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除了新冠口服特效藥,人類還會有其它創(chuàng)新療法嗎?

Nicole Goodkind
2022-01-14

無論新型抗病毒藥物有多好,考慮到供應(yīng)量和供應(yīng)鏈的問題,它們對新冠疫情的控制力著實有限。

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美國的新冠肺炎確診病例和住院治療人數(shù)都已經(jīng)達(dá)到了歷史最高水平。兩年前,美國本土確診了首例新冠病毒感染者。時至今日,卻仍然看不到新冠疫情放緩的任何跡象。

美國衛(wèi)生與公眾服務(wù)部(Department of Health and Human Services)的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,截至1月11日,因為感染新冠病毒而住院治療的患者在短短兩周內(nèi)就已經(jīng)翻倍,超過了145900人。這一數(shù)值創(chuàng)下了歷史新高,刷新了2021年1月時曾經(jīng)達(dá)到的峰值。

剛出現(xiàn)激增的跡象時,人們曾經(jīng)希望能夠憑借新研發(fā)的抗病毒藥物平息奧密克戎變異毒株在全國擴(kuò)散的熱潮。美國食品與藥品管理局(Food and Drug Administration)已經(jīng)通過輝瑞(Pfizer)的Paxlovid(據(jù)稱,該藥可以將患者住院或死亡的風(fēng)險降低89%)和默沙東(Merck)的molnupiravir(研究數(shù)據(jù)顯示,該藥能夠?qū)⒒颊咦≡夯蛩劳龅娘L(fēng)險降低30%)的緊急使用授權(quán)(EUA)。

這兩種特效藥均適用于輕到中度癥狀的新冠患者。患者需居家服用共計30粒至40粒膠囊,5天為1療程。

美國政府以50億美元的價格向輝瑞購買了1000萬療程的藥物(本周官方宣布,將追購1000萬療程),并以22億美元的價格向默沙東購買了300療程的藥物。然而,與疫苗這樣的預(yù)防性藥劑相比,口服特效藥的供應(yīng)量極為有限;在Moderna和輝瑞疫苗正式上市之前,美國政府就分別預(yù)訂了1億劑。

有醫(yī)生表示,無論這種新型抗病毒藥物有多好,考慮到供應(yīng)量和供應(yīng)鏈的問題,它們對新冠疫情的控制力著實有限。即便是拋開動輒上百萬的大訂單不談,截至上周,輝瑞和默沙東公司只交付了365000個療程的口服特效藥。不過,美國總統(tǒng)喬·拜登保證,很快就會有更多的藥物發(fā)放下去。

在上周的新聞發(fā)布會上,拜登解釋說,因為藥物的復(fù)雜性,“一粒膠囊的生產(chǎn)周期長達(dá)數(shù)月”。

本周,肯塔基州的大山綜合健康中心(Mountain Comprehensive Health Center in Kentucky)只收到了200個療程的默沙東抗病毒藥物和40個療程的輝瑞抗病毒藥物。而該州完成新冠疫苗接種的居民僅占55%。

大山綜合健康中心負(fù)責(zé)為7個縣共計5萬名患者提供醫(yī)療援助,其院長麥克·考迪爾在接受《路易斯維爾信使報》(Louisville Courier Journal)的采訪時說:“這簡直是杯水車薪。我們只能把藥開給那些病情特別緊急的患者。”

舊金山康特拉科斯塔縣衛(wèi)生服務(wù)部門(Contra Costa Health Services)的發(fā)言人威爾·哈珀對此表示贊同,其說法和考迪爾相差無幾。

他在接受《舊金山紀(jì)事報》(San Francisco Chronicle)的采訪時稱:“目前的供應(yīng)量還不足以改變整個局面。”并補(bǔ)充說,“在每天新增1300多個確診病例的情況下,120個療程的口服特效藥只是杯水車薪。”

新冠確診病例的增長速度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了抗病毒藥物的生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)輸速度。聯(lián)邦政府的應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與反應(yīng)助理部長辦公室(Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response)將直接負(fù)責(zé)此類藥物的分配工作。

