美國新冠疫情新增病例目前呈下降趨勢,然而,專家表示,歐洲新增病例的激增意味著美國很快將迎來新一輪的疫情。
醫(yī)療研究機構(gòu)斯克里普斯研究所(Scripps Institute)的創(chuàng)始人及主任埃里克·托波爾于3月12日在推特(Twitter)上寫道:“歐洲的新一輪疫情已經(jīng)開始了。”他還分享了奧地利、荷蘭、德國、希臘等國家的新冠病例快速增長的圖表。
在幾乎整個新冠疫情期間,美國一直都緊跟歐洲的疫情發(fā)展趨勢。只要歐洲的病例數(shù)量出現(xiàn)激增,美國在數(shù)周后就會出現(xiàn)類似的情況。
美國賓夕法尼亞大學免疫學研究所(University of Pennsylvania’s Institute for Immunology)的主任約翰·惠里告訴《財富》雜志:“美國往往會在約兩到四周的時間后跟隨歐洲的步伐。我們看到整個新冠疫情期間都是如此,而且我們很有可能看到美國的新增病例數(shù)量在未來一到三周內(nèi)出現(xiàn)大幅增長。”
專家稱,當前橫掃歐洲的這波疫情歸咎于幾個重要原因,包括奧密克戎亞變種的傳播(被稱為隱形奧密克戎)、政府限制的放寬,以及民眾行為及其對病毒認知的改變。
隨著美國大多數(shù)行政區(qū)都已經(jīng)取消了強制口罩令以及社交隔離要求,而且民眾也迫切希望能夠回歸正常生活,這些因素目前已經(jīng)在美國大行其道。
弗雷德·哈欽森癌癥研究中心(Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center)的傳染病研究員喬希·希弗博士告訴《財富》雜志:“這些變量都已經(jīng)在美國出現(xiàn),因此,我有理由相信,美國有可能會出現(xiàn)新冠病例的激增,而且我們很有可能面臨出現(xiàn)類似于歐洲當前疫情局面的風險。”
“隱形奧密克戎”
在過去幾天中,歐洲新增病例最大的禍首之一是一種新的新冠變異毒株BA.2,俗稱“隱形奧密克戎”。
人們首先在今年1月于歐洲發(fā)現(xiàn)了這一病毒,然后迅速傳遍整個歐洲大陸。隱形奧密克戎和普通奧密克戎(BA.1)之間的區(qū)別在于,前者的傳染性更強,而且很難被檢測到。普通奧密克戎是從2021年11月開始在歐洲傳播的。
位于英格蘭的巴斯大學(University of Bath)的數(shù)學生物學講師克里斯蒂安·耶茨說:“隱形奧密克戎在英國已經(jīng)成為了首要致病病毒,而且應該比BA.1的傳染性強得多。因此我認為,這一點可能是導致英國和歐洲目前病例激增的罪魁禍首。”
英國的新增病例自2月底以來一直在飆升,上周檢測呈陽性的民眾便超過了50萬。隱形奧密克戎感染者占到了新病例的約57%。
耶茨表示,英國的住院率較新冠疫情初期階段的最高值還相距甚遠,但他認為隱形奧密克戎的快速傳播可能會改變這一切。英國國家衛(wèi)生服務機構(gòu)(National Health Service)稱,在3月12日結(jié)束的那一周,超過1.1萬名新冠病患住進了醫(yī)院,較前一周增長了21%。
美國的隱形奧密克戎感染率比歐洲低很多,但呈現(xiàn)出快速增長趨勢。2月底,該亞變種占到了美國新感染病例的約8%,但這一比例如今達到了近25%。
希弗說:“有鑒于其比原始奧密克戎病毒更強的傳染能力,我可以肯定地說,該病毒[隱形奧密克戎]最終將成為美國的主要致病毒株。”
限制的放寬
在原始奧密克戎于歐洲肆虐之時,全球各國政府受該病毒危重癥致病能力看似較弱的影響,開始逐漸取消更多的疫情限制令。
歐洲在2021年12月和2022年1月初經(jīng)歷了奧密克戎病毒的新一輪爆發(fā),而各國于今年1月和2月開始放寬限制。盡管新增病例在不斷上升,但意大利政府在今年1月的第一周發(fā)布了政策,要求學校繼續(xù)開學。英國開始在今年1月底放寬強制口罩令以及新冠通行證要求。丹麥則在今年2月初取消了所有與新冠疫情相關的限制令。
專家認為,限制的放寬可能助長了民眾行為的改變,繼而導致了當前病例數(shù)的激增。
耶茨稱:“政府想傳達的信息是,英國的新冠疫情已經(jīng)結(jié)束。”在英國看來,新冠已經(jīng)不再是什么威脅,受此影響,眾多民眾的行為與過去幾輪病例激增期間相比也發(fā)生了變化。
在美國,盡管一些州自去年春季開始便沒有出臺強制口罩令,然而很多州在過去幾個月中取消了其新冠疫情限令。夏威夷依然在堅持,但也將在本月晚些時候取消強制口罩令。
其他主流全球新聞也在重新轉(zhuǎn)移民眾的注意力,讓其遠離已經(jīng)霸占新聞界兩年之久的重大疫情報道。對于很多人來說,不管他們是否是新冠患者,限令和持續(xù)的報道通常更像是在明顯地提醒著他們:我們生活在疫情中,并非生活在導致疫情的病毒之中。
