一句名言是,我們往往會對人過度友善。”換言之,博茲絕對算不上是一個友善的人。

有前員工表示,全球事務總裁克萊格的影響力與日俱增,也令一些內部員工感到擔憂。克萊格于2018年加入Facebook,成為Meta在許多問題上的主要發言人,例如虛假信息、有害內容、數據隱私和反壟斷等。最近有一篇博客文章介紹了Meta對元宇宙的愿景,重要的是,文中解釋了為什么Meta認為,在元宇宙中規范用戶的行為,不應該像在現有平臺被迫審查內容的方式一樣,由公司自行負責。這篇文章以克萊格的名義發表,而不是以扎克伯格的名義。

許多人認為Meta Platforms全球事務總裁尼克·克萊格,已經成為馬克·扎克伯格事實上的第二把手。圖片來源:Lino Mirgeler—picture alliance/Getty Images

與此同時,桑德伯格面向公眾的職責越來越少。此外,一位前Meta高管表示,有許多桑德伯格的忠實支持者被“分層”,這意味著在他們與扎克伯格的核心團隊之間額外增加了管理層級。(在Facebook和Instagram宣布離職的文章中,桑德伯格向扎克伯格表達了誠摯的感謝。她寫道:“我們每周依舊會坐在一起,進行一對一會面,我們之間的反饋是直接、真實的。”)

有Meta前員工表示,他們擔心克萊格作為職業政客,并不是擔任扎克伯格實際二把手的最佳人選,尤其是在技術領域、Meta賴以生存的廣告業務或者如何經營一家以營利為目的的公司方面,克萊格欠缺相關經驗。還有人指出,克萊格在英國并沒有很高的聲望。他當年帶領自由民主黨作為少數黨派,與保守黨組建聯合政府,被認為是做了一筆浮士德式的交易。許多自由民主黨人感覺克萊格為了權力背叛了政黨的理想,而且自由民主黨無法有效影響國家政治議程,尤其是在脫歐等關鍵問題上,這些政治議程主要體現了保守黨的主要綱領。許多人將自由民主黨在之后的大選中遭遇的歷史性慘敗,歸咎于克萊格。

克萊格一直主張,對于Meta建立的元宇宙中的用戶行為,不應該主要由Meta負責監管。這種立場并不符合立法者和網絡監管機構的態度。但一位Meta前高管表示,他認為與Meta在現有平臺上的立場相比,闡明這種立場讓公司更具有防御性。Meta一直在努力或者在某些情況下因為法律規定被迫審查內容,但效果始終無法達到預期。這位高管指責Meta以前的立場搖擺不定,比如說其平臺只是“社會的一面鏡子”,招聘大量承包商審查內容,號稱人工智能可以解決Meta的內容審查問題,后來意識到人工智能沒有效果。關于不對用戶內容承擔全部責任的政策,這位高管表示:“公司的政策經過反反復復才最終確定。”他表示,堅持Meta無法靠自己解決社會問題這一條底線,或許是更好的選擇。他認為,克萊格正在嘗試圍繞元宇宙明確這個界限。

無論這種態度將走向何方,如何解決這些問題將對Meta內部產生嚴重影響。《財富》雜志采訪的許多前高管提到了公司面臨的倦怠這個嚴重問題。在一定程度上,公司由于平臺上的內容和用戶行為不斷遭到公眾批評,加劇了公司內部的倦怠問題。

對公司業務的信心

雖然Meta面臨大量挑戰,而且多年來在數據隱私問題上的失誤和內容方面的事故影響了公司的信譽,但許多員工依舊樂觀地認為公司能夠克服這些障礙。Blind受《財富》雜志委托開展的兩次獨家調查顯示,大量Meta員工相信公司有能力與其他科技業巨頭競爭,并且認為仍在開發中的元宇宙未來將變得有利可圖。

在5月中旬的一項調查中,Meta經過核實的1,035名美國員工對于蘋果調整隱私政策之后,面對TikTok日益嚴重的威脅,該社交媒體巨頭面臨的競爭挑戰,分享了自己的看法。70%的受訪者認為,盡管蘋果調整了隱私政策,并且谷歌(Google)未來可能發布類似更新,但Meta可以增加收入。令人意外的是,有81%的受訪者相信,Meta可以遵守世界各地正在制定的不同隱私法律,這表明Meta員工相信監管增強并不會阻礙公司的發展。

