今年夏天,加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞省的利頓鎮最高溫度達到了121華氏度(49.4攝氏度),打破了加拿大的歷史紀錄。第二天,利頓被野火燒毀了。
利頓的悲劇充分證實了氣候變化的真實存在。這個悲劇告訴我們,停止碳排放迫在眉睫,不然世界各地的氣象災難將越來越頻繁,也越來越極端。
這個悲劇還告訴我們,僅僅停止碳排放已經遠遠不足以應對氣候變化。碳污染已經在大氣中存在了幾個世紀。我們必須要開始清理以前工業活動遺留下來的碳污染,否則我們就會讓自己和子孫后代——甚至包括那些生活在零排放社會的后代——承受氣候變化的嚴重后果。
因此,我們必須從現在開始部署清除積碳的策略,直接從大氣中捕獲和儲存二氧化碳。盡管有很多有潛力的解決方案,比如植樹、農田土壤固碳、建造直接空氣捕捉機等,但迄今為止的氣候行動都忽視了清除積炭的重要性。因此,目前技術潛力最大的碳去除路徑的成本是傳統碳補償方式的10倍至100倍,而且當前僅限于示范用途。林業和農業項目則一直忙于應付會計和監督問題,確保它們實際去除的碳和聲稱的一樣多。
為了確保碳去除方案落到實處,我們可以借鑒當初推動太陽能和電動汽車等技術從昂貴的小眾市場進入主流市場的方案策略。從20世紀70年代末起,政府通過資助技術創新、推出經濟激勵政策(包括聯邦稅收抵免以及州一級的監管指令),使第一代可再生能源初創企業在市場上站穩腳跟,最終僅僅用價格就擊敗了原來那些污染嚴重的企業。
碳去除能夠如法炮制,通過注入新資金來鼓勵創新、加快部署。在等式的這一端,對創新的支持已經有了一個充滿希望的開始,這方面的國會預算最近從零增加到了每年9000多萬美元,還涌現出相關的風險投資和慈善項目,例如價值1億美元的XPRIZE。國會也有機會通過預算調整和基礎設施一攬子計劃改善等式中的需求面,比如通過提升45Q條款中對直接空氣捕獲的稅收抵免,在美國各地投資碳儲存中心等。
然而,光靠清潔能源的老一套可能還不夠。清潔能源技術爭奪的是電力和交通領域價值數萬億美元的全球市場,碳去除需要一個愿意為凈化大氣買單的買家——而沒有比美國政府更好的客戶了。
聯邦政府可以在采購中鼓勵碳去除。首先,政府能夠通過“購買清潔產品”來提振碳去除領域的創新。例如,政府在采購中選擇使用由減碳技術制成的產品(比如由捕獲的碳制成的混凝土或商業地毯)的承包商,可以鼓勵重工業部門的減排,推動對直接空氣捕捉等碳去除技術的需求進一步上升到供應鏈上游。這就是循環碳經濟的概念,將對各國政府和大公司的氣候承諾產生影響。
但是,利用廢棄碳創造循環碳經濟應該是碳去除采購活動的起點,而不是唯一的重點。要實現凈負排放,各國政府和企業都需要將碳去除作為廢物管理的一部分,直接支付費用,作為針對其遺留的二氧化碳排放的補救措施。
現在已經有少數公司開始購買碳去除服務了,通過追尋它們的腳步,政府能夠從一開始就為碳清除行業確立嚴格的碳核算和環境保護標準。政府還可以傾聽來自環境正義和勞工組織的聲音,制定能夠保障工人和社區平等的碳去除基本政策。公民社會有理由擔心會有不老實的企業以碳去除為借口拖延減排,但如果施策得當,政府的直接采購就可以確保碳去除主要用于清除遺留的碳排放。
俗話說:“種一棵樹最好的時間是20年前,第二好的時間是今天。”氣候變化就在眼前。但是,如果我們今天就開始行動,一起來植樹,生產直接進行空氣捕捉的機器,探索一切有望清除幾個世紀來遺留下來的碳排放的解決方案,利頓遭受的氣候災難就并不一定會永遠持續。(財富中文網)
諾亞·戴奇是Carbon180的聯合創始人和總裁,這是一個致力于加速發展碳去除解決方案的新型非營利組織。
譯者:Agatha
今年夏天,加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞省的利頓鎮最高溫度達到了121華氏度(49.4攝氏度),打破了加拿大的歷史紀錄。第二天,利頓被野火燒毀了。
