今年早些時候,在經受長達數月的集中打擊之后,全球最大的比特幣(Bitcoin)礦工群體選擇離開中國,而鄰國哈薩克斯坦則成為了最受出走礦工青睞的目的地之一。根據劍橋大學(Cambridge University)估計,到8月,這個中亞國家在全球區塊鏈行業算力(hashrate)的份額已經躍升至18.1%,相當于6月份額的兩倍還多。但在10月中旬,哈薩克斯坦宣布將礦工可用的發電量從2000吉瓦時降至100吉瓦時,大降95%,消息一出,整個行業為之震驚。該國政府之所以做出此種決定,是因為大量礦場全天24小時運營,ASIC計算機堆成了一座座小山,耗電量巨大,導致該國電網已經到了崩潰邊緣,停電時有發生,居民用電得不到保證,工廠也因此而停產。在哈薩克斯坦成為全球“挖礦”中心、蓬勃發展數月之后,該國政府也開始清理挖礦設備和礦工,讓這些“無家可歸者”只得再次尋找歡迎他們的落腳點。
哈薩克斯坦重拳出擊,為行業敲響警鐘
從哈薩克斯坦此次的政策調整可以明顯看出比特幣面臨的一大潛在風險,其影響之深遠甚至可能遠超令埃隆·馬斯克這樣的擁躉擔憂的巨大碳足跡風險。簡而言之,一國所能夠供應的能源有其限度,在許多情況下,礦工使用的能源越多,可供家庭和企業使用的能源就越少,甚至可能導致停電事件,引發公眾強烈抗議,進而迫使政府采取相應行動。其他率先向礦工遞出橄欖枝的國家,包括伊朗和加拿大(特別是魁北克?。瑸楸苊獬霈F能源危機,現在也紛紛對礦工所能使用的電量加以嚴格限制。危險在于,隨著一個又一個國家對挖礦祭出禁止或限制措施,礦工只得轉移到其他電力成本較低并對其持歡迎態度的新地點,隨著礦工不斷聚集,這些地方的電力負荷也會不堪重負,導致礦工不得不再次遷移,直到最后,愿意接納礦工的國家越來越少,流離失所的礦工數量卻越來越多。而愿意接納礦工的國家越少,這些國家背負的負擔也就越大。哈薩克斯坦或許就是倒下的第一塊多米諾骨牌,這場危機或將讓全球最大的加密數字貨幣大傷元氣,甚至就此消亡。
荷蘭經濟學家亞歷克斯·德·弗里斯說:“礦工現在必須找到其他可以供應大量能源的安身之地。哈薩克斯坦削減的電力供給相當于愛爾蘭全國的發電量?,F在,礦工必須在其他地方找到這么多電力供應?!备ダ锼沟木W站Digiconomist專門追蹤比特幣的碳排放和能源使用情況。大批流離失所的礦工和新入場者有很大的動力去尋找新的落腳地。其原因主要有兩個:首先,中國嚴打挖礦企業減少了行業競爭,讓那些正在運營的礦工在全球市場上獲得了更大的份額,也吸引了許多新入場者來填補中國礦工留下的空白;第二,比特幣價格再次迎來暴漲,現在已經高出成本數倍。這讓比特幣挖礦變得非常有利可圖,甚至已經成為全球最容易賺錢的行業。德·弗里斯估計,礦工平均每度電的電費支出約為5美分,挖一枚比特幣需1.9萬美元電費。相較之下,目前比特幣的售價在6.2萬美元左右,是其成本的三倍有余。就目前而言,礦工挖礦的利潤率可謂聞所未聞,甚至連奢侈品、香煙或軟件都無法望其項背。