有多位Meta前高管與受訪者的意見相左,他們認為隱私監管會產生嚴重影響。一位前技術高管對《財富》雜志表示:“在Facebook創建之初,并不存在這些問題。”這位技術高管提到,在當前的隱私環境下,公司很難不違反規定維持以經營。這位技術人員認為,政府和監管部門可能更傾向于對Meta的元宇宙開發進行審查,因為公司在以前的失誤之后一直沒有從監管部門那里獲得任何好感。這位技術人員補充道:“我不確定面臨如此嚴格的審查,他們還會有之前那種良好的發展環境。”

關于TikTok,Meta員工對公司能否與字節跳動旗下的社交媒體巨頭競爭存在分歧,有52%的受訪者表示相信公司最終能夠在短視頻領域打敗TikTok。

第二項Blind調查的受訪者是1,003名經過核實的Meta美國員工。員工在調查中分享了自己對于公司業務重心向元宇宙轉移的想法。約58%的受訪者表示相信Meta將在元宇宙領域取得成功,他們清楚Meta的元宇宙策略,并且了解Meta將如何從元宇宙中獲得收入。這部分Meta員工似乎掌握了一些華爾街投資者希望知道的信息。一位Meta前誠信團隊成員對《財富》雜志表示:“有一些很酷的事情正在發生……在新事物還沒有被所有人討厭的情況下,能夠參與其誕生過程讓我非常興奮。”員工的評論表明,與公司其他平臺有關的大量負面新聞已經讓員工不厭其煩,而公司的元宇宙計劃給他們帶來了激勵。

但雖然Meta員工相信公司的虛擬現實和增強現實轉型能夠取得成功,但這并不為意味著這項任務會像在虛擬公園里散步一樣輕松。只有38%的受訪者表示,他們認為在Facebook更名為Meta之后,工作變得更容易。

扎克伯格可能認為這種不舒適證明Meta走在了正軌上,正在邁向未來。但對于其他人來說,從蘋果的隱私政策調整到日益嚴重的反壟斷風險,從隱私監管到與TikTok的競爭難題,再到孤注一擲的元宇宙轉型,公司目前面臨的困難,都表明最輝煌的時期已經成為歷史。無論如何,桑德伯格的離職凸顯出,扎克伯格和公司將依賴截然不同甚至在某些方面未經考驗的副手和管理者團隊,執行元宇宙轉型。(財富中文網)

翻譯:劉進龍

審校:汪皓

如今,在曾經名為Facebook的這家公司工作是一段很艱難的日子。擔任了14年首席運營官的雪莉·桑德伯格,日前宣布從Meta Platforms辭職。在公司經過混亂的一年之后,她的離職可能會加劇許多員工的不安。

對去年10月Facebook更名為Meta之后離職的十多名前員工的采訪結果顯示,面對蘋果(Apple)隱私政策的調整和TikTok的激烈競爭,以及將公司業務重心向元宇宙轉移遭到的猛烈抨擊,Meta很難維持收入和用戶增長,令許多員工感到不安和迷失方向。而權力平衡的明顯變化,加劇了這種不安。早在桑德伯格宣布離職決定之前,已經有多位高管離職,公司創始人和首席執行官馬克·扎克伯格以下的領導崗位都經歷過調整,導致員工無法確定公司真正的掌舵人以及他們的立場。去年,公司最有影響力的高管之一、長期擔任扎克伯格二把手的桑德伯格似乎已經被降職,她所負責的面向公眾的職責越來越少。(桑德伯格曾表示她將繼續在Meta董事會任職。)

一位最近離職的前高管表示:“許多人感到迷茫,不清楚自己應該做什么和為什么要這樣做。”(為避免違反保密協議或與這樣一家強大的公司為敵,所有前高管均要求匿名。)這位高管表示,這個問題在技術團隊中非常尖銳,許多技術人員都急于啟動元宇宙相關項目,因為他們發現,這些項目能夠獲得資金,還能增加在管理高層面前的曝光率。但負責廣告銷售業務的員工同樣面臨不確定性問題。該項業務是Meta到目前為止最大的收入驅動因素。這位高管稱:“他們需要弄清楚如何銷售元宇宙的廣告。在五年內可能不會有對元宇宙廣告的需求,但他們必須為此做好準備。”

桑德伯格在接受《財富》雜志的艾莉森·肖特爾和菲爾·沃赫拜采訪時表示,她希望拿出更多時間投身慈善事業,包括在羅訴韋德案可能被推翻的情況下,為女性問題奔走呼吁。Meta正在經歷改造,而廣告業務遭遇了前所未有的問題,在被問到為什么會選擇這個時候決定離職時,桑德伯格說道:“從來不會有一個完美時刻。你知道,廣告業沒有開始也沒有終結……元宇宙的故事還沒有明確的發展脈絡。”

