新冠疫苗的分發情況揭示了全球范圍內根深蒂固的不平等現實。根據今年早些時候發表于《柳葉刀》(The Lancet)的一項分析,2021年,占全球人口約16 %的高收入經濟體已經鎖定了五種主要新冠疫苗70%以上的供應劑量。
但是,發達國家囤積疫苗并不是疫苗公平分配的唯一阻礙。不平等地區的疫苗腐敗問題進一步加劇了這種不平等,也加深了國際社會的公共衛生危機。
先前,腐敗問題就通常會導致不良的社會健康狀況——盡管能夠說明這一點的有力證據很少。一項發表于期刊《經濟學與金融學》(Journal of Economics and Finance)、基于64個國家的分析表明,腐敗會稀釋原本用于急需的基本公共服務的資金,包括醫療保健。一組基于菲律賓80個城市的計量經濟分析數據顯示,腐敗與免疫接種率有很強的負相關性,和新生兒免疫接種延遲有正相關性。同樣,一項基于非洲多國的分析也提出假設稱,腐敗問題和獲得新疫苗的滯后性之間存在關聯。
一大波疫苗腐敗丑聞也破壞了全球的疫苗分發秩序。在許多中低收入國家,政客和高級官員濫用權力,“插隊”接種疫苗。比如秘魯的高級政客在疫苗于本國上市前好幾個月就打到了。
此外,據報道,政客們還會通過疫苗來賄賂人們的選票。在黎巴嫩就有人指控稱,政治領導人為他們的選民安排了私人疫苗接種活動,以幫助他們當選。
關于疫苗走私的報道也浮出水面。菲律賓總統的安全官就接種了走私的新冠疫苗,而這得到了該國國防部長的證實,稱這是“合理合法的”。
此外,還有報告稱,一些負責疫苗分發的人也在侵吞疫苗。在印度尼西亞,一名獄醫和另外三人就因為盜竊疫苗而遭到指控,他們偷走了1000多劑原本為獄中囚犯準備的疫苗,并按每劑約17美元的價格出售。
這種腐敗也為黑市交易創造了有利的環境。今年年初,卡巴斯基(Kaspersky)報告稱,輝瑞(Pfizer)/BioNTech、Moderna、牛津大學(Oxford)/阿斯利康(AstraZeneca)的疫苗都有在暗網上出售,價格從250美元到1200美元不等。4月,墨西哥警方通報稱,一家診所以每支1000美元的高價,給80人注射了含有蒸餾水的針劑。令人擔憂的是,還有人在賣假冒的疫苗接種證。在津巴布韋,一名護士與黑販勾結,將每張接種證明賣到25美元至50美元。
這些可鄙的做法可能會威脅到全球衛生工作,擴大疫苗不平等的鴻溝。這種腐敗行為也違背了世界衛生組織(WHO)的章程——“確保將疫苗優先供給最需要的人”。
疫苗腐敗也打擊了公眾的信心,加深了他們對公共機構的不信任,而這又可能轉化為他們在“是否要接種疫苗”時猶豫遲疑,減少疫苗接種覆蓋率,進一步擴大疫苗缺口。此外,對假冒的疫苗接種證和非法來源疫苗的需求不斷增加,還可能引發疫苗不平等和腐敗的惡性循環。
也許更令人擔憂的是,疫苗腐敗的參與者還可能成為病毒攜帶者、危害人們為遏制病毒傳播付出的努力,特別是在歐盟(European Union)等地區,原本計劃通過“疫苗護照”推動跨境旅行常態化。
全球的合作對根除這種腐敗至關重要。同時,地方政府、企業、“吹哨人”也可以聯合起來,共同打擊黑市。
各級政府還應該積極加強監督和問責進程。他們還應該考慮采用使用二維碼和區塊鏈的疫苗追蹤和認證系統。此外,還要開展公共運動,提高人們對疫苗腐敗問題及其法律后果的認識。
疫苗公平對成功遏制這場疫情至關重要。用詩人、哲學家阿拉瑪?穆罕默德?伊克巴爾爵士的話說:“沒有統一的行動,只有統一的思想是不完美的。”(財富中文網)
穆罕默德?賈瓦德?努恩是一名醫務工作者,也是哥廷根大學(Georg August University of Goettingen)的經濟學研究員。他在2020年獲得德國醫學獎(German Medical Award)。
編譯:陳聰聰
新冠疫苗的分發情況揭示了全球范圍內根深蒂固的不平等現實。根據今年早些時候發表于《柳葉刀》(The Lancet)的一項分析,2021年,占全球人口約16 %的高收入經濟體已經鎖定了五種主要新冠疫苗70%以上的供應劑量。
但是,發達國家囤積疫苗并不是疫苗公平分配的唯一阻礙。不平等地區的疫苗腐敗問題進一步加劇了這種不平等,也加深了國際社會的公共衛生危機。
