對于新出現的新冠病毒奧米克戎變異毒株,專家們仍然有很多事情尚不清楚。但目前有一件事情是確定的,那就是它的傳染性極強。
美國疾病預防與控制中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)公布的數據顯示,截至12月18日的短短一周內,奧米克戎感染者在美國已經公布的新冠確診病例中所占的比例從12.6%提高到73.2%。喬治城大學(Georgetown University)的教授兼免疫學家、Enochian BioSciences公司的首席執行官馬克·迪布爾說:“由此可見,奧米克戎變異毒株的傳染性之高?!?/p>
他認為,這些數據甚至并沒有體現出奧米克戎真正的傳播力。他表示:“我敢說,如果對紐約市的所有無癥狀者進行檢測,感染者的比例可能就會達到60%至70%。新增[奧米克戎]感染者數量每兩天翻一倍。”
但這種新型變異毒株對于美國的嚴重性,依舊難以預測。迪布爾稱:“奧米克戎變異毒株的嚴重性很難預測?!蹦壳?,南非的數據顯示,與其他變異毒株相比,奧米克戎導致的住院和死亡人數較少。
他指出:“到目前為止,死亡率幾乎沒有出現太大變化。許多患者出現了與流感類似的癥狀,并因此陷入恐慌。這些人讓醫院不堪重負,但并沒有太多人因此住進ICU病房。”不過隨著感染者越來越多和感染循環逐漸出現,情況可能發生改變。例如,感染率激增和隨后的死亡率統計之間通常會存在時間差。
但即便是現有病例的嚴重性也不容忽視。迪布爾說:“人們的病情很嚴重,就像德爾塔變異毒株的感染者一樣。只是他們并沒有住院治療。有些人持續兩個月處于疲勞狀態。奧米克戎感染者也是類似的情況。人們病情嚴重,只是需要住院治療或死亡的概率較低,尤其是已經接種加強針疫苗的患者。”
各公司公布的實驗數據和獨立研究結果顯示,目前,輝瑞(Pfizer)和Moderna新冠疫苗預防奧米克戎感染的效果較低,但防止重癥和住院治療的有效性依舊在70%左右。接種過一劑加強針后疫苗的保護力會增強,而據Moderna 在12月20日報告稱,尤其是接種過Moderna加強針的患者能夠得到更好的保護。白宮的新聞秘書珍·普薩基于12月21日表示,未接種疫苗者死于新冠病毒的概率是已接種疫苗者的14倍。
迪布爾稱:“在美國,目前在ICU病房接受救治的患者幾乎都沒有接種新冠疫苗?!钡F在要判斷這種模式是否會持續下去仍然為時尚早?!拔磥韼字埽覀儗臍W洲了解到更多信息,因為歐洲住院死亡率目前即將達到最高峰。在接下來的兩周里,我們將找到答案。”
目前該如何應對奧米克戎變異毒株?
但這兩周時間對于美國意味著什么,尤其是在美國年底的節日季來臨,人們更有可能出行和聚會的情況下?
迪布爾稱:“我們必須假設最糟糕的情況?!泵绹鴳摷僭O奧米克戎的嚴重性與德爾塔變異毒株相當甚至更糟糕,制定應對計劃。但迪布爾認為實際情況是可控的。
他說:“如果我們現在開始執行響應措施,就沒有必要恐慌。我們需要基本的公共衛生措施,不需要全面停擺?!?/p>
這意味著美國需要在未來六個月努力讓所有人接種疫苗和加強針。迪布爾表示:“中間會有時間差,因為許多美國人在今年夏天甚至更晚的時候才接種第二劑疫苗,但最終所有人都需要接種新冠疫苗,而且這將大幅提升我們的防御力?!?/p>
其次,他認為所有人在公共空間和室內都應該佩戴口罩,最好是KN95或者質量更高的N95口罩。在室外人員密集的環境下也應該佩戴口罩。在街上行走的時候可以不戴口罩,但迪布爾認為要求人們盡量佩戴口罩將有助于新冠疫情的防控。
最后,美國人需要定期進行檢測。學校和公司的經驗已經證明,只要執行定期檢測,就能夠保證美國社會的正常運轉。迪布爾表示:“我要進行節日旅行,所以我們每天都在做檢測?!?/p>
12月21日,美國總統喬·拜登承諾采購5億份居家快速檢測試劑盒并免費發放。從2022年1月開始,美國人可以登陸新上線的聯邦政府網站免費訂購試劑盒,這些試劑盒將被直接寄到民眾家中。拜登政府還計劃在各地新設立多個聯邦檢測點,首個檢測點位于紐約市,計劃在本周投入使用。美國目前約有2萬個免費檢測點。