許多前員工表示,他們和同事擔心的是公司能否繼續維持以往的業績。Meta曾經有可靠的盈利和增長引擎。一位前員工表示:“公司業務重心調整在財務上是否會成功?我認為有許多人都對此憂心忡忡。”這位高管表示,他曾在一次大規模內部會議上聽到扎克伯格若有所思地提到大公司的壽命,稱很少有公司能夠維持全球領先的收入水平超過十年。(Facebook成立于2004年,2012年上市。)

2月份Meta股價暴跌之后,Evercore的互聯網分析師馬克·馬哈尼在一份投資者報告中表示,市場對于Meta是否會變成“雅虎(Yahoo)3.0”產生了質疑。《Business Insider》在4月報道稱,至少有一位公司內部人士聽到同事將公司與雅虎進行對比。(雅虎曾經是占據主導地位的互聯網公司,但在社交媒體和智能手機時代跌下神壇;后來雅虎被威瑞森(Verizon)收購,最終被低價賣給了一家私募股權公司。)雖然《財富》雜志采訪的高管并未聽說有人特別提到雅虎,但他們表示,有些員工擔心Meta可能呈現出衰退之勢。自2021年10月中旬更名以來,公司股價下跌超過40%。最近離職的Meta員工表示,股價下跌也是人們談論的話題之一,因為員工有很大一部分薪酬是股權的形式,他們有大量潛在個人財富面臨風險。一位員工表示:“所有人都很關心股價。”

在被問到員工對公司財務狀況的看法時,一名Meta發言人拒絕發表評論,但這位發言人向記者提到了扎克伯格在公司4月27日的營收電話會議上的發言,他表示對公司的長期計劃充滿信心。

Meta社交平臺上的虛假信息和煽動性內容產生的爭議,持續困擾著公司,尤其是在內部給桑德伯格造成了問題。直到最近,桑德伯格一直是除扎克伯格以外,公司最優秀的發言人。但前英國副首相尼克·克萊格擔任Meta全球事務總裁之后,已經基本上取代了桑德伯格面向公眾的職責。據報道,在2021年1月美國國會大廈騷亂發生之后,桑德伯格因其公開言論與扎克伯格出現了矛盾,這加快了克萊格取代桑德伯格的進程。當時,桑德伯格的言論被廣泛解讀成試圖推卸Meta為許多右翼團體提供組織活動的平臺需要承擔的責任。有內部人士表示,桑德伯格曾有一系列不慎重的言行,這只是最近的一次。一位Meta前高管表示:“公司將她雪藏了一段時間。”(Meta發言人拒絕就公司的文化和人事問題發表評論。)

Meta員工對于扎克伯格在桑德伯格離職之后對公司的領導力,似乎表現出一種矛盾的心理。由員工通信公司Blind代表《財富》雜志在5月中旬桑德伯格未宣布辭職之前開展的一項調查顯示,約33%的受訪員工稱與去年相比,對扎克伯格的領導力信心下降,有27%的員工表示對扎克伯格變得更有信心。40%的受訪者表示在這方面的感受沒有變化。

與此同時,《財富》雜志采訪的現有員工和前員工表示,公司員工盡管感到憂慮,但基本上愿意姑且相信扎克伯格的領導力尤其是元宇宙業務。這是因為,他們之前見證過扎克伯格成功帶領公司調整業務重心:首先是將Facebook從一個人們主要在電腦上訪問的網站,變成了一款移動應用;后來收購了Instagram和WhatsApp;發布了旨在與Snap競爭的Stories功能,該功能發布的以圖片為主的帖子只保存一天;推出了Meta目前的電商功能Shops;并對News Feed算法的運行模式進行了多次調整。

扎克伯格帶領公司進行了多次重心調整,這也幫助解釋了為什么這些員工會相對樂觀。此外,該公司有相對強大的財務實力:盡管面臨各種問題,2021年Meta Platforms的凈收入達到近400億美元,2022年第1季度的利潤達到75億美元。

扎克伯格本人曾在3月末告訴蒂姆·費里斯,人們對他將公司業務重心轉向元宇宙的決定感覺迷茫和不確定,這只是進一步證明這是一個正確的決定。扎克伯格表示:“顯然,當你嘗試要做的事情從根本上遭到誤解或人們對此并不相信的時候,你可能會舉步維艱。但經過多輪周期之后,我覺得自己已經學會了從相反的一面看待問題,即如果我太長時間覺得自己要做的事情很容易被人們理解,我可能會變得自滿。我希望推動大家進入這樣一個狀態:讓我們堅持做一些可能遭到質疑的事情。如果不去做,我們能做些什么呢?”不必介意,這種唯我論的邏輯可以為幾乎任何項目辯護,顯然一個經過深思熟慮制定的商業計劃是頭腦狹隘人士的心魔。