先前,腐敗問題就通常會導致不良的社會健康狀況——盡管能夠說明這一點的有力證據很少。一項發表于期刊《經濟學與金融學》(Journal of Economics and Finance)、基于64個國家的分析表明,腐敗會稀釋原本用于急需的基本公共服務的資金,包括醫療保健。一組基于菲律賓80個城市的計量經濟分析數據顯示,腐敗與免疫接種率有很強的負相關性,和新生兒免疫接種延遲有正相關性。同樣,一項基于非洲多國的分析也提出假設稱,腐敗問題和獲得新疫苗的滯后性之間存在關聯。
一大波疫苗腐敗丑聞也破壞了全球的疫苗分發秩序。在許多中低收入國家,政客和高級官員濫用權力,“插隊”接種疫苗。比如秘魯的高級政客在疫苗于本國上市前好幾個月就打到了。
此外,據報道,政客們還會通過疫苗來賄賂人們的選票。在黎巴嫩就有人指控稱,政治領導人為他們的選民安排了私人疫苗接種活動,以幫助他們當選。
關于疫苗走私的報道也浮出水面。菲律賓總統的安全官就接種了走私的新冠疫苗,而這得到了該國國防部長的證實,稱這是“合理合法的”。
此外,還有報告稱,一些負責疫苗分發的人也在侵吞疫苗。在印度尼西亞,一名獄醫和另外三人就因為盜竊疫苗而遭到指控,他們偷走了1000多劑原本為獄中囚犯準備的疫苗,并按每劑約17美元的價格出售。
這種腐敗也為黑市交易創造了有利的環境。今年年初,卡巴斯基(Kaspersky)報告稱,輝瑞(Pfizer)/BioNTech、Moderna、牛津大學(Oxford)/阿斯利康(AstraZeneca)的疫苗都有在暗網上出售,價格從250美元到1200美元不等。4月,墨西哥警方通報稱,一家診所以每支1000美元的高價,給80人注射了含有蒸餾水的針劑。令人擔憂的是,還有人在賣假冒的疫苗接種證。在津巴布韋,一名護士與黑販勾結,將每張接種證明賣到25美元至50美元。
這些可鄙的做法可能會威脅到全球衛生工作,擴大疫苗不平等的鴻溝。這種腐敗行為也違背了世界衛生組織(WHO)的章程——“確保將疫苗優先供給最需要的人”。
疫苗腐敗也打擊了公眾的信心,加深了他們對公共機構的不信任,而這又可能轉化為他們在“是否要接種疫苗”時猶豫遲疑,減少疫苗接種覆蓋率,進一步擴大疫苗缺口。此外,對假冒的疫苗接種證和非法來源疫苗的需求不斷增加,還可能引發疫苗不平等和腐敗的惡性循環。
也許更令人擔憂的是,疫苗腐敗的參與者還可能成為病毒攜帶者、危害人們為遏制病毒傳播付出的努力,特別是在歐盟(European Union)等地區,原本計劃通過“疫苗護照”推動跨境旅行常態化。
全球的合作對根除這種腐敗至關重要。同時,地方政府、企業、“吹哨人”也可以聯合起來,共同打擊黑市。
各級政府還應該積極加強監督和問責進程。他們還應該考慮采用使用二維碼和區塊鏈的疫苗追蹤和認證系統。此外,還要開展公共運動,提高人們對疫苗腐敗問題及其法律后果的認識。
疫苗公平對成功遏制這場疫情至關重要。用詩人、哲學家阿拉瑪?穆罕默德?伊克巴爾爵士的話說:“沒有統一的行動,只有統一的思想是不完美的。”(財富中文網)
穆罕默德?賈瓦德?努恩是一名醫務工作者,也是哥廷根大學(Georg August University of Goettingen)的經濟學研究員。他在2020年獲得德國醫學獎(German Medical Award)。
編譯:陳聰聰
The coronavirus vaccine rollout has unveiled deep-rooted inequities on a global scale. According to an analysis published in The Lancet earlier this year, high-income economies with around 16% of the world’s population have secured over 70% of doses of the five major coronavirus vaccines for 2021.