如果價格繼續保持在目前水平,那么無論是持證礦工還是非法礦工都將繼續蜂擁而至。德·弗里斯表示:“只有當生產比特幣的成本接近比特幣價格時,這種情況才會停止。”換句話說,除非電力消耗過大、電費成本讓挖礦變得無利可圖,否則將會有越來越多的礦工繼續耗費越來越多的電力來爭奪新生成的比特幣。德·弗里斯指出:“當比特幣價格達到4萬美元時,電力消耗已經出現上升。我估計,當價格達到62000美元時,電力消耗將從現在的180太瓦時增加到260太瓦時(譯者注:1太瓦時為10億度電),增長44%?!币虼耍S著越來越多的國家開始禁止挖礦,剩下的幾個“挖礦中心”將需要為該行業提供遠超當前水平的電力供應。
越來越多的國家開始禁止或限制比特幣挖礦活動
大規模挖礦導致的電力短缺問題已經在一些曾經歡迎比特幣的地區引發強烈反彈。為對抗貿易制裁對經濟的影響,伊朗曾經大力支持挖礦活動,將比特幣視為賺取數十億美元收入的重要產業。但在今年5月,受全面停電影響,伊朗總統魯哈尼決定在夏季叫停挖礦活動。魯哈尼擔心,礦工用電過多會導致伊朗公民在炎熱的夏季無法正常使用空調。此后,伊朗政府又準許礦工重新開始挖礦,但對該行業能夠使用的電力總量實行了嚴格的配額限制。伊朗曾經迅速增長的算力份額現在已經下降到4%以下。伊朗打擊挖礦產業的行動甚至引發了多起熱點新聞事件,比如礦工向試圖關閉礦場的政府人員開火,甚至德黑蘭證券交易所(Teheran stock exchange)的負責人也因為在交易大廳非法挖礦而黯然下臺。這個波斯國家將不會再為新入場者和流離失所的礦工提供避難所,他們需要到地球的其他地方尋找安身之地。
或許你從未聽說過阿布哈茲(我以前就不知道這個地方),更別說可以念出它的名字了。但長期以來,這個由俄羅斯支持、地處格魯吉亞北部、擁有25萬人口的自治國家一直被視為比特幣的“狂野西部”。挖礦在阿布哈茲已經走入千家萬戶,當地家庭為購買礦機甚至不惜賣掉自己的牲口和汽車,并在廚房里堆滿了電腦。為了利用這個小國低至每度電1美分(相當于全球平均水平的五分之一)的超低電價,俄羅斯礦工紛至沓來。2018年,由于電力短缺問題日趨嚴重,政府決定禁止挖礦活動,盡管非法的“廚房礦場”依然存在。2020年,阿布哈茲曾經短暫解除了“禁挖令”,但由于礦工迅速增加,甚至有變電站因此被焚毀,迫使該國政府再次祭出禁令。該國曾經計劃于今年5月解除禁令,但后來又延長期限,改為最早2022年5月解除。受此政策影響,俄羅斯礦工紛紛踏上歸途。
事實上,俄羅斯許多地區也已經感受到了壓力。來自中國的礦工正在北上到冰天雪地的西伯利亞(開展挖礦活動)。10月中旬,地處西伯利亞東南部,幅員遼闊的伊爾庫茨克省的地方長官在給俄羅斯副總理的信中發出了警告。他抱怨稱:“按照民用電價格收費的用電量出現了爆炸式增長”,較去年增加了159%。這封信件傳達出的信息是,中國礦商帶來的礦工應該遷往他處。
別忘了還有魁北克。由于有瀑布、河流帶來的巨量水力發電供應,2018年,礦工紛紛將目光投向了這里,并遞交了挖礦申請,獲批后,相關挖礦活動將消耗大量電力資源。由于擔心完全放開挖礦活動會使電網負荷過重,魁北克當局對可以用于挖礦的電力總量進行了限制,而一家挖礦企業就用掉了大部分配額。目前,阿爾伯塔省的大草原已經成為了想要獲得廉價天然氣的礦工的主要目的地。我們很快就會看到,在這個盛產石油的地區,挖礦產業會否給電力供應造成過重負擔,導致家庭、企業無電可用,進而導致魁北克也加入禁止挖礦的行列。
礦工將去向何方?
