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一位美國80后的困境:進入不惑之年后生活越發艱難

Megan Leonhardt
2022-02-25

新冠疫情給千禧一代的職業帶來了巨大沖擊。

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查爾斯·布萊恩特將于下個月迎來40歲的生日,但從某種程度上講,他的職業道路感覺就像是回到了高中畢業伊始。他當前的處境與其心目中這個年齡段的生活狀態可謂是相距甚遠。

布萊恩特是紐約人,如今住在特拉華州,曾經擔任一家酒店的經理,但酒店卻因為新冠疫情而關停。他不得不暫時解雇了酒店40名員工中的36名,而酒店在新冠疫情期間也成為了無家可歸人群的臨時避難所。在承受了一段時間的減薪之后,他選擇了離職。布萊恩特對《財富》雜志說:“受新冠疫情影響,我此前10年在職業方面創造的所有良好態勢戛然而止。”

與父母同住、靠積蓄和政府經濟刺激津貼度日的布萊恩特仍然在尋找就業機會。他甚至拿到了地產經紀人牌照,但銷售線索轉化為業績十分緩慢。最終,2021年10月,布萊恩特被一家大型零售商聘請為運營經理。

圖片來源:Photo courtesy of Charles Bryant

布萊恩特是一位退伍軍人,這些年來曾經供職于多個行業,如今,他再次踏上了一段嶄新的職業旅程。布萊恩特在談論獲得這份工作時說:“我還沒有擺脫困境,但我看到了一絲希望。”

然而,過去二十年為打拼事業所遭遇的艱辛也并非沒有代價。布萊恩特表示:“我是那種會制定五年計劃、十年計劃的人。我希望能夠實現既定目標。”他說,所有人都夢想著長大,然后買房,生幾個孩子,養一條狗。然而,離婚以及與父母同居的現實讓他感到十分煩惱。

他還說:“我養過幾條很酷的狗。我也曾經有過幾套不錯的住房,但我沒有保住它們,而且如今我變得一貧如洗。我不得不變賣、犧牲或丟棄曾經的一切,而且只能隨波逐流地走到了今天這個境地。”

布萊恩特稱:“我遵從了社會所制定的規則,參與了這場游戲,并上了學,而且成績非常好。對于我所從事的每一份工作,我都非常賣力,但我的所得并不成正比,讓我感到非常不公。”

連綿不斷的挫折

新冠疫情給千禧一代的職業帶來了巨大沖擊,而且這種影響和恢復對于布萊恩特這樣的美國黑人來說異常困難。問題在于,這并非是這類人群第一次遭遇這種情況。更年長一點的千禧一代,也就是1981年至1989年出生的那群人,曾經經歷過一系列讓其事業和財務遭到嚴重沖擊的重大事件,包括9·11、2008年的金融危機、大衰退(Great Recession),以及如今的新冠疫情。

布萊恩特說:“過去數年中長期存在的這種不確定性讓這一局面雪上加霜。一直以來過的十分艱難。”2000年高中畢業之后,布萊恩特被北卡羅來納大學格林斯伯勒分校(University of North Carolina at Greensboro)錄取,但在畢業之前就離開了學校。他加入了軍隊,2006年至2012年期間曾經在伊拉克和阿富汗服過役。

布萊恩特表示:“我一直憧憬自己可以成為家里的頂梁柱,就像我的父親一樣,而且我有這個機會來實現這一愿望。”然而,布萊恩特卻生不逢時。他說:“我離開了戰場,回到家后便出現了房市泡沫。為了謀生,我從一名軍隊士兵變成了7-11便利店和塔可貝爾(Taco Bell)的工作人員。”

不幸的是,布萊恩特并不是個例。2010年,在大衰退最嚴重的時期,20歲至24歲的年齡段人群中有17.2%處于失業狀態。這樣的失業率影響長遠。美國進步中心(Center for American Progress)估計,這些較為年輕的工人在未來10年中損失了214億美元的收入,相當于每人近2.2萬美元的損失。

