新冠肺炎疫情發生以來,世界上最有錢的人已變得更加富有。
根據世界不平等實驗室(World Inequality Lab)的年度《世界不平等報告》(World Inequality Report),2021年,億萬富翁的財富占比出現了有史以來的最大增長。
報告發現,最富有的0.01%(即52萬人),每人擁有超過1,900萬美元,他們的財富占世界財富總額的11%,比2020年增加了整整一個百分點。與此同時,億萬富翁的全球財富占比已從1995年的1%增長到2021年的3%。
疫情期間,各國政府紛紛向本國經濟注入大量資金,以緩解疫情導致的停擺所造成的經濟困難。但這些資金也推高了股價和房價,最富有人群的財富也因此再度增值。
經濟學家阿比吉特·班納吉和埃斯特·迪弗洛在報告引言中寫道:“財富是未來經濟收益的主要來源,也愈發成為權力和影響力的主要來源,因此,這預示著不平等將進一步加劇。”他們因對貧困的研究獲得了2019年諾貝爾獎,他們說,我們生活在一個“經濟權力極端集中在極少數超級富豪手中”的世界。
與此同時,不平等也在加劇,社會福利保障體系不夠強大的國家尤甚。報告發現,上世紀90年代中期以來積累的所有新增財富中,最富有的1%人群得到了其中的38%,而最貧窮的50%僅得到了2%。
該研究發現,針對新冠肺炎疫情,美國政府給所有人錢袋子里都裝現金的大規模計劃確實成功減少了部分不平等。
“新冠肺炎危機加劇了富人和其他人群之間的不平等。然而,在富裕國家,政府出手干防止止了貧困人口大規模增加,窮國卻無法做到這一點。這表明社會國家在與貧困斗爭中的重要性。”該報告的主要作者盧卡斯·錢塞爾說。
該報告稱,自上世紀80年代以來,大多數國家的貧富差距都有所加劇,與政府放松管制的時間段恰好吻合。世界不平等實驗室的數據顯示,如今全球財富不平等程度幾乎與20世紀初西方帝國主義鼎盛時期的水平相當。該實驗室由世界頂尖經濟學家和社會科學家組成,專注于研究全球不平等問題。
這份由托馬斯·皮凱蒂、伊曼紐爾·賽斯和加布里埃爾·祖克曼會同錢塞爾共同撰寫的報告還發現,財富不平等與碳排放和氣候變化目標有很強的相關性。富裕國家中較貧窮的一半人的排放量已經達到(或接近)2030年的氣候目標,但較富裕的另一半卻并非如此。
“碳排放領域的巨大不平等表明,氣候政策應該對富裕的污染者更具針對性。”報告總結道,“目前,碳稅等氣候政策往往對中低收入人群產生不成比例的影響,卻無法改變最富裕群體的消費習慣。”(財富中文網)
譯者:Agatha
新冠肺炎疫情發生以來,世界上最有錢的人已變得更加富有。
根據世界不平等實驗室(World Inequality Lab)的年度《世界不平等報告》(World Inequality Report),2021年,億萬富翁的財富占比出現了有史以來的最大增長。
報告發現,最富有的0.01%(即52萬人),每人擁有超過1,900萬美元,他們的財富占世界財富總額的11%,比2020年增加了整整一個百分點。與此同時,億萬富翁的全球財富占比已從1995年的1%增長到2021年的3%。
疫情期間,各國政府紛紛向本國經濟注入大量資金,以緩解疫情導致的停擺所造成的經濟困難。但這些資金也推高了股價和房價,最富有人群的財富也因此再度增值。
經濟學家阿比吉特·班納吉和埃斯特·迪弗洛在報告引言中寫道:“財富是未來經濟收益的主要來源,也愈發成為權力和影響力的主要來源,因此,這預示著不平等將進一步加劇。”他們因對貧困的研究獲得了2019年諾貝爾獎,他們說,我們生活在一個“經濟權力極端集中在極少數超級富豪手中”的世界。
與此同時,不平等也在加劇,社會福利保障體系不夠強大的國家尤甚。報告發現,上世紀90年代中期以來積累的所有新增財富中,最富有的1%人群得到了其中的38%,而最貧窮的50%僅得到了2%。
該研究發現,針對新冠肺炎疫情,美國政府給所有人錢袋子里都裝現金的大規模計劃確實成功減少了部分不平等。
“新冠肺炎危機加劇了富人和其他人群之間的不平等。然而,在富裕國家,政府出手干防止止了貧困人口大規模增加,窮國卻無法做到這一點。這表明社會國家在與貧困斗爭中的重要性。”該報告的主要作者盧卡斯·錢塞爾說。
該報告稱,自上世紀80年代以來,大多數國家的貧富差距都有所加劇,與政府放松管制的時間段恰好吻合。世界不平等實驗室的數據顯示,如今全球財富不平等程度幾乎與20世紀初西方帝國主義鼎盛時期的水平相當。該實驗室由世界頂尖經濟學家和社會科學家組成,專注于研究全球不平等問題。
這份由托馬斯·皮凱蒂、伊曼紐爾·賽斯和加布里埃爾·祖克曼會同錢塞爾共同撰寫的報告還發現,財富不平等與碳排放和氣候變化目標有很強的相關性。富裕國家中較貧窮的一半人的排放量已經達到(或接近)2030年的氣候目標,但較富裕的另一半卻并非如此。
“碳排放領域的巨大不平等表明,氣候政策應該對富裕的污染者更具針對性。”報告總結道,“目前,碳稅等氣候政策往往對中低收入人群產生不成比例的影響,卻無法改變最富裕群體的消費習慣。”(財富中文網)
譯者:Agatha
The world’s richest people got a whole lot richer during the COVID-19 crisis.
In 2021, billionaires saw the steepest increase in their share of wealth on record, according to The World Inequality Lab’s annual World Inequality Report.
The top 0.01% richest individuals—the 520,000 people who have at least $19 million— now hold 11% of the world's wealth, up a full percentage point from 2020, the report found. Meanwhile, the share of global wealth owned by billionaires has grown from 1% in 1995 to 3% in 2021.