高層變動

有前員工表示,Meta多位管理高層離職,以及最接近扎克伯格的人事變動,加劇了同事的不安。據商業期刊《Insider》統計,僅2021年,Meta就有18名高管離職。其中包括公司前首席收入官大衛·費希爾;負責Facebook應用的費姬·西莫離開Meta,擔任Instacart首席執行官;全球廣告銷售負責人卡羅琳·埃弗森,與西莫一起加入了Instacart。曾負責Meta通信應用的阿莎·夏馬爾,以及曾在Meta主持支付技術(包括已經流產的加密貨幣項目)開發的大衛·馬庫斯,也將離職。

離職者中還包括一些技術人員,他們的專業知識可能對建造元宇宙至關重要。其中包括曾在Meta任職13年的首席技術官邁克·“施雷普”·斯科洛普夫。施雷普花費了大量時間,希望發展Meta的人工智能技術,包括使用人工智能協助審查平臺上的內容等。接替他的安德魯·“博茲”·博斯沃思曾負責Meta的Reality Labs部門,其工作重點是虛擬現實和增強現實,現在負責為Meta的元宇宙開發硬件。(Reality Labs依舊由博斯沃思負責;Instagram元老維沙爾·沙阿現任元宇宙副總裁,負責元宇宙的軟件和業務開發。)

據一位熟悉首席技術官辦公室的前員工表示,從施雷普到博茲的人事變動并不順利。這位前員工表示:“事情并不順利。”他表示,這與個人性格和管理風格有關。施雷普為外界留下的印象是低調內斂,有前員工表示,他個人對公司在有害內容方面的問題一直非常憂慮,并且很關心能否解決這些問題。而博茲更外向,更強硬,更傲慢。前員工表示:“兩人的管理風格大相徑庭。”從扎克伯格身上也能感受到這種差異。例如,扎克伯格在接受費里斯播客采訪時表示:“我的同事博茲有一句名言是,我們往往會對人過度友善。”換言之,博茲絕對算不上是一個友善的人。

有前員工表示,全球事務總裁克萊格的影響力與日俱增,也令一些內部員工感到擔憂。克萊格于2018年加入Facebook,成為Meta在許多問題上的主要發言人,例如虛假信息、有害內容、數據隱私和反壟斷等。最近有一篇博客文章介紹了Meta對元宇宙的愿景,重要的是,文中解釋了為什么Meta認為,在元宇宙中規范用戶的行為,不應該像在現有平臺被迫審查內容的方式一樣,由公司自行負責。這篇文章以克萊格的名義發表,而不是以扎克伯格的名義。

與此同時,桑德伯格面向公眾的職責越來越少。此外,一位前Meta高管表示,有許多桑德伯格的忠實支持者被“分層”,這意味著在他們與扎克伯格的核心團隊之間額外增加了管理層級。(在Facebook和Instagram宣布離職的文章中,桑德伯格向扎克伯格表達了誠摯的感謝。她寫道:“我們每周依舊會坐在一起,進行一對一會面,我們之間的反饋是直接、真實的。”)

有Meta前員工表示,他們擔心克萊格作為職業政客,并不是擔任扎克伯格實際二把手的最佳人選,尤其是在技術領域、Meta賴以生存的廣告業務或者如何經營一家以營利為目的的公司方面,克萊格欠缺相關經驗。還有人指出,克萊格在英國并沒有很高的聲望。他當年帶領自由民主黨作為少數黨派,與保守黨組建聯合政府,被認為是做了一筆浮士德式的交易。許多自由民主黨人感覺克萊格為了權力背叛了政黨的理想,而且自由民主黨無法有效影響國家政治議程,尤其是在脫歐等關鍵問題上,這些政治議程主要體現了保守黨的主要綱領。許多人將自由民主黨在之后的大選中遭遇的歷史性慘敗,歸咎于克萊格。

克萊格一直主張,對于Meta建立的元宇宙中的用戶行為,不應該主要由Meta負責監管。這種立場并不符合立法者和網絡監管機構的態度。但一位Meta前高管表示,他認為與Meta在現有平臺上的立場相比,闡明這種立場讓公司更具有防御性。Meta一直在努力或者在某些情況下因為法律規定被迫審查內容,但效果始終無法達到預期。這位高管指責Meta以前的立場搖擺不定,比如說其平臺只是“社會的一面鏡子”,招聘大量承包商審查內容,號稱人工智能可以解決Meta的內容審查問題,后來意識到人工智能沒有效果。關于不對用戶內容承擔全部責任的政策,這位高管表示:“公司的政策經過反反復復才最終確定。”他表示,堅持Meta無法靠自己解決社會問題這一條底線,或許是更好的選擇。他認為,克萊格正在嘗試圍繞元宇宙明確這個界限。