千禧一代的薪資已經數年未見增長,即便就業率恢復之后亦是如此。無黨派智庫新美國基金會(New America)在2019年的報告顯示,事實上在同一年齡時,千禧一代相比嬰兒潮一代的薪資要低20%,不過前者的整體受教育程度卻高于后者。

布萊恩特說:“似乎每隔5年至6年,當我們剛剛擺脫困境,或至少看到了一絲希望時,就會發生一些事情,把我們打回原形。”

債務負擔令局面雪上加霜

千禧一代不僅面臨著嚴峻的勞動力市場和停滯不前的薪資,很多人還背負著學生債,而且是比以前幾代人更為沉重的學生債。

皮尤研究中心(Pew Research Center)稱,在1998年至2016年期間,美國背負不同程度學生債的家庭數量翻了一番。2016年,20歲至35歲人群的學生債金額中值為1.9萬美元。作為上代人,在相同年齡時,X一代的學生債中值為1.28萬美元。

布萊恩特于2015年重返學校學習市場營銷,并于2019年完成了學業。他說:“此舉最終帶來了更多的債務。”盡管他享受了美國軍人的福利,但依然欠下了近4.2萬美元的學生債,而且還有2700美元的信用卡債務沒有還。

益博睿(Experian)的2021年信用狀況報告(2021 State of Credit)顯示,總的來說,不計房貸,千禧一代的平均負債額約為28317美元。該報告將千禧一代定義為在1982年至1995年之間出生的人群。如果算上房貸,千禧一代的負債均值就會達到255527美元/人。

然而很多像布萊恩特的千禧一代并未購買房產。布萊恩特當前依然與父母同住,但也在考慮購置自有房產。事實上,房價一直在飆升,而創下歷史新低的房產供應更是火上澆油。

布萊恩特還表示:“周邊的經濟適用房資源可謂是少得可憐”,即便以我現在的薪資來說亦是如此。盡管他的年薪達到了7萬美元,但布萊恩特稱:“從方方面面來考慮,這點薪資只夠日常開銷。”

當然,并非所有的千禧一代都處于水深火熱之中。這一代人數量龐大,而且很多人都已經改善了其境遇。益博睿的研究顯示,X一代所背負的個人債務要高于千禧一代的平均水平。

益博睿的消費者教育與認知高級總監羅德·格里芬稱:“我們最近的研究顯示,千禧一代已經減少了其信貸資金利用率,而且其信貸拖欠率也在逐年下降,這是一件好事。”

飄忽不定的未來

這種定期出現的暗潮讓布萊恩特難以規劃未來,并為之攢錢。盡管當前的雇主為其提供401(K)計劃,而且他自己也為此繳納費用,但他如今并沒有一個穩固的退休福利計劃。盡管退役軍人的身份會給他帶來一些福利,但他服役時間較短,還拿不到養老金。

布萊恩特表示,到目前為止,他的退休計劃就是最大化利用自己的工作或其家人的副業,然后干到干不動為止。他說:“當你20多歲的時候,你剛剛步入社會,生活才剛剛開始。我并沒有這種感覺,但我會努力追趕。”

然而,布萊恩特確實擔心,如果沒有房子和一大筆遺產,自己到底能夠給兩個女兒留點什么。他說:“我只是盡我所能朝著好的方面去想,我真的希望我的孩子可以理解,我無法給予她們很多,但我會把自己擁有的一切都給她們。”

布萊恩特并非是個例。盡管眾多千禧一代已經開始為未來攢錢,但38%的千禧一代感覺自己還沒有為退休做好準備,這一比例在NAFA調查的數代人中居于首位。約13%的人認為,自己永遠不會退休,而另有18%的千禧一代也沒有制定退休計劃。

到了40歲,富達公司(Fidelity)建議自己手頭現有的退休存款應該是其年薪的三倍。美國人口調查局(U.S. Census Bureau)的最新數據顯示,2020年,年齡35歲至44歲人群的收入中值為85694美元,三倍便是略多于25.7萬美元。然而,2021年8月發布的《21世紀年度泛美退休調查》(21st Annual Transamerica Retirement Survey)稱,千禧一代為其退休攢下的費用平均約為6.8萬美元。