事實上,比特幣世界的版圖正在縮小。德·弗里斯認為,擁有挖礦業11%算力、現在排名第三的挖礦中心俄羅斯是一個說得通的去處。但問題在于,普京總統一直譴責比特幣是洗錢工具,而西伯利亞也已經開始抵制比特幣浪潮。美國目前已經取代中國,成為全球第一算力大國,截至目前,美國還沒有出現很多因為挖礦增加而導致電力短缺的情況。
但這種情況并非不可能發生。2017年,華盛頓州的小村鎮——韋納奇(Wenatchee)還對比特幣礦工抱持著歡迎態度,后者也希望利用哥倫比亞河提供的水電資源來降低自己的運營成本。2017年,亞歷克斯·皮卡德辭去了自己在金融服務業的工作,在韋納奇的車庫和倉庫中堆滿了各式礦機,并趁著幣價暴漲賺得盆滿缽盈。他回憶道:“韋納奇吸引了很多礦工,但問題是,蜂擁而至的礦工數量遠遠超過了本地人的預期?!焙芸欤捎谄たǖ潞推渌V工的用電量過大,韋納奇開始出現居民用電供應短缺的情況。在此背景之下,當地開始加強監管,驅逐礦工。皮卡德稱:“當地改變了原有政策,我也是受害者之一。”
但皮卡德對比特幣是否會遭受“連環打擊”表示懷疑。他說:“大型挖礦企業的風險不會太大,很多此類企業都是上市公司,他們會根據可用電量來規劃自己的用電需求?!北M管如此,由于很多人對挖掘比特幣、一夜暴富充滿渴望,很難想象礦工們能夠在不斷遷移的過程中不會對已經或接近滿負荷運轉的電廠和變電站構成沖擊。德·弗里斯指出:“比特幣挖礦的用電量已經超過英國發電量的一半,并且還在持續增長。當這些礦工離開像哈薩克斯坦這樣可以生產大量電力的地方時,他們帶走的電力需求往往與一整個國家的發電量相當?!痹谝粋€個國家對其關上大門之后,比特幣價格的驚人漲勢或許正是其面臨電力緊缺問題的原因所在。(財富中文網)
譯者:梁宇
審校:夏林
今年早些時候,在經受長達數月的集中打擊之后,全球最大的比特幣(Bitcoin)礦工群體選擇離開中國,而鄰國哈薩克斯坦則成為了最受出走礦工青睞的目的地之一。根據劍橋大學(Cambridge University)估計,到8月,這個中亞國家在全球區塊鏈行業算力(hashrate)的份額已經躍升至18.1%,相當于6月份額的兩倍還多。但在10月中旬,哈薩克斯坦宣布將礦工可用的發電量從2000吉瓦時降至100吉瓦時,大降95%,消息一出,整個行業為之震驚。該國政府之所以做出此種決定,是因為大量礦場全天24小時運營,ASIC計算機堆成了一座座小山,耗電量巨大,導致該國電網已經到了崩潰邊緣,停電時有發生,居民用電得不到保證,工廠也因此而停產。在哈薩克斯坦成為全球“挖礦”中心、蓬勃發展數月之后,該國政府也開始清理挖礦設備和礦工,讓這些“無家可歸者”只得再次尋找歡迎他們的落腳點。
哈薩克斯坦重拳出擊,為行業敲響警鐘
從哈薩克斯坦此次的政策調整可以明顯看出比特幣面臨的一大潛在風險,其影響之深遠甚至可能遠超令埃隆·馬斯克這樣的擁躉擔憂的巨大碳足跡風險。簡而言之,一國所能夠供應的能源有其限度,在許多情況下,礦工使用的能源越多,可供家庭和企業使用的能源就越少,甚至可能導致停電事件,引發公眾強烈抗議,進而迫使政府采取相應行動。其他率先向礦工遞出橄欖枝的國家,包括伊朗和加拿大(特別是魁北克省),為避免出現能源危機,現在也紛紛對礦工所能使用的電量加以嚴格限制。危險在于,隨著一個又一個國家對挖礦祭出禁止或限制措施,礦工只得轉移到其他電力成本較低并對其持歡迎態度的新地點,隨著礦工不斷聚集,這些地方的電力負荷也會不堪重負,導致礦工不得不再次遷移,直到最后,愿意接納礦工的國家越來越少,流離失所的礦工數量卻越來越多。而愿意接納礦工的國家越少,這些國家背負的負擔也就越大。哈薩克斯坦或許就是倒下的第一塊多米諾骨牌,這場危機或將讓全球最大的加密數字貨幣大傷元氣,甚至就此消亡。