耶茨指出:“在英國,新冠疫情已經(jīng)淡出了新聞頭條行列,考慮到烏克蘭可怕的戰(zhàn)爭危機,這一點也是可以理解的。”
為什么新一輪新冠病例激增的破壞性會小一些
然而,即便歐洲的新冠病例會繼續(xù)增長,而且新一波的隱形奧密克戎病毒會讓美國不堪重負,但專家們表示,這輪新冠疫情的破壞力不會像此前幾輪那樣大。
西歐和美國大力開展的新冠疫苗接種舉措讓普通民眾擁有了更好的免疫力。這意味著人們?nèi)匀粫桓腥荆≡旱娜藬?shù)可能會有所減少。
美國疾控中心(CDC)的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,約77%的美國人口已經(jīng)接種了至少一劑疫苗,65%已經(jīng)完全接種,29%已經(jīng)接種了加強針。
希弗表示:“我們[美國]現(xiàn)在的基礎免疫水平很高,在老年人這類高風險的人群中更是如此,我們?yōu)檫@些人群的疫苗接種工作確實做得很到位。”
對于一些并未如此重視疫苗接種的國家和地區(qū)來說,它們當前面臨著完全迥異的病例激增局面。中國香港正在艱難地應對其最嚴重的一輪疫情,然而,在該城市100多萬名70歲以上的居民中,有近半數(shù)在當前疫情到來之前從未接種過疫苗。中國香港上周登記的新冠死亡率居于世界首位。
希弗說:“中國香港當前的局面與意大利、西班牙類似,很像美國部分州在2020年年初的局勢。”
即便在免疫力有所增強的情況下,美國隱形奧密克戎的病例激增不大可能像此前幾波那樣嚴重,但病毒會持續(xù)威脅數(shù)千萬脆弱人群的健康。長期新冠疫情所帶來的風險對任何感染新冠病毒的人來說都是持續(xù)的未知之謎和威脅。只要這種病毒依然在傳播,一輪又一輪的疫情就將再次出現(xiàn)。
惠里稱,新冠疫情淡出新聞界的現(xiàn)象是正常的,但這一現(xiàn)象可能會滋生自滿情緒。他說:“這對個人來說是如此,對決策者、政客和公共衛(wèi)生官員來說亦是如此。”
在英國,這一幕似乎已經(jīng)在上演了。
耶茨說:“英國的很多民眾并未意識到當前新增病例數(shù)量正在飆升。民眾不再認為新冠威脅在逐漸加深,因此可能無需再像以前那樣采取保護措施。”(財富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:馮豐
審校:夏林
美國新冠疫情新增病例目前呈下降趨勢,然而,專家表示,歐洲新增病例的激增意味著美國很快將迎來新一輪的疫情。
醫(yī)療研究機構(gòu)斯克里普斯研究所(Scripps Institute)的創(chuàng)始人及主任埃里克·托波爾于3月12日在推特(Twitter)上寫道:“歐洲的新一輪疫情已經(jīng)開始了。”他還分享了奧地利、荷蘭、德國、希臘等國家的新冠病例快速增長的圖表。
在幾乎整個新冠疫情期間,美國一直都緊跟歐洲的疫情發(fā)展趨勢。只要歐洲的病例數(shù)量出現(xiàn)激增,美國在數(shù)周后就會出現(xiàn)類似的情況。
美國賓夕法尼亞大學免疫學研究所(University of Pennsylvania’s Institute for Immunology)的主任約翰·惠里告訴《財富》雜志:“美國往往會在約兩到四周的時間后跟隨歐洲的步伐。我們看到整個新冠疫情期間都是如此,而且我們很有可能看到美國的新增病例數(shù)量在未來一到三周內(nèi)出現(xiàn)大幅增長。”
專家稱,當前橫掃歐洲的這波疫情歸咎于幾個重要原因,包括奧密克戎亞變種的傳播(被稱為隱形奧密克戎)、政府限制的放寬,以及民眾行為及其對病毒認知的改變。
隨著美國大多數(shù)行政區(qū)都已經(jīng)取消了強制口罩令以及社交隔離要求,而且民眾也迫切希望能夠回歸正常生活,這些因素目前已經(jīng)在美國大行其道。
弗雷德·哈欽森癌癥研究中心(Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center)的傳染病研究員喬希·希弗博士告訴《財富》雜志:“這些變量都已經(jīng)在美國出現(xiàn),因此,我有理由相信,美國有可能會出現(xiàn)新冠病例的激增,而且我們很有可能面臨出現(xiàn)類似于歐洲當前疫情局面的風險。”
“隱形奧密克戎”
在過去幾天中,歐洲新增病例最大的禍首之一是一種新的新冠變異毒株BA.2,俗稱“隱形奧密克戎”。
人們首先在今年1月于歐洲發(fā)現(xiàn)了這一病毒,然后迅速傳遍整個歐洲大陸。隱形奧密克戎和普通奧密克戎(BA.1)之間的區(qū)別在于,前者的傳染性更強,而且很難被檢測到。普通奧密克戎是從2021年11月開始在歐洲傳播的。