不過,盡管面臨著各種負擔,但布萊恩特稱自己會找到解決辦法。要說他從這些挫折中學到了什么,那就是如何生存。布萊恩特在談及其未來計劃時表示:“年齡會帶來智慧,而且我的視野更加寬廣。我可以反思自己曾經遇到的諸多挑戰,以及自己已經走過的那些坎坷道路,我覺得自己更有毅力了。”(財富中文網)

譯者:馮豐

審校:夏林

查爾斯·布萊恩特將于下個月迎來40歲的生日,但從某種程度上講,他的職業道路感覺就像是回到了高中畢業伊始。他當前的處境與其心目中這個年齡段的生活狀態可謂是相距甚遠。

布萊恩特是紐約人,如今住在特拉華州,曾經擔任一家酒店的經理,但酒店卻因為新冠疫情而關停。他不得不暫時解雇了酒店40名員工中的36名,而酒店在新冠疫情期間也成為了無家可歸人群的臨時避難所。在承受了一段時間的減薪之后,他選擇了離職。布萊恩特對《財富》雜志說:“受新冠疫情影響,我此前10年在職業方面創造的所有良好態勢戛然而止。”

與父母同住、靠積蓄和政府經濟刺激津貼度日的布萊恩特仍然在尋找就業機會。他甚至拿到了地產經紀人牌照,但銷售線索轉化為業績十分緩慢。最終,2021年10月,布萊恩特被一家大型零售商聘請為運營經理。

布萊恩特是一位退伍軍人,這些年來曾經供職于多個行業,如今,他再次踏上了一段嶄新的職業旅程。布萊恩特在談論獲得這份工作時說:“我還沒有擺脫困境,但我看到了一絲希望。”

然而,過去二十年為打拼事業所遭遇的艱辛也并非沒有代價。布萊恩特表示:“我是那種會制定五年計劃、十年計劃的人。我希望能夠實現既定目標。”他說,所有人都夢想著長大,然后買房,生幾個孩子,養一條狗。然而,離婚以及與父母同居的現實讓他感到十分煩惱。

他還說:“我養過幾條很酷的狗。我也曾經有過幾套不錯的住房,但我沒有保住它們,而且如今我變得一貧如洗。我不得不變賣、犧牲或丟棄曾經的一切,而且只能隨波逐流地走到了今天這個境地。”

布萊恩特稱:“我遵從了社會所制定的規則,參與了這場游戲,并上了學,而且成績非常好。對于我所從事的每一份工作,我都非常賣力,但我的所得并不成正比,讓我感到非常不公。”

連綿不斷的挫折

新冠疫情給千禧一代的職業帶來了巨大沖擊,而且這種影響和恢復對于布萊恩特這樣的美國黑人來說異常困難。問題在于,這并非是這類人群第一次遭遇這種情況。更年長一點的千禧一代,也就是1981年至1989年出生的那群人,曾經經歷過一系列讓其事業和財務遭到嚴重沖擊的重大事件,包括9·11、2008年的金融危機、大衰退(Great Recession),以及如今的新冠疫情。

布萊恩特說:“過去數年中長期存在的這種不確定性讓這一局面雪上加霜。一直以來過的十分艱難。”2000年高中畢業之后,布萊恩特被北卡羅來納大學格林斯伯勒分校(University of North Carolina at Greensboro)錄取,但在畢業之前就離開了學校。他加入了軍隊,2006年至2012年期間曾經在伊拉克和阿富汗服過役。

布萊恩特表示:“我一直憧憬自己可以成為家里的頂梁柱,就像我的父親一樣,而且我有這個機會來實現這一愿望。”然而,布萊恩特卻生不逢時。他說:“我離開了戰場,回到家后便出現了房市泡沫。為了謀生,我從一名軍隊士兵變成了7-11便利店和塔可貝爾(Taco Bell)的工作人員。”

