恒大集團是全球負債最多的房地產開發商,或許也是全球最糟糕的電動汽車制造商。
2018年,恒大成立了子公司恒大新能源汽車集團。盡管董事長許家印曾表示恒大在造車上“既沒有技術,也沒有經驗”,這并不妨礙其立志超越市場領頭羊特斯拉(Tesla),
雖然自2019年官宣造車后,恒大汽車銷售收入一直為零,但許家印的豪言壯語還是獲得了資本市場的青睞。自去年6月,恒大汽車的股票就一路飆升,從6港元/股漲到了72.45港元/股,暴漲10倍,恒大新能源也因此籌集了數百億美元。
因管理層一再推遲生產計劃,盡管恒大汽車早已計劃了6款車型,但出貨量至今為零。今年上半年,該集團虧損7.4億美元。
然而,這只是這家地產巨頭最近一次為實現商業多元化而做出的慘淡嘗試。
瓶裝礦泉水、音樂、廣州足球俱樂部……這些恒大曾涉足過的領域,無一不以失敗或虧損告終。
恒大集團3000億美元的總債務中,這些失敗的嘗試案例占比并不高,大部分債務仍然來自房地產業務。但恒大集團不顧一切地進行多元化投資,反映出中國地產商一個正面臨的更大問題。
中國房地產市場日趨成熟,政府出手管控房價,房地產公司的成本增加,利潤下降。為了生存,像恒大這樣的房企需要把雞蛋放在不同的籃子里,否則就會面臨回報降低、債務增加的風險,但它們同樣需要避免恒大在新能源汽車領域里犯下的錯誤。
日趨成熟的房地產市場
在房地產行業逐步發展的大背景下,恒大地產并非中國第一家在住宅地產以外進行多元化經營的房地產開發商,也并非唯一一家。
2012年,萬達集團(當時中國最大的商業地產開發商)以26億美元收購了美國影院運營商AMC,開始了大規模并購,2016年又以35億美元收購了好萊塢制片公司傳奇娛樂(Legendary Entertainment)。
2014年,中國另一家房地產領軍企業萬科開始從核心業務住宅地產向外擴張,開始涉足倉儲和物流業務。
公司管理層警告稱,隨著房屋銷售下滑,房地產業務“可能出現問題”。
“15年前,政府將地產行業作為經濟增長的支柱。”香港中文大學(Chinese University of Hong Kong)的助理教授佐伊·楊(音譯)說,“但由于價格上漲過高,政府推出了相關政策使市場降溫。”
長期以來,中國家庭一直將房地產作為首選資產,大約70%的家庭財富與房地產相關。
但猖獗的投機活動推高了房價,導致新購房者難以入市。中國政府因此限制了個人購房數量,同時限制購買第二套住房的融資選擇。
去年,北京對房地產開發商同樣實施了融資限制,禁止銀行向基本面踩了三條“紅線”之一的開發商發放新貸款。恒大地產每一條紅線踩了,融資無門,最終引發了災難性的現金緊縮。
當然,其他開發商的情況也好不到哪去。
Loomis Sayles公司的中國經濟學家莊波(音譯)稱:“整個房地產行業都是夕陽產業。”
如果保持目前的速度,他預計至2030年,中國就將出現“過度建設”的情況。為了存活,房地產開發商需要多元化經營,莊波說,而在選擇多元化經營的行業時,一個方法就是“聽政府的話”。
新能源
值得肯定的是,恒大正是這么做的。
中國要在15年內讓成為電動汽車的主要生產國和消費國,承諾2035年后在中國銷售的所有汽車都將是“環保”汽車。為實現這一目標,中國政府出臺了一系列支持性政策舉措,推動了國內電動汽車市場的繁榮。
2018年,恒大也加入了競爭。
恒大集團旗下的恒大新能源集團通過重組恒大健康,于2018年在香港上市。2020年8月26日,恒大健康公告稱,將于8月27日正式更名為“恒大汽車”。
單從股價來看,這個新的電動汽車部門大獲成功。盡管該公司從未賣出過一輛汽車,今年4月,恒大新能源的估值超過了福特(Ford),達到了870億美元的峰值。
“這是一家奇怪的公司。”位于上海的咨詢公司Automobility的創始人及首席執行官比爾·拉索今年曾經向彭博社(Bloomberg)表示。“他們投入了大量資金,但其實沒有得到任何回報,而對他們涉足的這個行業,他們知之甚少。”
恒大的預想是把電動汽車和房地產進行綁定:在小區停車場建電動汽車充電站,以免費或打折充電的方式吸引買家。盡管電動汽車部門一直虧損,但待房地產行業開始成熟,該部門就可能會實現盈利。
然而在臺面下,恒大對電動汽車的投資還有另外一個目的:獲得對政府土地的使用權。
工廠和民宅
據《華爾街日報》(Wall Street Journal)報道,在上海的周邊城市南通,恒大采取了通過做出生產承諾來爭取土地交易的策略——其承諾2019年在南通投資27億美元建一家電動汽車工廠。
該工廠尚未建成,但去年9月,當地政府拍賣了一塊住宅用地,只接受至少在當地投資15.5億美元用于電動汽車生產的公司參與投標。恒大因此成為了唯一一家合格的地產開發商,沒有經過一場競標就拿到了這片地。
標準普爾(S&P)的大中華區房地產主管馬修·周(音譯)指出,對新地塊的競爭非常激烈,大多數開發商不再通過常規土地競拍來拿地,常規競拍中土地的最終售價往往要在原價基礎上溢價66%。“開發商都在想方設法低價拿地。”馬修·周說。
恒大新能源集團的另一個作用是上市融資。
這些資金即使用于支撐其主營房地產業務,也仍然不夠。截至9月,恒大新能源的股價較4月峰值已經暴跌92%。8月,負債累累的恒大甚至未能把虧損的電動汽車業務賣給正在尋找機會進入電動汽車市場的智能手機制造商小米公司。