迪布爾認為:“我們需要大量居家快速檢測試劑盒,并且所有人都應該定期進行檢測。新冠疫情會像野火一樣快速蔓延。因此我們必須采取措施,以免陷入恐慌,進而避免經濟災難再次發生。”
2022年夏天新冠疫情可能再次惡化
奧米克戎已經具有部分疫苗耐藥性,因為它似乎能夠成功躲過新冠疫苗。但值得注意的是,接種疫苗對于避免重癥依舊至關重要。迪布爾說:“疫苗依舊可以大幅提升免疫力,至少只要變異株只有部分耐藥性,接種疫苗就能夠幫助避免重癥和死亡?!?/p>
但他預計在2022年3月至5月期間會出現對疫苗具有完全耐藥性的新冠病毒變異毒株。他認為讓現有疫苗完全失效的變異毒株的出現是“不可避免的。”
他表示:“我們會看到變異株不斷出現,對現有疫苗的耐藥性會越來越高。問題只在于這種變異毒株出現的速度。”
一旦出現這種變異株,輝瑞、Moderna等疫苗生產商必須開發二代疫苗,可能需要約100天時間才可以投入生產。隨著對疫苗具有完全耐藥性的變異株出現,佩戴口罩、社交隔離和良好的衛生習慣將變得更加重要。輝瑞和默沙東(Merk)開發的口服藥物以及其他正在開發中的治療方法,可能也有助于防止新冠疫情惡化。
如果迪布爾的預測成真,2022年夏天就將是一段瘋狂的時期。(財富中文網)
譯者:劉進龍
審校:汪皓
對于新出現的新冠病毒奧米克戎變異毒株,專家們仍然有很多事情尚不清楚。但目前有一件事情是確定的,那就是它的傳染性極強。
美國疾病預防與控制中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)公布的數據顯示,截至12月18日的短短一周內,奧米克戎感染者在美國已經公布的新冠確診病例中所占的比例從12.6%提高到73.2%。喬治城大學(Georgetown University)的教授兼免疫學家、Enochian BioSciences公司的首席執行官馬克·迪布爾說:“由此可見,奧米克戎變異毒株的傳染性之高?!?/p>
他認為,這些數據甚至并沒有體現出奧米克戎真正的傳播力。他表示:“我敢說,如果對紐約市的所有無癥狀者進行檢測,感染者的比例可能就會達到60%至70%。新增[奧米克戎]感染者數量每兩天翻一倍?!?/p>
但這種新型變異毒株對于美國的嚴重性,依舊難以預測。迪布爾稱:“奧米克戎變異毒株的嚴重性很難預測。”目前,南非的數據顯示,與其他變異毒株相比,奧米克戎導致的住院和死亡人數較少。
他指出:“到目前為止,死亡率幾乎沒有出現太大變化。許多患者出現了與流感類似的癥狀,并因此陷入恐慌。這些人讓醫院不堪重負,但并沒有太多人因此住進ICU病房?!辈贿^隨著感染者越來越多和感染循環逐漸出現,情況可能發生改變。例如,感染率激增和隨后的死亡率統計之間通常會存在時間差。
但即便是現有病例的嚴重性也不容忽視。迪布爾說:“人們的病情很嚴重,就像德爾塔變異毒株的感染者一樣。只是他們并沒有住院治療。有些人持續兩個月處于疲勞狀態。奧米克戎感染者也是類似的情況。人們病情嚴重,只是需要住院治療或死亡的概率較低,尤其是已經接種加強針疫苗的患者?!?/p>
各公司公布的實驗數據和獨立研究結果顯示,目前,輝瑞(Pfizer)和Moderna新冠疫苗預防奧米克戎感染的效果較低,但防止重癥和住院治療的有效性依舊在70%左右。接種過一劑加強針后疫苗的保護力會增強,而據Moderna 在12月20日報告稱,尤其是接種過Moderna加強針的患者能夠得到更好的保護。白宮的新聞秘書珍·普薩基于12月21日表示,未接種疫苗者死于新冠病毒的概率是已接種疫苗者的14倍。
迪布爾稱:“在美國,目前在ICU病房接受救治的患者幾乎都沒有接種新冠疫苗?!钡F在要判斷這種模式是否會持續下去仍然為時尚早?!拔磥韼字?,我們將從歐洲了解到更多信息,因為歐洲住院死亡率目前即將達到最高峰。在接下來的兩周里,我們將找到答案?!?/p>
目前該如何應對奧米克戎變異毒株?