荷蘭經濟學家亞歷克斯·德·弗里斯說:“礦工現在必須找到其他可以供應大量能源的安身之地。哈薩克斯坦削減的電力供給相當于愛爾蘭全國的發電量?,F在,礦工必須在其他地方找到這么多電力供應。”弗里斯的網站Digiconomist專門追蹤比特幣的碳排放和能源使用情況。大批流離失所的礦工和新入場者有很大的動力去尋找新的落腳地。其原因主要有兩個:首先,中國嚴打挖礦企業減少了行業競爭,讓那些正在運營的礦工在全球市場上獲得了更大的份額,也吸引了許多新入場者來填補中國礦工留下的空白;第二,比特幣價格再次迎來暴漲,現在已經高出成本數倍。這讓比特幣挖礦變得非常有利可圖,甚至已經成為全球最容易賺錢的行業。德·弗里斯估計,礦工平均每度電的電費支出約為5美分,挖一枚比特幣需1.9萬美元電費。相較之下,目前比特幣的售價在6.2萬美元左右,是其成本的三倍有余。就目前而言,礦工挖礦的利潤率可謂聞所未聞,甚至連奢侈品、香煙或軟件都無法望其項背。
如果價格繼續保持在目前水平,那么無論是持證礦工還是非法礦工都將繼續蜂擁而至。德·弗里斯表示:“只有當生產比特幣的成本接近比特幣價格時,這種情況才會停止。”換句話說,除非電力消耗過大、電費成本讓挖礦變得無利可圖,否則將會有越來越多的礦工繼續耗費越來越多的電力來爭奪新生成的比特幣。德·弗里斯指出:“當比特幣價格達到4萬美元時,電力消耗已經出現上升。我估計,當價格達到62000美元時,電力消耗將從現在的180太瓦時增加到260太瓦時(譯者注:1太瓦時為10億度電),增長44%。”因此,隨著越來越多的國家開始禁止挖礦,剩下的幾個“挖礦中心”將需要為該行業提供遠超當前水平的電力供應。
越來越多的國家開始禁止或限制比特幣挖礦活動
大規模挖礦導致的電力短缺問題已經在一些曾經歡迎比特幣的地區引發強烈反彈。為對抗貿易制裁對經濟的影響,伊朗曾經大力支持挖礦活動,將比特幣視為賺取數十億美元收入的重要產業。但在今年5月,受全面停電影響,伊朗總統魯哈尼決定在夏季叫停挖礦活動。魯哈尼擔心,礦工用電過多會導致伊朗公民在炎熱的夏季無法正常使用空調。此后,伊朗政府又準許礦工重新開始挖礦,但對該行業能夠使用的電力總量實行了嚴格的配額限制。伊朗曾經迅速增長的算力份額現在已經下降到4%以下。伊朗打擊挖礦產業的行動甚至引發了多起熱點新聞事件,比如礦工向試圖關閉礦場的政府人員開火,甚至德黑蘭證券交易所(Teheran stock exchange)的負責人也因為在交易大廳非法挖礦而黯然下臺。這個波斯國家將不會再為新入場者和流離失所的礦工提供避難所,他們需要到地球的其他地方尋找安身之地。
或許你從未聽說過阿布哈茲(我以前就不知道這個地方),更別說可以念出它的名字了。但長期以來,這個由俄羅斯支持、地處格魯吉亞北部、擁有25萬人口的自治國家一直被視為比特幣的“狂野西部”。挖礦在阿布哈茲已經走入千家萬戶,當地家庭為購買礦機甚至不惜賣掉自己的牲口和汽車,并在廚房里堆滿了電腦。為了利用這個小國低至每度電1美分(相當于全球平均水平的五分之一)的超低電價,俄羅斯礦工紛至沓來。2018年,由于電力短缺問題日趨嚴重,政府決定禁止挖礦活動,盡管非法的“廚房礦場”依然存在。2020年,阿布哈茲曾經短暫解除了“禁挖令”,但由于礦工迅速增加,甚至有變電站因此被焚毀,迫使該國政府再次祭出禁令。該國曾經計劃于今年5月解除禁令,但后來又延長期限,改為最早2022年5月解除。受此政策影響,俄羅斯礦工紛紛踏上歸途。
事實上,俄羅斯許多地區也已經感受到了壓力。來自中國的礦工正在北上到冰天雪地的西伯利亞(開展挖礦活動)。10月中旬,地處西伯利亞東南部,幅員遼闊的伊爾庫茨克省的地方長官在給俄羅斯副總理的信中發出了警告。他抱怨稱:“按照民用電價格收費的用電量出現了爆炸式增長”,較去年增加了159%。這封信件傳達出的信息是,中國礦商帶來的礦工應該遷往他處。
別忘了還有魁北克。由于有瀑布、河流帶來的巨量水力發電供應,2018年,礦工紛紛將目光投向了這里,并遞交了挖礦申請,獲批后,相關挖礦活動將消耗大量電力資源。由于擔心完全放開挖礦活動會使電網負荷過重,魁北克當局對可以用于挖礦的電力總量進行了限制,而一家挖礦企業就用掉了大部分配額。目前,阿爾伯塔省的大草原已經成為了想要獲得廉價天然氣的礦工的主要目的地。我們很快就會看到,在這個盛產石油的地區,挖礦產業會否給電力供應造成過重負擔,導致家庭、企業無電可用,進而導致魁北克也加入禁止挖礦的行列。
礦工將去向何方?