位于英格蘭的巴斯大學(University of Bath)的數(shù)學生物學講師克里斯蒂安·耶茨說:“隱形奧密克戎在英國已經(jīng)成為了首要致病病毒,而且應該比BA.1的傳染性強得多。因此我認為,這一點可能是導致英國和歐洲目前病例激增的罪魁禍首。”
英國的新增病例自2月底以來一直在飆升,上周檢測呈陽性的民眾便超過了50萬。隱形奧密克戎感染者占到了新病例的約57%。
耶茨表示,英國的住院率較新冠疫情初期階段的最高值還相距甚遠,但他認為隱形奧密克戎的快速傳播可能會改變這一切。英國國家衛(wèi)生服務機構(gòu)(National Health Service)稱,在3月12日結(jié)束的那一周,超過1.1萬名新冠病患住進了醫(yī)院,較前一周增長了21%。
美國的隱形奧密克戎感染率比歐洲低很多,但呈現(xiàn)出快速增長趨勢。2月底,該亞變種占到了美國新感染病例的約8%,但這一比例如今達到了近25%。
希弗說:“有鑒于其比原始奧密克戎病毒更強的傳染能力,我可以肯定地說,該病毒[隱形奧密克戎]最終將成為美國的主要致病毒株。”
限制的放寬
在原始奧密克戎于歐洲肆虐之時,全球各國政府受該病毒危重癥致病能力看似較弱的影響,開始逐漸取消更多的疫情限制令。
歐洲在2021年12月和2022年1月初經(jīng)歷了奧密克戎病毒的新一輪爆發(fā),而各國于今年1月和2月開始放寬限制。盡管新增病例在不斷上升,但意大利政府在今年1月的第一周發(fā)布了政策,要求學校繼續(xù)開學。英國開始在今年1月底放寬強制口罩令以及新冠通行證要求。丹麥則在今年2月初取消了所有與新冠疫情相關的限制令。
專家認為,限制的放寬可能助長了民眾行為的改變,繼而導致了當前病例數(shù)的激增。
耶茨稱:“政府想傳達的信息是,英國的新冠疫情已經(jīng)結(jié)束。”在英國看來,新冠已經(jīng)不再是什么威脅,受此影響,眾多民眾的行為與過去幾輪病例激增期間相比也發(fā)生了變化。
在美國,盡管一些州自去年春季開始便沒有出臺強制口罩令,然而很多州在過去幾個月中取消了其新冠疫情限令。夏威夷依然在堅持,但也將在本月晚些時候取消強制口罩令。
其他主流全球新聞也在重新轉(zhuǎn)移民眾的注意力,讓其遠離已經(jīng)霸占新聞界兩年之久的重大疫情報道。對于很多人來說,不管他們是否是新冠患者,限令和持續(xù)的報道通常更像是在明顯地提醒著他們:我們生活在疫情中,并非生活在導致疫情的病毒之中。
耶茨指出:“在英國,新冠疫情已經(jīng)淡出了新聞頭條行列,考慮到烏克蘭可怕的戰(zhàn)爭危機,這一點也是可以理解的。”
為什么新一輪新冠病例激增的破壞性會小一些
然而,即便歐洲的新冠病例會繼續(xù)增長,而且新一波的隱形奧密克戎病毒會讓美國不堪重負,但專家們表示,這輪新冠疫情的破壞力不會像此前幾輪那樣大。
西歐和美國大力開展的新冠疫苗接種舉措讓普通民眾擁有了更好的免疫力。這意味著人們?nèi)匀粫桓腥荆≡旱娜藬?shù)可能會有所減少。
美國疾控中心(CDC)的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,約77%的美國人口已經(jīng)接種了至少一劑疫苗,65%已經(jīng)完全接種,29%已經(jīng)接種了加強針。
希弗表示:“我們[美國]現(xiàn)在的基礎免疫水平很高,在老年人這類高風險的人群中更是如此,我們?yōu)檫@些人群的疫苗接種工作確實做得很到位。”
對于一些并未如此重視疫苗接種的國家和地區(qū)來說,它們當前面臨著完全迥異的病例激增局面。中國香港正在艱難地應對其最嚴重的一輪疫情,然而,在該城市100多萬名70歲以上的居民中,有近半數(shù)在當前疫情到來之前從未接種過疫苗。中國香港上周登記的新冠死亡率居于世界首位。
希弗說:“中國香港當前的局面與意大利、西班牙類似,很像美國部分州在2020年年初的局勢。”
即便在免疫力有所增強的情況下,美國隱形奧密克戎的病例激增不大可能像此前幾波那樣嚴重,但病毒會持續(xù)威脅數(shù)千萬脆弱人群的健康。長期新冠疫情所帶來的風險對任何感染新冠病毒的人來說都是持續(xù)的未知之謎和威脅。只要這種病毒依然在傳播,一輪又一輪的疫情就將再次出現(xiàn)。
惠里稱,新冠疫情淡出新聞界的現(xiàn)象是正常的,但這一現(xiàn)象可能會滋生自滿情緒。他說:“這對個人來說是如此,對決策者、政客和公共衛(wèi)生官員來說亦是如此。”
在英國,這一幕似乎已經(jīng)在上演了。