無論這種態度將走向何方,如何解決這些問題將對Meta內部產生嚴重影響。《財富》雜志采訪的許多前高管提到了公司面臨的倦怠這個嚴重問題。在一定程度上,公司由于平臺上的內容和用戶行為不斷遭到公眾批評,加劇了公司內部的倦怠問題。

對公司業務的信心

雖然Meta面臨大量挑戰,而且多年來在數據隱私問題上的失誤和內容方面的事故影響了公司的信譽,但許多員工依舊樂觀地認為公司能夠克服這些障礙。Blind受《財富》雜志委托開展的兩次獨家調查顯示,大量Meta員工相信公司有能力與其他科技業巨頭競爭,并且認為仍在開發中的元宇宙未來將變得有利可圖。

在5月中旬的一項調查中,Meta經過核實的1,035名美國員工對于蘋果調整隱私政策之后,面對TikTok日益嚴重的威脅,該社交媒體巨頭面臨的競爭挑戰,分享了自己的看法。70%的受訪者認為,盡管蘋果調整了隱私政策,并且谷歌(Google)未來可能發布類似更新,但Meta可以增加收入。令人意外的是,有81%的受訪者相信,Meta可以遵守世界各地正在制定的不同隱私法律,這表明Meta員工相信監管增強并不會阻礙公司的發展。

有多位Meta前高管與受訪者的意見相左,他們認為隱私監管會產生嚴重影響。一位前技術高管對《財富》雜志表示:“在Facebook創建之初,并不存在這些問題。”這位技術高管提到,在當前的隱私環境下,公司很難不違反規定維持以經營。這位技術人員認為,政府和監管部門可能更傾向于對Meta的元宇宙開發進行審查,因為公司在以前的失誤之后一直沒有從監管部門那里獲得任何好感。這位技術人員補充道:“我不確定面臨如此嚴格的審查,他們還會有之前那種良好的發展環境。”

關于TikTok,Meta員工對公司能否與字節跳動旗下的社交媒體巨頭競爭存在分歧,有52%的受訪者表示相信公司最終能夠在短視頻領域打敗TikTok。

第二項Blind調查的受訪者是1,003名經過核實的Meta美國員工。員工在調查中分享了自己對于公司業務重心向元宇宙轉移的想法。約58%的受訪者表示相信Meta將在元宇宙領域取得成功,他們清楚Meta的元宇宙策略,并且了解Meta將如何從元宇宙中獲得收入。這部分Meta員工似乎掌握了一些華爾街投資者希望知道的信息。一位Meta前誠信團隊成員對《財富》雜志表示:“有一些很酷的事情正在發生……在新事物還沒有被所有人討厭的情況下,能夠參與其誕生過程讓我非常興奮。”員工的評論表明,與公司其他平臺有關的大量負面新聞已經讓員工不厭其煩,而公司的元宇宙計劃給他們帶來了激勵。

但雖然Meta員工相信公司的虛擬現實和增強現實轉型能夠取得成功,但這并不為意味著這項任務會像在虛擬公園里散步一樣輕松。只有38%的受訪者表示,他們認為在Facebook更名為Meta之后,工作變得更容易。

扎克伯格可能認為這種不舒適證明Meta走在了正軌上,正在邁向未來。但對于其他人來說,從蘋果的隱私政策調整到日益嚴重的反壟斷風險,從隱私監管到與TikTok的競爭難題,再到孤注一擲的元宇宙轉型,公司目前面臨的困難,都表明最輝煌的時期已經成為歷史。無論如何,桑德伯格的離職凸顯出,扎克伯格和公司將依賴截然不同甚至在某些方面未經考驗的副手和管理者團隊,執行元宇宙轉型。(財富中文網)

翻譯:劉進龍

審校:汪皓

It’s a tough time to work at the company formerly known as Facebook. And the departure of Sheryl Sandberg, who announced her resignation from Meta Platforms on Wednesday after 14 years as chief operating officer, is likely to add to the disquiet many employees feel following a tumultuous year at the company.