事實上,比特幣世界的版圖正在縮小。德·弗里斯認為,擁有挖礦業11%算力、現在排名第三的挖礦中心俄羅斯是一個說得通的去處。但問題在于,普京總統一直譴責比特幣是洗錢工具,而西伯利亞也已經開始抵制比特幣浪潮。美國目前已經取代中國,成為全球第一算力大國,截至目前,美國還沒有出現很多因為挖礦增加而導致電力短缺的情況。
但這種情況并非不可能發生。2017年,華盛頓州的小村鎮——韋納奇(Wenatchee)還對比特幣礦工抱持著歡迎態度,后者也希望利用哥倫比亞河提供的水電資源來降低自己的運營成本。2017年,亞歷克斯·皮卡德辭去了自己在金融服務業的工作,在韋納奇的車庫和倉庫中堆滿了各式礦機,并趁著幣價暴漲賺得盆滿缽盈。他回憶道:“韋納奇吸引了很多礦工,但問題是,蜂擁而至的礦工數量遠遠超過了本地人的預期?!焙芸?,由于皮卡德和其他礦工的用電量過大,韋納奇開始出現居民用電供應短缺的情況。在此背景之下,當地開始加強監管,驅逐礦工。皮卡德稱:“當地改變了原有政策,我也是受害者之一?!?/p>
但皮卡德對比特幣是否會遭受“連環打擊”表示懷疑。他說:“大型挖礦企業的風險不會太大,很多此類企業都是上市公司,他們會根據可用電量來規劃自己的用電需求?!北M管如此,由于很多人對挖掘比特幣、一夜暴富充滿渴望,很難想象礦工們能夠在不斷遷移的過程中不會對已經或接近滿負荷運轉的電廠和變電站構成沖擊。德·弗里斯指出:“比特幣挖礦的用電量已經超過英國發電量的一半,并且還在持續增長。當這些礦工離開像哈薩克斯坦這樣可以生產大量電力的地方時,他們帶走的電力需求往往與一整個國家的發電量相當。”在一個個國家對其關上大門之后,比特幣價格的驚人漲勢或許正是其面臨電力緊缺問題的原因所在。(財富中文網)
譯者:梁宇
審校:夏林
As the world's largest community of Bitcoin miners fled China amid a months-long crackdown earlier this year, neighboring Kazakhstan has ranked as a favorite destination for the exiled players. By August, according to estimates from Cambridge University, the central Asian nation's share of the industry's global “hashrate” had jumped to 18.1%, over twice the level in June. But in mid-October, Kazakhstan shocked the industry by announcing that it was lowering the volume of electricity miners could tap by an incredible 95%, from around 2,000 gigawatt hours, to just 100 gWh. The reason: The huge influx of farms running towering racks of ASIC computers 24/7 was straining its grid to the breaking point, causing outages that darkened homes and shuttered plants. Within months of Kazakhstan's flowering as one of the world's leading hubs for mining, its government is uprooting the equipment and people minting coins, sending the displaced searching once again for new, welcoming destinations.