不幸的是,布萊恩特并不是個例。2010年,在大衰退最嚴重的時期,20歲至24歲的年齡段人群中有17.2%處于失業狀態。這樣的失業率影響長遠。美國進步中心(Center for American Progress)估計,這些較為年輕的工人在未來10年中損失了214億美元的收入,相當于每人近2.2萬美元的損失。

千禧一代的薪資已經數年未見增長,即便就業率恢復之后亦是如此。無黨派智庫新美國基金會(New America)在2019年的報告顯示,事實上在同一年齡時,千禧一代相比嬰兒潮一代的薪資要低20%,不過前者的整體受教育程度卻高于后者。

布萊恩特說:“似乎每隔5年至6年,當我們剛剛擺脫困境,或至少看到了一絲希望時,就會發生一些事情,把我們打回原形。”

債務負擔令局面雪上加霜

千禧一代不僅面臨著嚴峻的勞動力市場和停滯不前的薪資,很多人還背負著學生債,而且是比以前幾代人更為沉重的學生債。

皮尤研究中心(Pew Research Center)稱,在1998年至2016年期間,美國背負不同程度學生債的家庭數量翻了一番。2016年,20歲至35歲人群的學生債金額中值為1.9萬美元。作為上代人,在相同年齡時,X一代的學生債中值為1.28萬美元。

布萊恩特于2015年重返學校學習市場營銷,并于2019年完成了學業。他說:“此舉最終帶來了更多的債務。”盡管他享受了美國軍人的福利,但依然欠下了近4.2萬美元的學生債,而且還有2700美元的信用卡債務沒有還。

益博睿(Experian)的2021年信用狀況報告(2021 State of Credit)顯示,總的來說,不計房貸,千禧一代的平均負債額約為28317美元。該報告將千禧一代定義為在1982年至1995年之間出生的人群。如果算上房貸,千禧一代的負債均值就會達到255527美元/人。

然而很多像布萊恩特的千禧一代并未購買房產。布萊恩特當前依然與父母同住,但也在考慮購置自有房產。事實上,房價一直在飆升,而創下歷史新低的房產供應更是火上澆油。

布萊恩特還表示:“周邊的經濟適用房資源可謂是少得可憐”,即便以我現在的薪資來說亦是如此。盡管他的年薪達到了7萬美元,但布萊恩特稱:“從方方面面來考慮,這點薪資只夠日常開銷。”

當然,并非所有的千禧一代都處于水深火熱之中。這一代人數量龐大,而且很多人都已經改善了其境遇。益博睿的研究顯示,X一代所背負的個人債務要高于千禧一代的平均水平。

益博睿的消費者教育與認知高級總監羅德·格里芬稱:“我們最近的研究顯示,千禧一代已經減少了其信貸資金利用率,而且其信貸拖欠率也在逐年下降,這是一件好事。”

飄忽不定的未來

這種定期出現的暗潮讓布萊恩特難以規劃未來,并為之攢錢。盡管當前的雇主為其提供401(K)計劃,而且他自己也為此繳納費用,但他如今并沒有一個穩固的退休福利計劃。盡管退役軍人的身份會給他帶來一些福利,但他服役時間較短,還拿不到養老金。

布萊恩特表示,到目前為止,他的退休計劃就是最大化利用自己的工作或其家人的副業,然后干到干不動為止。他說:“當你20多歲的時候,你剛剛步入社會,生活才剛剛開始。我并沒有這種感覺,但我會努力追趕。”

然而,布萊恩特確實擔心,如果沒有房子和一大筆遺產,自己到底能夠給兩個女兒留點什么。他說:“我只是盡我所能朝著好的方面去想,我真的希望我的孩子可以理解,我無法給予她們很多,但我會把自己擁有的一切都給她們。”

布萊恩特并非是個例。盡管眾多千禧一代已經開始為未來攢錢,但38%的千禧一代感覺自己還沒有為退休做好準備,這一比例在NAFA調查的數代人中居于首位。約13%的人認為,自己永遠不會退休,而另有18%的千禧一代也沒有制定退休計劃。