Meta’s struggles to maintain revenue and user growth in the face of Apple’s privacy changes and stiff competition from TikTok, combined with the whiplash-inducing pivot to the metaverse, have left many Meta employees feeling uneasy and disoriented, according to interviews with more than a dozen former employees who have left in the months since the company rebranded itself as Meta last October. That unease has been compounded by an apparent shift in the balance of power. Even before Sandberg announced her decision to step down, a wave of senior departures and a reordering of the leadership ranks under founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg had left employees wondering who’s in charge and where they stand. In the past year, Sandberg, Zuckerberg’s longtime second in command and formerly one of its most publicly prominent executives, had seemingly been relegated to fewer public-facing duties. (Sandberg has said she will remain on Meta’s board.)

“A lot of people are confused about exactly what they are supposed to be working on and why,” says one former executive who recently left the company. (All the former executives requested anonymity to avoid violating nondisclosure agreements or alienating such a powerful company.) This executive says the problem is acute among the technology staff, many of whom are racing to get put on metaverse-related projects because they figure that is where the money and visibility with top executives will be. But the uncertainty is also an issue for the employees who work on advertising sales, by far the company’s biggest revenue driver. “They have to figure out, how do you sell ads for the metaverse?” says the executive. “The demand for metaverse ads won’t be there for five years yet, but they have to be ready for it.”

In an interview, Sandberg told Fortune's Alyson Shontell and Phil Wahba that she intends to spend more time on philanthropy, including advocating for women's issues at a time when Roe v. Wade seems in imminent danger of being overturned. When asked about her decision to leave as Meta is reinventing itself and its advertising business is battling unprecedented problems, Sandberg said: "There's never one perfect moment. You know, there's no end or beginning of the ads business… There's no distinct or definitive chapters on the metaverse."

Many former employees, meanwhile, say they and their colleagues are concerned about whether the company, which has been a reliable engine of profits and growth in the past, can continue to match that performance. “Is the pivot going to be successful financially for the company? I think a lot of people were concerned about that,” one says. This executive says he once heard Zuckerberg himself muse in a large internal meeting about the longevity of large companies, and how few manage to remain top global revenue producers for more than a decade. (Facebook was launched in 2004, and went public in 2012.)

Mark Mahaney, an internet analyst at Evercore, said in a note to investors in February, after Meta’s stock cratered, that the market was questioning whether Meta was becoming “Yahoo 3.0.” And Business Insider reported in April that at least one company insider had heard colleagues also making the Yahoo comparison. (Once a dominant internet company, Yahoo lost its prominence in the era of social media and smartphones; it was acquired by Verizon and eventually sold off to a private equity firm.) While none of the executives Fortune spoke to recall hearing Yahoo invoked specifically, they say some employees are worried that Meta might be entering a terminal decline. The falling stock price—down more than 40% since the rebrand in mid-October 2021—has also been a topic of conversation, recently departed Meta employees say, because employees are given a lot of their compensation in equity, and have a lot of potential personal wealth at stake. “Everyone cares about the stock price,” one told us.

Asked about employee perceptions of the company's financial condition, a Meta spokesperson declined to comment, but pointed a reporter to remarks Zuckerberg made during Meta's April 27 earnings call expressing confidence in the company's long-term plans.

Controversies around misinformation and inflammatory content on Meta’s social platforms have also continued to dog the company, creating internal problems for Sandberg in particular. Until recently, Sandberg was the most prominent spokesperson for the company aside from Zuckerberg. But Nick Clegg, the former British deputy prime minister who is now Meta’s president of global affairs, largely displaced Sandberg in this public-facing role, a move accelerated by reported tension between Sandberg and Zuckerberg over her public comments in the wake of the January 2021 storming of the U.S. Capitol. Sandberg’s remarks at the time were widely interpreted as her trying to deflect Meta’s responsibility for providing a platform that many right-wing groups used to organize the incident. This was seen by some insiders as just the latest in a string of Sandberg gaffes. “They put her on ice for a while,” one former Meta executive says. (The Meta spokesperson declined to comment about cultural and personnel issues at the company.)

Meta employees appear ambivalent regarding Zuckerberg’s leadership of the company Sandberg is leaving behind. In a survey conducted in mid-May, before Sandberg’s announcement, by the employee messaging company Blind on behalf of Fortune, about 33% of surveyed employees said they are less confident about Zuckerberg’s leadership compared to last year, contrasting with 27% who said they were more confident. Forty percent of respondents said they felt “no change” on that front.