利頓的悲劇充分證實了氣候變化的真實存在。這個悲劇告訴我們,停止碳排放迫在眉睫,不然世界各地的氣象災難將越來越頻繁,也越來越極端。
這個悲劇還告訴我們,僅僅停止碳排放已經遠遠不足以應對氣候變化。碳污染已經在大氣中存在了幾個世紀。我們必須要開始清理以前工業活動遺留下來的碳污染,否則我們就會讓自己和子孫后代——甚至包括那些生活在零排放社會的后代——承受氣候變化的嚴重后果。
因此,我們必須從現在開始部署清除積碳的策略,直接從大氣中捕獲和儲存二氧化碳。盡管有很多有潛力的解決方案,比如植樹、農田土壤固碳、建造直接空氣捕捉機等,但迄今為止的氣候行動都忽視了清除積炭的重要性。因此,目前技術潛力最大的碳去除路徑的成本是傳統碳補償方式的10倍至100倍,而且當前僅限于示范用途。林業和農業項目則一直忙于應付會計和監督問題,確保它們實際去除的碳和聲稱的一樣多。
為了確保碳去除方案落到實處,我們可以借鑒當初推動太陽能和電動汽車等技術從昂貴的小眾市場進入主流市場的方案策略。從20世紀70年代末起,政府通過資助技術創新、推出經濟激勵政策(包括聯邦稅收抵免以及州一級的監管指令),使第一代可再生能源初創企業在市場上站穩腳跟,最終僅僅用價格就擊敗了原來那些污染嚴重的企業。
碳去除能夠如法炮制,通過注入新資金來鼓勵創新、加快部署。在等式的這一端,對創新的支持已經有了一個充滿希望的開始,這方面的國會預算最近從零增加到了每年9000多萬美元,還涌現出相關的風險投資和慈善項目,例如價值1億美元的XPRIZE。國會也有機會通過預算調整和基礎設施一攬子計劃改善等式中的需求面,比如通過提升45Q條款中對直接空氣捕獲的稅收抵免,在美國各地投資碳儲存中心等。
然而,光靠清潔能源的老一套可能還不夠。清潔能源技術爭奪的是電力和交通領域價值數萬億美元的全球市場,碳去除需要一個愿意為凈化大氣買單的買家——而沒有比美國政府更好的客戶了。
聯邦政府可以在采購中鼓勵碳去除。首先,政府能夠通過“購買清潔產品”來提振碳去除領域的創新。例如,政府在采購中選擇使用由減碳技術制成的產品(比如由捕獲的碳制成的混凝土或商業地毯)的承包商,可以鼓勵重工業部門的減排,推動對直接空氣捕捉等碳去除技術的需求進一步上升到供應鏈上游。這就是循環碳經濟的概念,將對各國政府和大公司的氣候承諾產生影響。
但是,利用廢棄碳創造循環碳經濟應該是碳去除采購活動的起點,而不是唯一的重點。要實現凈負排放,各國政府和企業都需要將碳去除作為廢物管理的一部分,直接支付費用,作為針對其遺留的二氧化碳排放的補救措施。
現在已經有少數公司開始購買碳去除服務了,通過追尋它們的腳步,政府能夠從一開始就為碳清除行業確立嚴格的碳核算和環境保護標準。政府還可以傾聽來自環境正義和勞工組織的聲音,制定能夠保障工人和社區平等的碳去除基本政策。公民社會有理由擔心會有不老實的企業以碳去除為借口拖延減排,但如果施策得當,政府的直接采購就可以確保碳去除主要用于清除遺留的碳排放。
俗話說:“種一棵樹最好的時間是20年前,第二好的時間是今天。”氣候變化就在眼前。但是,如果我們今天就開始行動,一起來植樹,生產直接進行空氣捕捉的機器,探索一切有望清除幾個世紀來遺留下來的碳排放的解決方案,利頓遭受的氣候災難就并不一定會永遠持續。(財富中文網)
諾亞·戴奇是Carbon180的聯合創始人和總裁,這是一個致力于加速發展碳去除解決方案的新型非營利組織。
譯者:Agatha
This summer, the town of Lytton, BC reached 121°F, setting the all-time temperature record in Canada. The next day, Lytton burned down in a wildfire.