耶茨說:“英國的很多民眾并未意識到當前新增病例數(shù)量正在飆升。民眾不再認為新冠威脅在逐漸加深,因此可能無需再像以前那樣采取保護措施。”(財富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:馮豐
審校:夏林
U.S. COVID rates are currently on the decline, but experts say that a virus surge in Europe means that Americans should expect their own wave soon.
“The next wave in Europe has begun,” Eric Topol, founder and director of the medical research Scripps Institute, wrote on Twitter on March 12, sharing a chart showing rapid upticks in the COVID-19 case counts of Austria, the Netherlands, Germany, Greece, and more.
For almost the entire pandemic, the U.S. has closely followed trends happening in Europe. Each time, a surge of virus caseloads in Europe forecast a similar outbreak in the U.S. weeks later.
“The U.S. typically follows Europe by about two to four weeks. We've seen this throughout the pandemic, and it's very likely that we're going to see a spike in the U.S. over the next probably one to three weeks,” John Wherry, director of the University of Pennsylvania’s Institute for Immunology, told Fortune.
Experts say that the current wave sweeping Europe comes down to a few big factors, including the spread of Omicron’s subvariant (dubbed stealth Omicron), governments relaxing restrictions, and people changing their behaviors and conception of the virus.
Those factors are now taking hold in the U.S., as most jurisdictions have dropped their mask mandates and distancing requirements, and people desperately want to return to normal.
“Those variables are relevant in the U.S. and lead me to believe that a similar surge in cases is likely to occur here,” Dr. Josh Schiffer, infectious disease researcher at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, told Fortune. “It seems likely that we're at risk for a similar situation as is occurring in Europe right now.”
“Stealth Omicron”
One of the biggest sources of new infections in Europe over the past few days has been the rise of a new form of the virus, the BA.2 variant, colloquially known as “stealth Omicron.”