美國白宮的首席醫(yī)療顧問安東尼·福奇博士在回應(yīng)發(fā)放遲緩的問題時,其說法與拜登所稱的制藥過程漫長相一致。他在2021年12月下旬的一場新聞發(fā)布會上表示:“雖然不盡如人意,但口服特效藥的制作過程確實相當(dāng)復(fù)雜。我們將與制藥公司合作,找出周期長這一問題的癥結(jié)所在,希望可以盡量縮短生產(chǎn)過程。”

雖然新冠疫苗和加強(qiáng)針能夠有效防止奧密克戎變異毒株引發(fā)重癥(重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房不像先前的新冠疫情高峰期時一樣人滿為患),但許多美國人都出現(xiàn)了需要住院治療的癥狀,醫(yī)療保健系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)不堪重負(fù)。居高不下的死亡率也足以體現(xiàn)新冠疫情的嚴(yán)重程度。即便還遠(yuǎn)未達(dá)到歷史最高水平,可僅在過去一周內(nèi),美國的新冠死亡率就上升了31%。

美國衛(wèi)生與公眾服務(wù)部的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,全美約四分之一的醫(yī)院目前正在面臨著人手緊缺的窘境。伊利諾斯州和馬薩諸塞州等地的醫(yī)院系統(tǒng)宣布將推遲擇期手術(shù)。俄勒岡州部署了美國國民警衛(wèi)隊(National Guard)來協(xié)助醫(yī)院。馬里蘭州的州長拉里·霍根于上周宣布進(jìn)入緊急狀態(tài),并預(yù)警稱,“此次疫情最具挑戰(zhàn)性的時刻”即將到來。

亞利桑那州的醫(yī)療保健工作者也向州政府反映,當(dāng)?shù)氐尼t(yī)療保健系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)臨近崩潰的邊緣。1月7日,圖森市的急診醫(yī)生布拉德利·德賴富斯博士告訴記者:“患者出現(xiàn)心臟驟停、代謝失調(diào)、病情惡化,甚至在候診室死亡的案例越來越多。”美國人似乎已經(jīng)不再盼望著能夠被奇跡般地治愈,或者是奇跡般地得到治療了。Axios/Ipsos最近的一項民意調(diào)查顯示,52%的人認(rèn)為,要想回歸到新冠疫情爆發(fā)前正常的生活,至少還需要一年的時間(也可能永遠(yuǎn)都回不去了)。(財富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:殷圓圓

美國的新冠肺炎確診病例和住院治療人數(shù)都已經(jīng)達(dá)到了歷史最高水平。兩年前,美國本土確診了首例新冠病毒感染者。時至今日,卻仍然看不到新冠疫情放緩的任何跡象。

美國衛(wèi)生與公眾服務(wù)部(Department of Health and Human Services)的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,截至1月11日,因為感染新冠病毒而住院治療的患者在短短兩周內(nèi)就已經(jīng)翻倍,超過了145900人。這一數(shù)值創(chuàng)下了歷史新高,刷新了2021年1月時曾經(jīng)達(dá)到的峰值。

剛出現(xiàn)激增的跡象時,人們曾經(jīng)希望能夠憑借新研發(fā)的抗病毒藥物平息奧密克戎變異毒株在全國擴(kuò)散的熱潮。美國食品與藥品管理局(Food and Drug Administration)已經(jīng)通過輝瑞(Pfizer)的Paxlovid(據(jù)稱,該藥可以將患者住院或死亡的風(fēng)險降低89%)和默沙東(Merck)的molnupiravir(研究數(shù)據(jù)顯示,該藥能夠?qū)⒒颊咦≡夯蛩劳龅娘L(fēng)險降低30%)的緊急使用授權(quán)(EUA)。

這兩種特效藥均適用于輕到中度癥狀的新冠患者。患者需居家服用共計30粒至40粒膠囊,5天為1療程。

美國政府以50億美元的價格向輝瑞購買了1000萬療程的藥物(本周官方宣布,將追購1000萬療程),并以22億美元的價格向默沙東購買了300療程的藥物。然而,與疫苗這樣的預(yù)防性藥劑相比,口服特效藥的供應(yīng)量極為有限;在Moderna和輝瑞疫苗正式上市之前,美國政府就分別預(yù)訂了1億劑。