The tragedy in Lytton is a vivid example that climate change is here. It shows just how urgent stopping carbon emissions is today, as failing to do so will lead to increasingly frequent and extreme disasters around the world.
It also shows that stopping emissions alone is a grossly insufficient response to climate change. Carbon pollution remains in the atmosphere for centuries. Unless we begin to clean up legacy carbon emissions from past industrial activity, we are sentencing current and future generations–even those living in a zero-emission society–to the grave impacts of climate change.
Accordingly, it is now essential to support carbon removal strategies for capturing and storing CO2 directly from the atmosphere. While a number of solutions hold promise–including planting trees, sequestering carbon in agricultural soils, and building direct air capture machines– climate initiatives have neglected carbon removal to date. As a result, nascent carbon removal pathways with the largest technical potential currently cost 10 to 100 times more than traditional offsets, and have only been deployed at demonstration scale. Projects in forestry and agriculture have struggled with accounting and oversight to ensure the carbon that they actually remove is as claimed.
To get carbon removal solutions off the ground, we would be wise to borrow elements from the playbook that propelled technologies like solar energy and electric vehicles from expensive and niche into the mainstream. Starting in the late 1970s, a combination of government funding for innovation and economic incentives (including federal tax credits and state-level regulatory mandates) enabled the first generation of renewable energy startups to gain an initial foothold in the market and eventually out-compete their pollution-heavy incumbents on price alone.
Carbon removal can follow this path with an injection of new funding to catalyze innovation and deployment. The innovation side of this equation is already off to a promising start, as Congressional funding recently increased from zero to over $90 million annually, and venture capital and philanthropic efforts like the $100 million XPRIZE have emerged. Congress has an opportunity to boost the demand side of this equation in the budget reconciliation and infrastructure package by increasing the value of the 45Q tax credit for direct air capture and seeding investment in carbon storage hubs across the US.
The clean energy playbook alone, however, is likely insufficient. Whereas other clean energy technologies are competing for trillion-dollar global markets for electricity and transportation, carbon removal needs a buyer willing to pay for cleaning up the atmosphere–and there’s no better customer than the US government.
Federal procurement can catalyze carbon removal. To start, the government can kickstart innovation in carbon removal by “buying clean.” By selecting contractors that use carbontech products, like concrete or commercial carpeting made from captured carbon, government purchasers can encourage emissions reductions in heavy industrial sectors and drive demand for carbon removal technologies like direct air capture further up the supply chain. That’s the concept of circular carbon economy, set to influence international climate pledges from governments and large companies.
However, creating a circular carbon economy focused on utilizing waste carbon alone should be the starting point for carbon removal procurement efforts, not the sole focus. Achieving net-negative emissions will require governments and companies alike to remediate their legacy CO2 emissions by paying for carbon removal directly as a waste management service.
By following in the footsteps of the small cadre of companies purchasing carbon removal today, governments can ensure strong standards for carbon accounting and environmental protection are embedded in legacy carbon clean-up efforts from the beginning. Governments can also ensure that voices from environmental justice and labor organizations co-create foundational carbon removal policies that advance equity for workers and communities. Civil society is right to worry about disingenuous actors promising carbon removal as an excuse for delaying emissions reductions, but done right, direct government procurement efforts can ensure carbon removal is used primarily for legacy emissions.
As the proverb goes: “the best time to plant a tree is 20 years ago, and the second-best time is today.” Climate change is here. But if we unite today to start planting trees, building direct air capture machines, and exploring everything in between that holds promise for cleaning up legacy emissions from centuries past, climate disasters like the one in Lytton don’t have to be forever.
Noah Deich is cofounder and president of Carbon180, a new breed of non-profit dedicated to accelerating the development of carbon removal solutions.