It was first identified in Europe in January and has spread throughout the continent quickly. The difference between stealth Omicron and regular Omicron (BA.1), which has been circulating in Europe since November, is that the former appears to be even more contagious and harder to detect.
“It's dominant here across the U.K., and it’s supposed to be significantly more transmissible than BA.1,” Christian Yates, lecturer in mathematical biology at the University of Bath in England, told Fortune. “So I think that could be leading to the big rises that we're seeing across the U.K. and Europe.”
New COVID cases in Britain have been on a steep rise since the end of February, as over 500,000 people tested positive for the virus in the last week. Stealth Omicron accounts for around 57% of new cases.
Yates says hospitalization rates in the U.K. are still nowhere near the all-time highs seen in earlier phases of the pandemic, but he said he thinks the rapid spread of stealth Omicron could change that. In the week ending March 12, more than 11,000 patients with COVID were admitted to hospitals, according to the National Health Service, a 21% increase from the previous week.
Stealth Omicron infection rates in the U.S. are much lower than those in Europe, but rising fast. By the end of February, the subvariant accounted for around 8% of infections in the U.S., but that share is now up to nearly 25%.
“What I can say confidently is that [stealth Omicron] will become the predominant variant in the U.S. eventually, based on its ability to outcompete the original Omicron,” Schiffer said.
Relaxed restrictions
Around the time of the original Omicron surge in Europe, governments worldwide—encouraged by the seemingly lower severity of the new variant—began to gradually lift more pandemic restrictions.
Europe experienced its Omicron wave in December and early January, and countries began relaxing restrictions in January and February. Italian authorities issued policies in the first week of January aimed at keeping schools open despite rising caseloads. The U.K. began easing mask mandates and COVID pass requirements starting at the end of January, and Denmark abandoned all virus restrictions at the beginning of February.
Experts believe this relaxation of restrictions may have played a role in changing behaviors, which in turn is fueling the current surge.
“The government messaging is that the COVID pandemic is over in the U.K.,” Yates said. COVID-19 is no longer discussed as a threat in the country, leading many to behave differently than they have during other surges.
In the U.S., some states have not had a mask mandate in place since last spring, but many have dropped their COVID restrictions over the past few months. Hawaii is the last holdout, and will stop enforcing masks later this month.
Other major global news stories have also redirected more people’s attention away from the main pandemic story that has been dominating the news cycle for two years. For many people, whether they had COVID or not, restrictions and constant coverage were often a more palpable reminder that we are living in a pandemic than the virus that is causing it.
”COVID has dropped out as a news headline here, and understandably so because of the horrific crisis in Ukraine,” Yates said.
Why next COVID surge could be less disruptive
But even if COVID cases in Europe continue to rise, and a new wave of stealth Omicron overwhelms the U.S., experts say it’s unlikely to be as disruptive as previous surges.
The strong vaccination campaigns carried out in Western Europe and the U.S. have left behind more robust immunity among the general populations. That means that people will still get infected, but it’s likely that fewer will end up in the hospital.
Around 77% of the U.S. population has received at least one vaccine dose, 65% is fully vaccinated, and 29% have received a booster, according to data from the CDC.
“We have a high level of underlying immunity in [the U.S.] at the moment, particularly among the highest risk group, which is the elderly, where we really have done a nice job in terms of vaccinating that population,” Schiffer said.
Some countries and regions that have not focused so heavily on vaccinations are currently experiencing very different types of surges. Hong Kong is grappling with its worst wave of infections yet, but with less than half of the city’s 1 million residents over 70 vaccinated before the current outbreak, the city’s death rate from COVID-19 registered as the highest in the world last week.
“What's happening in Hong Kong right now is very much akin to what happened in Italy, in Spain, and in parts of the U.S. during the early 2020s,” Schiffer said.
And even though a stealth Omicron surge in the U.S. is less likely to be as severe as previous waves because of increased immunity, the virus will continue to pose a threat to millions of vulnerable people. The risk of long COVID is also an ongoing mystery and a danger to anyone who catches COVID. And for as long as the virus is still circulating, new waves will continue to emerge.
COVID falling out of the news cycle is natural, but it may breed complacency, according to Wherry. “That's true for individuals, but also policymakers, politicians, and public health officials. We're not out of the woods,” he said.
In the U.K., that seems to already be happening.
“Many people in the U.K. are not even aware that there's a surge going on at the moment,” Yates said. “People are not having the idea that COVID is a threat reinforced anymore, and so perhaps not protecting each other in the same way.”