The Kazakhstan earthquake is a harbinger
The shakeup in Kazakhstan underscores a potential threat to Bitcoin that may prove far more dangerous than the giant carbon footprint that worries even such fans as Elon Musk. Put simply, nations’ supply of energy is finite, and in many cases, the more juice the miners use, the less is available for families and enterprises, to the point where blackouts cause a public outcry, forcing governments to take action. Other countries, including Iran and Canada (notably Quebec province), that first reached out to miners are now severely restricting the electricity they can use to avoid an energy crisis. The danger is that as one nation after another bans or limits mining, producers will move to new, initially friendly locales with low power costs, eventually overtaxing their power generation capacity, so that a growing diaspora keeps moving to a shrinking number of places. The fewer the nations open to miners, the bigger the burden on the few that keep taking them. The Kazakhstan debacle could signal a rolling disaster that kills or wounds the world's premier cryptocurrency.
"We're talking about miners that now have to find an enormous amount of energy in new locales," says Alex de Vries, a Dutch economist whose website Digiconomist tracks Bitcoin's carbon emissions and energy use. "The shutdown in Kazakhstan takes away the amount of power used by the nation of Ireland. Now the miners must find all that electricity somewhere else." The hordes of displaced producers and multitudes of newcomers have a rich incentive to find new venues to settle. Why? Because two factors are coinciding to make the Bitcoin game incredibly lucrative—what this writer has labeled probably the most profitable legal enterprise on the planet. First, the flight from China reduced competition, giving the up-and-running miners a bigger share of the global market, and luring new entrants to fill the void. Second, Bitcoin's price has soared to a level that's a multiple of the cost to produce it. De Vries estimates that miners on average are spending about 5 cents per kilowatt hour (kWh) on electricity, or $19,000 a coin. Bitcoin's now selling at around $62,000, more than triple that number. Miners are garnering margins unheard-of even in luxury goods, cigarettes, or software.
If prices remain around that mark, licensed and illicit producers alike will keep rushing in. "Only when the cost of producing a Bitcoin approximates the price of a Bitcoin will that stop," says de Vries. In other words, a rising tide of miners will keep using more and more power to win newly issued coins until they're using so much electricity, and paying power bills so big, that the venture is no longer profitable. "When the price was $40,000, the electrical use was already rising," says de Vries. "At $62,000, I estimate that consumption will increase from today's 180 terawatt hours to 260 tWh, a jump of 44%." Hence, as more and more nations nix mining, the remaining hubs will be supporting an industry that hogs far more electricity a few years hence than it devours today.