有醫(yī)生表示,無論這種新型抗病毒藥物有多好,考慮到供應(yīng)量和供應(yīng)鏈的問題,它們對新冠疫情的控制力著實有限。即便是拋開動輒上百萬的大訂單不談,截至上周,輝瑞和默沙東公司只交付了365000個療程的口服特效藥。不過,美國總統(tǒng)喬·拜登保證,很快就會有更多的藥物發(fā)放下去。

在上周的新聞發(fā)布會上,拜登解釋說,因為藥物的復(fù)雜性,“一粒膠囊的生產(chǎn)周期長達(dá)數(shù)月”。

本周,肯塔基州的大山綜合健康中心(Mountain Comprehensive Health Center in Kentucky)只收到了200個療程的默沙東抗病毒藥物和40個療程的輝瑞抗病毒藥物。而該州完成新冠疫苗接種的居民僅占55%。

大山綜合健康中心負(fù)責(zé)為7個縣共計5萬名患者提供醫(yī)療援助,其院長麥克·考迪爾在接受《路易斯維爾信使報》(Louisville Courier Journal)的采訪時說:“這簡直是杯水車薪。我們只能把藥開給那些病情特別緊急的患者。”

舊金山康特拉科斯塔縣衛(wèi)生服務(wù)部門(Contra Costa Health Services)的發(fā)言人威爾·哈珀對此表示贊同,其說法和考迪爾相差無幾。

他在接受《舊金山紀(jì)事報》(San Francisco Chronicle)的采訪時稱:“目前的供應(yīng)量還不足以改變整個局面。”并補(bǔ)充說,“在每天新增1300多個確診病例的情況下,120個療程的口服特效藥只是杯水車薪。”

新冠確診病例的增長速度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了抗病毒藥物的生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)輸速度。聯(lián)邦政府的應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與反應(yīng)助理部長辦公室(Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response)將直接負(fù)責(zé)此類藥物的分配工作。

美國白宮的首席醫(yī)療顧問安東尼·福奇博士在回應(yīng)發(fā)放遲緩的問題時,其說法與拜登所稱的制藥過程漫長相一致。他在2021年12月下旬的一場新聞發(fā)布會上表示:“雖然不盡如人意,但口服特效藥的制作過程確實相當(dāng)復(fù)雜。我們將與制藥公司合作,找出周期長這一問題的癥結(jié)所在,希望可以盡量縮短生產(chǎn)過程。”

雖然新冠疫苗和加強(qiáng)針能夠有效防止奧密克戎變異毒株引發(fā)重癥(重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房不像先前的新冠疫情高峰期時一樣人滿為患),但許多美國人都出現(xiàn)了需要住院治療的癥狀,醫(yī)療保健系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)不堪重負(fù)。居高不下的死亡率也足以體現(xiàn)新冠疫情的嚴(yán)重程度。即便還遠(yuǎn)未達(dá)到歷史最高水平,可僅在過去一周內(nèi),美國的新冠死亡率就上升了31%。

美國衛(wèi)生與公眾服務(wù)部的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,全美約四分之一的醫(yī)院目前正在面臨著人手緊缺的窘境。伊利諾斯州和馬薩諸塞州等地的醫(yī)院系統(tǒng)宣布將推遲擇期手術(shù)。俄勒岡州部署了美國國民警衛(wèi)隊(National Guard)來協(xié)助醫(yī)院。馬里蘭州的州長拉里·霍根于上周宣布進(jìn)入緊急狀態(tài),并預(yù)警稱,“此次疫情最具挑戰(zhàn)性的時刻”即將到來。

亞利桑那州的醫(yī)療保健工作者也向州政府反映,當(dāng)?shù)氐尼t(yī)療保健系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)臨近崩潰的邊緣。1月7日,圖森市的急診醫(yī)生布拉德利·德賴富斯博士告訴記者:“患者出現(xiàn)心臟驟停、代謝失調(diào)、病情惡化,甚至在候診室死亡的案例越來越多。”美國人似乎已經(jīng)不再盼望著能夠被奇跡般地治愈,或者是奇跡般地得到治療了。Axios/Ipsos最近的一項民意調(diào)查顯示,52%的人認(rèn)為,要想回歸到新冠疫情爆發(fā)前正常的生活,至少還需要一年的時間(也可能永遠(yuǎn)都回不去了)。(財富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:殷圓圓

COVID-19 cases have reached record highs, and so have hospitalizations. Two years after the first patient was diagnosed on American soil, the pandemic appears to show no signs of slowing down.