到了40歲,富達公司(Fidelity)建議自己手頭現有的退休存款應該是其年薪的三倍。美國人口調查局(U.S. Census Bureau)的最新數據顯示,2020年,年齡35歲至44歲人群的收入中值為85694美元,三倍便是略多于25.7萬美元。然而,2021年8月發布的《21世紀年度泛美退休調查》(21st Annual Transamerica Retirement Survey)稱,千禧一代為其退休攢下的費用平均約為6.8萬美元。

不過,盡管面臨著各種負擔,但布萊恩特稱自己會找到解決辦法。要說他從這些挫折中學到了什么,那就是如何生存。布萊恩特在談及其未來計劃時表示:“年齡會帶來智慧,而且我的視野更加寬廣。我可以反思自己曾經遇到的諸多挑戰,以及自己已經走過的那些坎坷道路,我覺得自己更有毅力了。”(財富中文網)

譯者:馮豐

審校:夏林

Charles Bryant is turning 40 next month, but in some ways, his career path feels like he’s just graduating high school again. And he’s nowhere near where he expected to be at this point in his life.

A New York native now living in Delaware, Bryant was working as a hotel manager when the pandemic shut down operations. He had to furlough 36 out of the hotel’s 40 employees and the property turned into a temporary homeless shelter during the pandemic. After taking a pay cut for a while, he eventually left. “The pandemic halted all the positive momentum I had built professionally in the 10 years prior,” Bryant tells Fortune.

Living with his parents and living off of savings and stimulus checks, Bryant continued to look around for opportunities. He even got a real estate license, but the leads were slow to materialize. Finally, in October 2021, Bryant secured a job as an operations manager for a major retailer.

Now Bryant—a military veteran who has held jobs in several industries over the years— is starting over on a completely new career path yet again. “I'm not above water yet, but I feel like I can see the light at the surface,” Bryant says of landing the job.

But the struggle over the last two decades to eke out a career has taken its toll. “I was one of those guys that had a five-year, 10-year plan. I wanted to be at a certain place,” Bryant says. Everyone, he says, dreams of growing up and owning a home with 2.5 kids and a dog. The reality of being divorced and living with his parents is troubling to him.

“I've had some really cool dogs. I've had a couple of nice houses, but I haven't been able to maintain that and I don't have anything of my own. I've had to either sell, sacrifice or lose, just to kind of stay afloat to get to this point,” he adds.

“I followed the rules that they gave us. I played the game and went to school and I did very well. Every job I’ve worked, I've worked very hard and it didn't pay off,” Bryant says. “It feels very unfair.”

The latest in a series of setbacks

The pandemic hit millennials’ careers hard—and the impact and recovery has been particularly difficult for Black Americans like Bryant. The problem is, it’s not the first setback this cohort has experienced. Older millennials, those born 1981 to 1989, have experienced a number of pivotal events that have left their adult careers and finances more vulnerable, including 9/11, the financial crisis in 2008, the Great Recession and now the COVID-19 pandemic.

“This whole period of uncertainty over the past couple of years just has kind of been the icing on a really bad cake. It's been tough,” Bryant says. After graduating high school in 2000, Bryant attended University of North Carolina at Greensboro, but left school before graduating. He joined the military and served in both Iraq and Afghanistan from 2006 to 2012.

“I always envisioned myself as the family provider, like my dad was, you know, so this was my chance to do that,” Bryant says. But timing was against him. “I came home from combat and the housing bubble had happened,” he says. “I went from being a soldier in the army to working at 7-Eleven and Taco Bell trying to make ends meet.”

Unfortunately, Bryant’s experience is not atypical. In 2010, during the height of the Great Recession, 17.2% of those ages 20 to 24 were out of work. That unemployment had long-term consequences, with the Center for American Progress estimating that those younger workers lost out on $21.4 billion in earnings over the next 10 years, or about $22,000 less per person.