但這兩周時間對于美國意味著什么,尤其是在美國年底的節日季來臨,人們更有可能出行和聚會的情況下?
迪布爾稱:“我們必須假設最糟糕的情況。”美國應該假設奧米克戎的嚴重性與德爾塔變異毒株相當甚至更糟糕,制定應對計劃。但迪布爾認為實際情況是可控的。
他說:“如果我們現在開始執行響應措施,就沒有必要恐慌。我們需要基本的公共衛生措施,不需要全面停擺。”
這意味著美國需要在未來六個月努力讓所有人接種疫苗和加強針。迪布爾表示:“中間會有時間差,因為許多美國人在今年夏天甚至更晚的時候才接種第二劑疫苗,但最終所有人都需要接種新冠疫苗,而且這將大幅提升我們的防御力。”
其次,他認為所有人在公共空間和室內都應該佩戴口罩,最好是KN95或者質量更高的N95口罩。在室外人員密集的環境下也應該佩戴口罩。在街上行走的時候可以不戴口罩,但迪布爾認為要求人們盡量佩戴口罩將有助于新冠疫情的防控。
最后,美國人需要定期進行檢測。學校和公司的經驗已經證明,只要執行定期檢測,就能夠保證美國社會的正常運轉。迪布爾表示:“我要進行節日旅行,所以我們每天都在做檢測。”
12月21日,美國總統喬·拜登承諾采購5億份居家快速檢測試劑盒并免費發放。從2022年1月開始,美國人可以登陸新上線的聯邦政府網站免費訂購試劑盒,這些試劑盒將被直接寄到民眾家中。拜登政府還計劃在各地新設立多個聯邦檢測點,首個檢測點位于紐約市,計劃在本周投入使用。美國目前約有2萬個免費檢測點。
迪布爾認為:“我們需要大量居家快速檢測試劑盒,并且所有人都應該定期進行檢測。新冠疫情會像野火一樣快速蔓延。因此我們必須采取措施,以免陷入恐慌,進而避免經濟災難再次發生?!?/p>
2022年夏天新冠疫情可能再次惡化
奧米克戎已經具有部分疫苗耐藥性,因為它似乎能夠成功躲過新冠疫苗。但值得注意的是,接種疫苗對于避免重癥依舊至關重要。迪布爾說:“疫苗依舊可以大幅提升免疫力,至少只要變異株只有部分耐藥性,接種疫苗就能夠幫助避免重癥和死亡?!?/p>
但他預計在2022年3月至5月期間會出現對疫苗具有完全耐藥性的新冠病毒變異毒株。他認為讓現有疫苗完全失效的變異毒株的出現是“不可避免的。”
他表示:“我們會看到變異株不斷出現,對現有疫苗的耐藥性會越來越高。問題只在于這種變異毒株出現的速度。”
一旦出現這種變異株,輝瑞、Moderna等疫苗生產商必須開發二代疫苗,可能需要約100天時間才可以投入生產。隨著對疫苗具有完全耐藥性的變異株出現,佩戴口罩、社交隔離和良好的衛生習慣將變得更加重要。輝瑞和默沙東(Merk)開發的口服藥物以及其他正在開發中的治療方法,可能也有助于防止新冠疫情惡化。
如果迪布爾的預測成真,2022年夏天就將是一段瘋狂的時期。(財富中文網)
譯者:劉進龍
審校:汪皓
When it comes to the new Omicron variant of COVID-19, there’s a lot that experts still don’t know. But the one thing is clear at this point: it’s highly contagious.
In a week, Omicron went from accounting for 12.6% of all reported U.S. cases of COVID-19 to 73.2% as of Dec. 18, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “That tells you how transmissible it is,” says Mark Dybul, a Georgetown University professor and immunologist who serves as CEO of Enochian BioSciences.