莊波說:“沒有人愿意伸手接住一把正在向下掉的刀。”
未來
觀察人士擔心,這家房地產巨頭的坍塌可能會在中國乃至海外引發更多違約。
分析師同時稱,政府可能會出手干預,防止危機蔓延,但仍將允許恒大破產,以此警告其他開發商不要堆積壞賬。但隨著房地產行業的成熟,開發商將不得不舉債進入其他領域,實現多元化經營。
“政府政策十分嚴格,即便是像恒大、碧桂園和SOHO這樣的大公司也面臨壓力。”佐伊·楊說,“最終,可能只有國企才可以參與土地拍賣,如果民營企業遭到排擠,就將扼殺市場競爭。”
房地產民營企業面臨的難題將是:選擇在什么領域、以什么方式實現多元化。因為政府在2017年就曾批評萬達和其他進行大量海外收購的公司利用信貸進行資本外逃,萬達對海外資產和電影院的收購以失敗告終,最終清空了其海外資產。政府監管和萬達此后的退出讓萬達的創始人王健林損失了320億美元。
萬達表示將停止買地。
萬科選擇將重心轉向物業管理,或許會帶來一個更穩定的未來,這也是其他地產商更加青睞的路線。物業管理是萬科收入第二高的業務,僅次于房地產銷售。盡管物業管理的利潤遠低于房地產,但該行業受到的政府監管更少。
據報道,繼碧桂園和華潤集團之后,萬科正在尋求嘗試剝離其物業管理部門,募資20億美元在香港上市。
萬科總裁兼首席執行官祝九勝在7月的股東大會上說:“房地產賺錢越來越難了。”但無論未來怎么轉向,過渡期也同樣艱難。(財富中文網)
譯者:Agatha
恒大集團是全球負債最多的房地產開發商,或許也是全球最糟糕的電動汽車制造商。
2018年,恒大成立了子公司恒大新能源汽車集團。盡管董事長許家印曾表示恒大在造車上“既沒有技術,也沒有經驗”,這并不妨礙其立志超越市場領頭羊特斯拉(Tesla),
雖然自2019年官宣造車后,恒大汽車銷售收入一直為零,但許家印的豪言壯語還是獲得了資本市場的青睞。自去年6月,恒大汽車的股票就一路飆升,從6港元/股漲到了72.45港元/股,暴漲10倍,恒大新能源也因此籌集了數百億美元。
因管理層一再推遲生產計劃,盡管恒大汽車早已計劃了6款車型,但出貨量至今為零。今年上半年,該集團虧損7.4億美元。
然而,這只是這家地產巨頭最近一次為實現商業多元化而做出的慘淡嘗試。
瓶裝礦泉水、音樂、廣州足球俱樂部……這些恒大曾涉足過的領域,無一不以失敗或虧損告終。
恒大集團3000億美元的總債務中,這些失敗的嘗試案例占比并不高,大部分債務仍然來自房地產業務。但恒大集團不顧一切地進行多元化投資,反映出中國地產商一個正面臨的更大問題。
中國房地產市場日趨成熟,政府出手管控房價,房地產公司的成本增加,利潤下降。為了生存,像恒大這樣的房企需要把雞蛋放在不同的籃子里,否則就會面臨回報降低、債務增加的風險,但它們同樣需要避免恒大在新能源汽車領域里犯下的錯誤。
日趨成熟的房地產市場
在房地產行業逐步發展的大背景下,恒大地產并非中國第一家在住宅地產以外進行多元化經營的房地產開發商,也并非唯一一家。
2012年,萬達集團(當時中國最大的商業地產開發商)以26億美元收購了美國影院運營商AMC,開始了大規模并購,2016年又以35億美元收購了好萊塢制片公司傳奇娛樂(Legendary Entertainment)。
2014年,中國另一家房地產領軍企業萬科開始從核心業務住宅地產向外擴張,開始涉足倉儲和物流業務。
公司管理層警告稱,隨著房屋銷售下滑,房地產業務“可能出現問題”。
“15年前,政府將地產行業作為經濟增長的支柱。”香港中文大學(Chinese University of Hong Kong)的助理教授佐伊·楊(音譯)說,“但由于價格上漲過高,政府推出了相關政策使市場降溫。”
長期以來,中國家庭一直將房地產作為首選資產,大約70%的家庭財富與房地產相關。
但猖獗的投機活動推高了房價,導致新購房者難以入市。中國政府因此限制了個人購房數量,同時限制購買第二套住房的融資選擇。
去年,北京對房地產開發商同樣實施了融資限制,禁止銀行向基本面踩了三條“紅線”之一的開發商發放新貸款。恒大地產每一條紅線踩了,融資無門,最終引發了災難性的現金緊縮。
當然,其他開發商的情況也好不到哪去。
Loomis Sayles公司的中國經濟學家莊波(音譯)稱:“整個房地產行業都是夕陽產業。”
如果保持目前的速度,他預計至2030年,中國就將出現“過度建設”的情況。為了存活,房地產開發商需要多元化經營,莊波說,而在選擇多元化經營的行業時,一個方法就是“聽政府的話”。
新能源
值得肯定的是,恒大正是這么做的。
中國要在15年內讓成為電動汽車的主要生產國和消費國,承諾2035年后在中國銷售的所有汽車都將是“環保”汽車。為實現這一目標,中國政府出臺了一系列支持性政策舉措,推動了國內電動汽車市場的繁榮。
2018年,恒大也加入了競爭。
恒大集團旗下的恒大新能源集團通過重組恒大健康,于2018年在香港上市。2020年8月26日,恒大健康公告稱,將于8月27日正式更名為“恒大汽車”。
單從股價來看,這個新的電動汽車部門大獲成功。盡管該公司從未賣出過一輛汽車,今年4月,恒大新能源的估值超過了福特(Ford),達到了870億美元的峰值。