Millennial wages continued to be stagnant for years after that even once employment rates recovered. In fact, millennials earn about 20% less than baby boomers did at the same age, despite being a better-educated generation overall, according to a 2019 report from the nonpartisan think tank New America.

“It seems like every five or six years we kind of get back to that above-water phase or at least seeing the surface of that water, and then something just drags us back down,” Bryant says.

Debt burden isn’t helping

Not only have millennials faced tough labor markets and stagnant wages, many carried student loan debt—more so than previous generations.

Between 1998 and 2016, the number of U.S. households holding some type of student loan debt doubled, according to Pew Research Center. Those between the ages of ages 20 to 35 in 2016 had a median student loan balance of $19,000. A generation earlier, Gen Xers had about $12,800 in student loan debt at those same ages.

Bryant went back to school for marketing in 2015 and wrapped up his coursework in 2019. “That kind of turned into a whole bunch more debt,” he says. Despite taking advantage of GI benefits, he still has nearly $42,000 in outstanding student loans. And he has another roughly $2,700 in credit card debt.

Overall, the average millennial carries about $28,317 in debt, not including mortgages, according to Experian’s 2021 State of Credit report, which classifies millennials as those born between 1982 and 1995. When including mortgages, millennials’ total debt averages $255,527 per person.

Yet like Bryant, many millennials aren’t homeowners. Bryant is currently still living with his parents, but keeping an eye out for a place of his own. The fact that home prices are skyrocketing and the supply of homes has hit record lows isn’t helping much.

“There's very little to offer in the way of affordable housing around here, even at the salary that I'm at right now, Bryant adds. While he makes about $70,000, Bryant says “in the grand scheme of things, it's really just a living wage.”

Of course, not all millennials are struggling. It’s a big generation and many have improved their circumstances. According to Experian’s research, Gen X actually carries more debt per individual than the average millennial.

“Our most recent research shows millennials have lowered their credit utilization rates and have fewer delinquencies year over year, which is a good thing,” says Rod Griffin, senior director of consumer education and awareness at Experian, a consumer credit reporting company.

The future is uncertain

That periodic undertow has made it difficult for Bryant to plan and save for the future. While his current employer offers a 401(k) that he’s contributing towards, he doesn’t have a robust retirement nest egg at this point. And while he did get benefits from his time in the military, he wasn't in long enough to get a pension.

For now, his retirement plan is to strike it big with either his or one of his family’s side gigs and work at that until he can't work anymore, Bryant says. "When you're in your 20s and you're just stepping out there, you've got a whole lifetime ahead of you. I don't feel I have that. I'll be catching up,” he says.

Yet Bryant does worry about what he’s passing onto his two daughter, if not a house or a major inheritance. "I just try my best to turn into positive motivation as much as possible,” he says. “I really just hope my kids understand that I couldn't give them everything that I wanted to get them, but I gave them everything I had.”

He's not alone. Despite the fact that many millennials have started saving for the future, 38% of millennials feel unprepared for retirement, the highest rate among the generations surveyed by NAFA. About 13% believe they’ll never retire, while another 18% of millennials don’t have a retirement plan.

By age 40, Fidelity recommends having three times their annual salary already saved for retirement. Those ages 35 to 44 earned a median salary of $85,694 in 2020, according to the latest U.S. Census Bureau data available. Three times that would be just over $257,000. Yet the median average amount millennials have saved for retirement is about $68,000, according to the 21st Annual Transamerica Retirement Survey published in August 2021.

But despite the burdens, Bryant says he'll figure out a way. If the setbacks have taught him nothing else, it's how to survive. “Age brings wisdom and I have a much broader perspective,” Bryant says of his future plans. “I can look back at the challenges that we have faced, and just kind of the times that we've overcome, I feel like I've gained a great sense of perseverance.”

財富中文網所刊載內容之知識產權為財富媒體知識產權有限公司及/或相關權利人專屬所有或持有。未經許可,禁止進行轉載、摘編、復制及建立鏡像等任何使用。
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