And those numbers might even be hiding how vast the true spread really is, according to Dybul. “I would bet 60% to 70% of New York City is infected if we actually tested those who are asymptomatic,” he said. “The number of new [Omicron] infections is doubling every couple of days.”
But predicting how severe this latest variant will be for the U.S. is still hard to tell. “You can't predict this one,” Dybul says. Right now, the data from Southern Africa shows there are fewer hospitalizations and deaths as a result of Omicron compared to other variants.
“So far, the death rate is barely bumping. Yes, hospitals are getting overwhelmed with people with flu-like symptoms who are sick and scared. It's not people going to the ICU,” Dybul says. But that may change as more cases are reported and infection cycles play out. For instance, there's typically a lag between infection rates spiking and death rates following suit.
But the severity of even the current cases shouldn’t be diminished. “People are getting really sick, just as they did with Delta. They just weren't being hospitalized. But there were people out from fatigue for two months,” Dybul says. “That's happening with Omicron as well. People are going to get very sick. They're just less likely to be hospitalized or die, especially if they're boosted.”
Currently, Pfizer and Moderna COVID vaccines are less effective against preventing Omicron infection, but they are still about 70% effective at preventing severe infection and hospitalization, according to self-reported testing from the companies and independent research. That protection increases among those who received a booster, but particularly for people who received a Moderna booster, the company reported on December 20. White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki said on December 21 that those who are unvaccinated are 14 times more likely to die from COVID than those who are vaccinated.
“In the United States, people currently in the ICUs are almost uniformly unvaccinated,” Dybul says. But it’s too early to tell if that pattern will continue. “We'll know a lot from Europe in the next few weeks because they're hitting their peak now, especially in terms of hospitalization death rates. In the next two weeks, we will have the answer.”
How should Americans respond to Omicron now?
But what does that two week window mean for the U.S., especially as Americans approach the end-of-the-year holidays when people are more likely to travel and gather together?
“We have to assume the worst,” Dybul says, adding Americans should plan for Omicron to be as bad or worse than Delta’s severity. But Dybul says the situation is actually manageable.
“We don't have to panic if we actually respond now. We need basic good public health measures, which is not shutting everything down,” Dybul says.
That means that the U.S. needs to focus on getting everyone a vaccine and a booster within the next six months. “There's going to be a lag there because so much of our population didn't get a second dose until the summer or later, but you know, everyone needs to get it and that will do a lot of protection,” Dybul says.
Second, he says everyone needs to be wearing masks in public spaces and indoors—KN95 quality or better if possible, which would be an N95. If you’re outside and it’s crowded, you should be wearing then, too. If you're walking down the street, you probably don't need a mask, but Dybul says it might help get people to wear masks as much as possible.
Lastly, Americans need regular testing. Schools and businesses have shown that with regular testing, the U.S. can keep moving. “I'm traveling for the holidays, and we're testing every day,” Dybul says.
On December 21, President Joe Biden pledged to purchase 500 million rapid, at-home tests and distribute them for free. Starting in January, Americans will be able to log onto a new federal website and order free tests sent to their homes. The administration is also planning to set up a number of new federal testing sites around the country, the first of which is planned to launch in New York City this week. Currently, the U.S. has about 20,000 free testing sites.
“What we need is a massive amount of home-based rapid tests and we should all be testing regularly,” Dybul says. “This thing is gonna spread like wildfire. So we need to take action so that we don't have that panic, so we don't have another economic catastrophe.”
Looking ahead, summer is likely going to be worse
Omicron is already at least a partially vaccine-resistant variant, as it seems to be successfully evading vaccines. It's important to note, though, that vaccinations are still critical for avoiding the most serious cases. “There's still a lot of immunity around that keeps you from getting really sick and dying, at least as long as so it's partially resistant,” Dybul says.
But he expects to see a fully resistant COVID variant emerge between March and May of 2022. “It’s inevitable,” Dybul says of the rise of a variant that escapes the current vaccines.
“We are going to have variants, continual variants that become more and more resistant to our current vaccine, Dybul says. “The question is at what speed will that happen.”
When that does happen, Pfizer, Moderna and other producers will have to generate a second generation of the vaccine, which would likely take around 100 days to launch production. With a fully vaccine-resistant variant, masking, social distancing and general good hygiene habits will become more important. Oral medications, including those by Pfizer and Merk, and other treatments in development now may also prove helpful.
Still, if Dybul’s prediction holds true, summer 2022 is looking to be a crazy time.