The jump comes as governments around the world poured money into their economies to mitigate the economic pain created by pandemic shutdowns. But that money also boosted stock prices and real estate values, adding to the wealth of top-earning individuals.
"Since wealth is a major source of future economic gains, and increasingly, of power and influence, this presages further increases in inequality," economists Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo, who won a 2019 Nobel prize for their research on poverty, wrote in the introduction of the report. We are living in a world with an "extreme concentration of economic power in the hands of a very small minority of the super-rich," they said.
At the same time, inequality has also grown, particularly in countries without strong social welfare nets. The top 1% have grabbed 38% of all additional wealth accumulated since the mid-1990s, while the bottom 50% captured just 2% of it, the report found.
Massive programs unique to the COVID-19 epidemic in the United States meant to infuse cash into the pockets of all Americans did successfully mitigate some of that inequality, the study found.
“The COVID crisis has exacerbated inequalities between the very wealthy and the rest of the population. Yet, in rich countries, government intervention prevented a massive rise in poverty, this was not the case in poor countries. This shows the importance of social states in the fight against poverty.”, said Lucas Chancel, the report's lead author.
Still, wealth inequality has risen in most countries since the 1980s, coinciding with a period of governmental deregulation, said the report. Today, global wealth inequality is nearly at the same level as during the peak of Western imperialism in the early 20th century, according to The World Inequality Lab, a group of the world's top economists and social scientists focused on studying global inequality.
The report, which was, in addition to Chancel, authored by Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman, also found that wealth inequality had a strong correlation to carbon emissions and climate change goals. The poorest half of the population in rich countries is already at (or near) the 2030 climate targets in terms of emission rates, but that’s not the case for the top 50%.
“Large inequalities in emissions suggest that climate policies should target wealthy polluters more,” the report concluded. “So far, climate policies such as carbon taxes have often disproportionately impacted low and middle-income groups, while leaving the consumption habits of wealthiest groups unchanged.”