At the same time, current and former employees Fortune spoke with said that, despite misgivings, employees are largely willing to give Zuckerberg the benefit of the doubt—on his leadership in general, and on the metaverse in particular. That’s because they have watched Zuck successfully pivot the company before: first with the move from Facebook being primarily a website that people accessed from their desktops to being primarily a mobile app; then with the acquisitions of both Instagram and WhatsApp; with the roll-out of Stories, image-heavy posts that only stay up for a day and were meant to compete with Snap; with Shops, which is Meta’s current e-commerce feature; and with various adjustments in how the News Feed algorithm works.

That’s a lot of pivots, and it helps explain why those employees are relatively sanguine. What's more, the company is operating from a position of relative financial strength: For all its woes, Meta Platforms brought in nearly $40 billion in net income in 2021, and another $7.5 billion in profits in the first quarter of 2022.

As for Zuckerberg himself, he told podcaster Tim Ferris in late March that the fact people seemed confused and uncertain about his decision to pivot the company to the metaverse was simply more evidence that it was the right thing to do. “Obviously, being in a state where something that you’re trying to do is fundamentally misunderstood or that people don’t believe in it, can be tough,” Zuckerberg said. “But after going through a bunch of these cycles, I actually feel like I’ve trained myself to see it the opposite way, which is if I’m doing something that feels too well understood for too long, then I feel like I’m just being complacent. I want to push us into the zone, which is: OK, let’s constantly be doing something that can be doubted. Because if we’re not, then what are we doing?” Never mind that such solipsistic logic could justify almost any project—apparently a well-thought-out business plan is the hobgoblin of little minds.

Change at the top

Some former employees say that the departure of a host of senior-level Meta executives, and a reshuffling of the inner circle closest to Zuckerberg, are contributing to a growing sense of unease among colleagues. Business publication Insider counted 18 top executives who departed the company in 2021 alone. These include David Fischer, the company’s former chief revenue officer; Fidji Simo, who left Meta, where she had been overseeing the Facebook app, to become CEO of Instacart; and Carolyn Everson, a top global ad sales executive, who went to Instacart to join Simo. Asha Sharma, who had been in charge of Meta’s messaging apps, also headed for the exits, as did David Marcus, who had run Meta’s nascent efforts in building payments technology, including its abortive cryptocurrency project.

The departures also included people on the technology side whose expertise could have been critical to building the metaverse. Among them was Mike “Schrep” Schroepfer, the company’s chief technology officer, who was a 13-year veteran of the company. Schrep had spent a lot of time trying to advance Meta’s artificial intelligence systems, including efforts to use A.I. to help moderate content on the company’s platform. His replacement as CTO, Andrew “Boz” Bosworth, had been in charge of Meta’s Reality Labs division, which is focused on virtual and augmented reality and now has responsibility for delivering the hardware side of Meta’s metaverse. (Reality Labs remains under Bosworth’s leadership; Vishal Shah, an Instagram veteran, is now VP of metaverse and is responsible for metaverse software and business development.)

The transition between Schrep and Boz has been rocky, one former employee familiar with the CTO’s office says. “It has not gone well,” says the former employee. He says some of this is a matter of personal demeanor and management style. Schrep was known for being low-key and introspective, with some former employees saying he was personally troubled by the company’s issues around harmful content and cared deeply about trying to solve them. Boz, these employees say, is more extroverted, more hard-charging and brash. “In terms of management style, it’s just this 180-degree difference,” the former employee says. One can get a sense of this difference from Zuckerberg too. For instance, in his podcast interview with Ferris, Zuckerberg said, “One of my colleagues, Boz, has this saying that we’re in danger of nice-ing ourselves to death.” Whatever Boz is, in other words, nice isn’t it.

The increasing prominence of Clegg, the president of global affairs, has also worried some insiders, former employees say. Clegg, who joined Facebook in 2018, has become Meta’s main spokesman on issues ranging from misinformation and harmful content to data privacy and antitrust. A recent blog post laying out Meta’s vision for the metaverse—and, crucially, stating why Meta thinks it shouldn’t be solely responsible for policing conduct in the metaverse in the same way it has been forced to moderate content on its existing platforms—went out under Clegg’s name, not Zuckerberg’s.

Meanwhile, Sandberg’s public-facing duties had seemingly dwindled. In addition, a number of Sandberg loyalists have been “layered,” one former Meta executive says, meaning they have had additional levels of management inserted between them and Zuckerberg’s innermost circle. (In a Facebook and Instagram post announcing her departure, Sandberg was effusive in her gratitude toward Zuckerberg, and wrote, "We still sit together...meet one-on-one every week, and the feedback is immediate and real.")