“這是一家奇怪的公司。”位于上海的咨詢公司Automobility的創始人及首席執行官比爾·拉索今年曾經向彭博社(Bloomberg)表示。“他們投入了大量資金,但其實沒有得到任何回報,而對他們涉足的這個行業,他們知之甚少。”
恒大的預想是把電動汽車和房地產進行綁定:在小區停車場建電動汽車充電站,以免費或打折充電的方式吸引買家。盡管電動汽車部門一直虧損,但待房地產行業開始成熟,該部門就可能會實現盈利。
然而在臺面下,恒大對電動汽車的投資還有另外一個目的:獲得對政府土地的使用權。
工廠和民宅
據《華爾街日報》(Wall Street Journal)報道,在上海的周邊城市南通,恒大采取了通過做出生產承諾來爭取土地交易的策略——其承諾2019年在南通投資27億美元建一家電動汽車工廠。
該工廠尚未建成,但去年9月,當地政府拍賣了一塊住宅用地,只接受至少在當地投資15.5億美元用于電動汽車生產的公司參與投標。恒大因此成為了唯一一家合格的地產開發商,沒有經過一場競標就拿到了這片地。
標準普爾(S&P)的大中華區房地產主管馬修·周(音譯)指出,對新地塊的競爭非常激烈,大多數開發商不再通過常規土地競拍來拿地,常規競拍中土地的最終售價往往要在原價基礎上溢價66%。“開發商都在想方設法低價拿地。”馬修·周說。
恒大新能源集團的另一個作用是上市融資。
這些資金即使用于支撐其主營房地產業務,也仍然不夠。截至9月,恒大新能源的股價較4月峰值已經暴跌92%。8月,負債累累的恒大甚至未能把虧損的電動汽車業務賣給正在尋找機會進入電動汽車市場的智能手機制造商小米公司。
莊波說:“沒有人愿意伸手接住一把正在向下掉的刀。”
未來
觀察人士擔心,這家房地產巨頭的坍塌可能會在中國乃至海外引發更多違約。
分析師同時稱,政府可能會出手干預,防止危機蔓延,但仍將允許恒大破產,以此警告其他開發商不要堆積壞賬。但隨著房地產行業的成熟,開發商將不得不舉債進入其他領域,實現多元化經營。
“政府政策十分嚴格,即便是像恒大、碧桂園和SOHO這樣的大公司也面臨壓力。”佐伊·楊說,“最終,可能只有國企才可以參與土地拍賣,如果民營企業遭到排擠,就將扼殺市場競爭。”
房地產民營企業面臨的難題將是:選擇在什么領域、以什么方式實現多元化。因為政府在2017年就曾批評萬達和其他進行大量海外收購的公司利用信貸進行資本外逃,萬達對海外資產和電影院的收購以失敗告終,最終清空了其海外資產。政府監管和萬達此后的退出讓萬達的創始人王健林損失了320億美元。
萬達表示將停止買地。
萬科選擇將重心轉向物業管理,或許會帶來一個更穩定的未來,這也是其他地產商更加青睞的路線。物業管理是萬科收入第二高的業務,僅次于房地產銷售。盡管物業管理的利潤遠低于房地產,但該行業受到的政府監管更少。
據報道,繼碧桂園和華潤集團之后,萬科正在尋求嘗試剝離其物業管理部門,募資20億美元在香港上市。
萬科總裁兼首席執行官祝九勝在7月的股東大會上說:“房地產賺錢越來越難了。”但無論未來怎么轉向,過渡期也同樣艱難。(財富中文網)
譯者:Agatha
Evergrande Group, the world’s most indebted real estate developer, is perhaps also the world’s worst electric vehicle maker.
The company launched its electric vehicle unit, Evergrande NEV, in 2018 and vowed to outstrip market leader Tesla despite—in Evergrande chairman Hui Ka Yan’s own words—having “no technology and no experience” in building cars.
Nevertheless, investors bought into Hui’s bravado, and Evergrande NEV raised tens of billions of dollars in share sales while earning exactly zero dollars in car sales. The unit boasts a portfolio of six models but hasn’t shipped a single automobile, as executives repeatedly push back production schedules. The subsidiary reported losses of $740 million in the first half of the year.