More than 145,900 people were hospitalized with the virus as of January 11, according to data from the Department of Health and Human Services. That’s a 100% increase in two weeks and a record high, surpassing the previous peak in January 2021.

At the beginning of the surge, there was hope that a new group of antiviral drugs could help quell the rush of Omicron across the country. The Food and Drug Administration issued emergency use authorization (EUA) for Pfizer’s Paxlovid, which the company says cuts the risk of hospitalization or death by 89%, and Merck’s molnupiravir, which data showed cut hospitalization or death by 30%.

Both regimens are for patients with mild to moderate COVID and require 30 to 40 pills to be taken at home over the course of five days.

The U.S. purchased 10 million courses of Pfizer’s treatment in a $5 billion deal (officials announced this week that they would order 10 million more) and 3 million courses of Merck’s treatment for $2.2 billion. However, supplies of the pills are extremely limited compared with preventative treatments like vaccines; the U.S. ordered 100 million doses each of the Moderna and Pfizer vaccines prior to when they launched.

And no matter how potent the new antiviral drugs might be, shortages and supply-chain issues have rendered them relatively ineffective, doctors say. Even considering relatively small orders of a few million, as of last week, only about 365,000 courses of the Pfizer and Merck pills had shipped out, though President Joe Biden assured more were coming.

Because of the complexity of the medicines, explained Biden at a press conference last week, “it takes months literally to make a pill."

The Mountain Comprehensive Health Center in Kentucky, a state in which just 55% of people are fully vaccinated, received only 200 treatment courses of the Merck antiviral and 40 of the Pfizer antiviral this week.

"Basically, it's just a drop in the bucket," Mike Caudill, CEO of Mountain Comprehensive, which serves 50,000 patients in seven counties, told the Louisville Courier Journal. "We're going to try to use it in such a way to treat people at extreme risk."

Will Harper, a spokesman for Contra Costa Health Services in San Francisco, echoed that view, and even used the same language.

“At this point, there’s simply not enough of it for it to be a game changer,” he told the San Francisco Chronicle, adding that “120 courses is a drop in the bucket when we are seeing more than 1,300 new COVID cases each day.”

The rate of increase in COVID-19 cases far outstrips the rate at which the antiviral medications, the allocation of which is being managed by the federal government’s Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, can be produced and shipped out.

Dr. Anthony Fauci, the president’s chief medical adviser, echoed Biden's explanation about the lengthy pill-making process as explanation for the delay. “The sobering news is, unfortunately, it is really a quite complicated and complex synthetic process, which we will be working with the company to figure out how we can help alleviate the stress of the long duration that it takes to make it,” he said at a press briefing at late December 2021. “Hopefully we’ll be able to shorten that process.”

Vaccinations and boosters have protected against the severity of Omicron (ICUs are not as busy as they were during previous spikes), but many Americans are still experiencing symptoms that require hospitalization, and health care systems are overwhelmed. Death rates are also typically a lagging indicator of severity of illness, and while they’re still far from record highs, they’ve increased by 31% nationwide over the past week.

About a quarter of hospitals in the U.S. are now experiencing critical staffing shortages, according to the Department of Health and Human Services. Some states, like Illinois and Massachusetts, have delayed elective surgeries. Oregon deployed the National Guard to help in hospitals. Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan, declared a state of emergency last week, and warned that this will be the "most challenging time of the entire pandemic."

Health care workers in Arizona, meanwhile, told state leaders that their health care system is on the brink of collapse. "We've had more events where people are having cardiac arrests, or decompensating and getting very sick and even dying in the waiting rooms," Dr. Bradley Dreifuss, an emergency medicine physician in Tucson, told reporters on January 7. Americans, meanwhile, appear to be losing hope for a miracle cure or treatment. A new Axios/Ipsos poll found that 52% of respondents believe it will be more than a year—or never—before they can return to their normal, pre-COVID lives.

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