Some former Meta insiders say they worry that Clegg, a career politician, is not the right person to be serving as Zuckerberg’s de facto number two, especially given his limited experience with technology, the advertising business on which Meta depends, or running a for-profit company. Some also point out that Clegg does not have the best reputation in the U.K., where he is seen as having made a Faustian bargain when he took his Liberal Democrat party into government as the junior partner in a coalition government with the Conservative Party. Many Liberal Democrats felt Clegg betrayed the party’s ideals for his own power, and that the party was unable to effectively influence the national agenda, especially on crucial issues such as Brexit, which largely reflected Conservative priorities. Many blame Clegg for the historic election defeat the Liberal Democrats suffered in the ensuing general election.

Clegg has been advancing the argument that Meta should not be considered primarily responsible for regulating conduct in the metaverse it is building. This stance is controversial with lawmakers and online watchdogs. But one former Meta executive says he thinks the clarity of this position makes it more defensible than the position Meta has been in with its existing platforms. The company has tried, or in some cases been forced by law, to moderate content, and yet has continually fallen short of expectations. This executive faults Meta for in the past shifting between saying its platform was simply “a mirror of society,” to hiring armies of contractors to moderate content, to saying A.I. would solve Meta’s content moderation issues, to realizing A.I. wasn’t working. “There is some back-and-forth before they land where they landed,” he says of the policy of not taking full responsibility for users’ conduct. He says it would have been better to have just stuck to the line that Meta is not going to fix society’s problems by itself, which is the line he thinks Clegg is trying to draw around the metaverse.

Whichever direction this goes, how these issues are addressed will have major internal repercussions at Meta. Many of the former executives Fortune spoke to cited burnout as a major issue at the company—burnout fueled, in part, by the continual public criticism that the company has absorbed over content and conduct on its platforms.

Faith in the business

Despite the numerous challenges Meta faces, as well as its damaged reputation thanks to years of data-privacy blunders and content mishaps, many employees are still optimistic that the company will overcome its obstacles. Two exclusive surveys conducted by Blind for Fortune reveal that a substantial number of Meta employees have faith in the company’s ability to compete with other tech giants, and believe that the yet-to-be developed metaverse will one day become a lucrative business.

In one survey of 1,035 verified U.S.-based Meta professionals, conducted in mid-May, employees revealed their thoughts about the competitive challenges the social media giant faces in light of Apple’s privacy changes and the rising threat of TikTok. Seventy percent of those surveyed believe that Meta can increase revenues despite Apple’s privacy changes and Google’s yet-to-be implemented similar updates. A whopping 81% believe that Meta can comply with the different privacy laws being developed worldwide, suggesting that workers believe increased regulations won’t hamper the company.

Several former Meta executives disagree with the survey respondents, and believe that the privacy regulations will have a major impact. “When Facebook was built, none of this shit existed,” one former technology executive told Fortune, regarding how the modern-day privacy landscape has made it difficult for the company to run its business without running afoul of regulations. “I'm less sure that just given the scrutiny they have, they will have that type of runway,” the technologist added, noting that governments and regulators may be more inclined to scrutinize Meta’s development of the metaverse because the company hasn’t earned any goodwill following previous blunders.

Regarding TikTok, Meta employees were generally divided about their employer’s ability to compete with the ByteDance-owned social media giant, with 52% saying they were confident that Meta could eventually beat TikTok in short-form video content.

In our second Blind poll, this time a survey of 1,003 verified Meta employees in the U.S., workers revealed their thoughts about the company’s pivot to the metaverse. About 58% of those surveyed say they are confident that Meta will be successful in the metaverse, that they understand Meta’s strategy for the metaverse, and that they understand how Meta will drive revenue from the metaverse. These Meta workers seem to know something that concerned Wall Street investors would like to know. As a former Meta integrity team member told Fortune, “There’s some really cool stuff happening… There's an excitement about being a part of something new, where everyone isn't hating on it yet.” The employee’s comments underscore how the company’s metaverse plans have inspired workers who may have gotten tired of the deluge of negative news surrounding the company's other platforms.

But while the Meta workers believe that the company could be successful in its epic VR and AR pivot, that doesn’t mean the task will be a walk in the virtual park. Only 38% of surveyed Meta employees say that they believe their job is easier now that Facebook has rebranded as Meta.

Zuckerberg may think this kind of discomfort proves Meta is on the right track—that it is living in the future. For others, the company’s existing travails—from Apple’s privacy changes to the growing risk of antitrust and privacy regulation to its struggles to match TikTok—as well as the Hail Mary nature of its metaverse pivot, are signs of a company whose best days are receding into the past. Either way, Sandberg's departure underscores the fact that Zuckerberg and the company will be relying on a decidedly different, and in some ways unproven, team of deputies and managers to execute the metaverse reinvention.

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