Yet Evergrande’s dismal foray into EVs is only the property giant’s latest bid to diversify its business interests. Previous gambits include bottling mineral water, producing music, and managing football club Guangzhou FC—all of which have failed or are sustained at a loss. The failed ventures don't weigh heavily on Evergrande's total $300 billion of debt—most of which comes from the group's property sector—but Evergrande's desperate bid to diversify flags a bigger issue facing all of China's property developers.
The Chinese property market is maturing, and the government is reining in runaway house prices, which is increasing costs and cutting profits for real estate companies. To survive, builders like Evergrande need to diversify their holdings or risk being saddled with low returns and mounting debts—but they need to avoid the missteps that Evergrande's EV venture has made.
Maturing property
Evergrande isn’t the first or only real estate developer in China to diversify away from residential property as the sector, once a bedrock of China’s economic growth, matures.
In 2012, Wanda Group—then China’s largest commercial property developer—began an aggressive acquisition drive, purchasing U.S. cinema operator AMC for $2.6 billion that year and snapping up Hollywood production studio Legendary Entertainment for $3.5 billion in 2016.
In 2014, another one of China’s leading property developers, China Vanke, began expanding beyond its core residential property business. The group expanded into warehousing and logistics operations as company executives warned there “could be a problem” with real estate that year as property sales declined.
“Fifteen years ago, the government would promote the real estate industry as a pillar for economic growth,” says Zoe Yang, assistant professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. “But as prices rose too high, the government introduced policies to cool down the market.”
Chinese households have long held property as the preferred asset class, with some 70% of household wealth tied up in the property sector. But rampant speculation raised prices and pushed new buyers out of the market, prompting Beijing to restrict the number of properties individuals can purchase and limit financing options for secondary home purchases.