But rich countries’ hoarding is not the only problem hampering vaccine distribution and equity. Vaccine corruption in the Global South is further fueling vaccine inequity, deepening the international health crisis.
Previously, corruption has been linked with adverse health outcomes, although robust evidence is scarce. A 64-country analysis published in the Journal of Economics and Finance suggests that corruption diverts funds from much-needed investment in essential public services, including health care. An econometric analysis of data from 80 municipalities in the Philippines reveals that corruption has a strong negative correlation with immunization rates and a positive correlation with vaccination delay in newborns. Likewise, a multicountry analysis from Africa hypothesizes a link between corruption and delay in the introduction of new vaccines.
A wave of vaccine corruption scandals have shaken the global COVID-19 vaccine rollout. In numerous low- and middle-income countries, politicians and high-ranking officials have abused their power to cut the vaccine queue. For instance, the Peruvian political elite received the jab months ahead of the national vaccine rollout.
Moreover, politicians are reportedly offering vaccine bribes to lure people into voting for them. In Lebanon, political leaders have arranged private vaccine drives for their constituents, allegedly to help get elected.
Reports of vaccine smuggling have also surfaced. The Philippine President’s security aides were inoculated with smuggled coronavirus vaccines, confirmed the country’s defense secretary, calling it “justified.”
Furthermore, there have been reported cases of vaccine theft by people in positions of responsibility. In Indonesia, a prison doctor and three others were charged for stealing more than 1,000 vaccine doses meant for prison inmates and selling them for about $17 each.
Such corruption creates a conducive environment for black market activity. Earlier this year, Kaspersky reported Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines being sold on the dark web, with prices ranging from $250 to $1,200 per dose. Mexican police in April uncovered a clinic that gave 80 people shots containing distilled water for $1,000 each. Alarmingly, fake vaccination certificates are also for sale. In Zimbabwe, a nurse colluded with a pest controller to sell them for $25 to $50 each.
These despicable practices can be crippling to the global health effort and contribute to the vaccine divide. Such corruption breaches WHO protocols developed to ensure those who need vaccines most get them first.
It also undermines confidence in public institutions. Mistrust in institutions may translate into vaccine hesitancy and a decrease in vaccination coverage, further widening the vaccine gap. Moreover, rising demand for fake vaccination certificates and illegally acquired shots can trigger a vicious cycle of vaccine inequity and corruption.
Perhaps even more worryingly, individuals partaking in vaccine corruption can serve as virus carriers. This may have detrimental consequences for efforts to stem virus spread, especially with regions like the European Union planning to normalize cross-border travel using vaccine passports.
Global partnership is critical to uprooting this corruption. At the same time, local governments, businesses, and whistleblowers can work together to crack down on black markets.
All levels of government should actively work on strengthening oversight and accountability processes. They should also consider employing vaccine tracking and certificate authentication systems using QR codes and blockchains. In addition, they should develop public campaigns to raise awareness around the issue and the legal consequences of corruption.
Equitable vaccine access is paramount to successfully contain the pandemic. To quote the poet-philosopher Allama Sir Muhammad Iqbal, “Unity of thought without unity of action is imperfect.”
Muhammad Jawad Noon is a medical doctor working as a research fellow in economics at Georg August University of Goettingen. He was a recipient of the German Medical Award in 2020.