The roster of nations banning and limiting Bitcoin mining grows
The power shortages from heavy mining are already caused a backlash in places where Bitcoin was once embraced. Iran viewed Bitcoin as a vehicle for gaining billions in revenues to counter the ravages of trade sanctions. But in May, sweeping blackouts prompted President Rouhani to halt mining over the summer. Rouhani feared that the miners would use so much electricity that his citizens' AC units would stop whirring in the broiling desert heat. The government has since allowed producers to reopen, but it put a tight new quota on the total amount of electricity the industry can deploy. Iran's once burgeoning share of the hashrate has dropped below 4%. The crackdown is sprouting spectacular headlines: Miners opened fire on authorities trying to shut them down, and the chief of the Teheran stock exchange lost his job for operating an illegal mine on the trading floor. The Persian state will no longer offer a refuge to newcomers and homeless miners. They'll need to spin the globe for new places to move or establish operations.
Maybe you've never heard of Abkhazia—I’d missed it—let alone succeed in pronouncing the name. But the Russian-supported, autonomous state of 250,000 north of Georgia has long raged as a Wild West of Bitcoin. Digging for coins is a cottage industry in Abkhazia; families sell cattle and cars to buy equipment and stack computers in their kitchens. Miners invaded Abkhazia from Russia to profit from the tiny nation's super-low electricity costs of 1 cent kWh, one-fifth the world average. In 2018, the blackouts got so bad that the government banned mining, though the illegal "kitchen" trade persisted. In 2020, it briefly lifted the stoppage, until the miners ramped up so fast that they burned out a substation. Abkhazia was scheduled to reopen in May but instead extended the lockdown until May 2022 at the earliest. The Russian miners are heading home.
In fact, regions of Russia are already feeling the squeeze. Miners booted from China are going north to icy Siberia. In mid-October, the regional governor of Irkutsk, a giant province in southeastern Siberia, sounded the alarm in a letter to Russia's deputy prime minister. He complained of "an avalanche-like increase in electricity consumption at consumer [power] prices" that swelled consumption 159% over last year. The message: The miners led by Chinese invaders should move on.
Don't forget Quebec. The province, powered by gigantic supplies of hydropower harnessed from its cascading rivers, was a big target for miners in 2018. They filed for permits that would have consumed gigantic volumes of electricity. Concerned that fully opening its doors would overload the grid, the Quebec authorities capped the gigawatts that can go to mining, and a single company absorbs most of that allotment. Right now, Alberta's prairies stand as major destination for miners feasting on cheap natural gas. We'll soon see if the industry in that oil-rich region drains so much power from homes and businesses that it pulls a Quebec.
Where will the miners go?
Indeed, Bitcoin world's map is shrinking. De Vries see Russia, now the third-ranked hub, hosting 11% of the industry's hashrate, as a logical place to land. The rub is that President Putin reviles Bitcoin as a haven for money laundering, and Siberia’s already resisting the Bitcoin tide. The U.S. has replaced China in the top position, and so far, we haven't witnessed many cases where a rise in mining causes shortages.
But it can happen. In 2017, the hamlet of Wenatchee, Wash., was happy to welcome Bitcoin producers that relished operating at low cost, courtesy of hydropower fed from the Columbia River. In 2017, Alex Pickard left a job in financial services to pack garages and warehouses with hash-spewing machines in Wenatchee and made tons of money as prices spiked. "Wenatchee attracted lots of miners," he recalls. "The problem was that they attracted a lot more than they thought they'd attract." Soon, Pickard and the other settlers were grabbing power needed to light Wenatchee's homes. The town tightened the regulations to expel miners. "The town changed the regs," says Pickard, "and I was one of the casualties."
Pickard doubts, however, that the Bitcoin regime will suffer the "rolling disaster" scenario. "These big mining outfits won't be much at risk," he says. "A lot of them are publicly traded. Hopefully they'll plan out their electricity needs based on what's available at the time." Still, the hunger to mine the Bitcoin bonanza is so powerful that it's hard to see how the players can keep picking up their gear and moving, and not overwhelm power plants and substations already at or nearly at full capacity. "Bitcoin's electricity use is already more than half the size of the U.K.'s and growing," says de Vries. "When these miners leave a place where they're producing heavily like Kazakhstan, they're often taking the need for the equivalent of an entire country's electricity with them." Bitcoin's amazing rise may be the source of its own rolling blackout as door after door keeps closing.