Last year, Beijing slapped financing restrictions on property developers too—forbidding banks from issuing new loans to developers with fundamentals that breeched one of three “red lines.” Evergrande breached all three of those thresholds, which ultimately squeezed the group's access to fresh capital and precipitated its devastating cash crunch. But China's other developers aren't in much better shape.
“The whole property business is a sunset sector,” says Bo Zhuang, China economist at Loomis Sayles, estimating that China will be “overbuilt” by 2030 if development continues at its current pace. Real estate developers need to diversify to survive and, Zhuang says, one way of picking industries to expand into is simply to “listen to government.”
New energy
To its credit, Evergrande did just that.
China has charted an ambitious road map to make China the leading producer and buyer of electric vehicles (EVs) over the coming 15 years, pledging that all vehicles sold in China after 2035 will be “eco-friendly.” A raft of supportive policy measures to meet that target sparked a boom in the domestic EV market and, in 2018, Evergrande entered the fray.
Evergrande NEV, the property developer's EV unit, listed in Hong Kong in 2018 through a restructuring of the Evergrande Health unit—another defunct diversification wing—that was languishing on the bourse. Measured by share price alone, the new EV unit was a success. Evergrande NEV was valued higher than Ford in April this year, at a peak of $87 billion, despite never having sold a car.
"It's a weird company," Bill Russo, the founder and chief executive officer of advisory firm Automobility in Shanghai, told Bloomberg earlier this year. "They've poured a lot of money in that hasn't really returned anything, plus they're entering an industry in which they have very limited understanding.”
Officially, Evergrande posited that it could bundle EVs and homes together: build EV charging stations into residential car parks and incentivize buyers with offers of free or discounted charging. Although the unit was running at a loss, Evergrande figured it could be profitable further down the line when the property sector started to mature.
Unofficially, however, Evergrande’s bid on EVs served another purpose: opening access to government land.
Factory and a house
Evergrande deployed its tactic of snagging land deals alongside manufacturing pledges in the city of Nantong, on the outskirts of Shanghai, where Evergrande promised to invest $2.7 billion in an EV plant in 2019, according to the Wall Street Journal.
The plant hasn’t been built yet but, last September, the local government auctioned a plot of residential land where it accepted bids only from companies that had invested at least $1.55 billion in local EV production. Evergrande was the only property developer that qualified and secured the land without a bidding war.
S&P director of Greater China property, Matthew Chow, says competition for new land allocation is so high that most developers no longer compete through standard land auctions, where land typically sells at a 66% premium on its original value. “Lots of developers are finding ways to get cheaper land,” Chow says.
Evergrande also used its EV business as a fundraising vehicle by selling shares in the unit. If Evergrande used those funds to prop up its main property business, they weren't enough. By September, shares in Evergrande NEV had plummeted 92% from their April peak. The debt-laden developer even failed to offload the loss-making EV venture to Xiaomi in August, when the smartphone maker was seeking an entry to the EV space.
“No one wants to catch a falling knife,” says Zhuang.
Future property
Most analysts expect Evergrande will default on a new raft of payments due on September 23, which could finally topple the company. Observers worry the giant property developer’s collapse could precipitate more defaults across China and even overseas.
Analysts caution that the government will likely intervene to prevent such contagion but will still allow Evergrande to fall—more of a controlled demolition, than a collapse—as a warning to other developers not to build bad debt piles. But as the property sector matures, developers will have to take on debt to diversify into other areas.
“The government policies are so strict even the big firms like Evergrande, Country Garden, and Soho face pressure,” says Yang. “Eventually it seems like only state-owned enterprises can compete in land auctions and could eventually crowd out private firms, which would stifle competition in the market.”
The struggle for private property developers will be choosing how and where to diversify. Wanda's bid on overseas property and cinemas fell flat after the government accused it and other acquisition-heavy firms of using credit to fund capital flight in 2017, forcing the property group to sell off its overseas assets. The government scrutiny and Wanda's subsequent retreat cost Wanda founder Wang Jianlin $32 billion in personal wealth. The group has said it will stop buying new land.
China Vanke's pivot to property management may offer a more stable future and is a route other land developers have favored. Building management services is Vanke's second-highest revenue earner, after property sales. Even though profits from management services are far lower than building sales, the sector is more sheltered from government regulation, and Vanke, following the lead of Country Garden and China Resources, is reportedly looking to spin off its property management unit through a $2 billion Hong Kong IPO.
"It's getting harder to make money from the development business," Vanke president and CEO Zhu Jiusheng said during a shareholders meeting in July. But the transition to whatever's next will be hard too.