3月5日,底特律市的市長(zhǎng)邁克·杜根拒絕了強(qiáng)生公司(Johnson & Johnson’s)最近獲批的新冠疫苗,叫停了其第一批次的分發(fā)流通。為什么要這么做?他給出的解釋是,要優(yōu)先考慮輝瑞(Pfizer)和Moderna的疫苗,因?yàn)榕R床試驗(yàn)證明,這兩家公司的疫苗更有效。
但是他所顧慮的“有效性”問題并不是這么簡(jiǎn)單明了:根據(jù)公共衛(wèi)生專家的說法,人們?cè)诤艽蟪潭壬险`解了疫苗的“最高有效性”這一數(shù)值的意義——強(qiáng)生公司的疫苗雖然在這一數(shù)值上表現(xiàn)得并不出色,但其實(shí)仍然是非常有效的。
“強(qiáng)生疫苗的效果當(dāng)然也是很好的。但是,Moderna和輝瑞是最好的。所以我將竭盡所能,確保底特律市的市民能夠接種到效果最好的疫苗。”杜根說。
這里的主要問題是,輝瑞和Moderna疫苗的最高有效率為95%,而強(qiáng)生公司的是近66%。這些數(shù)字不僅不能完全代表這些疫苗在預(yù)防重癥、住院和死亡病例上的有效性(三種疫苗在預(yù)防極端危重病例方面都非常有效),還可能導(dǎo)致一種基本的誤解:即人們會(huì)以為,接種了輝瑞或Moderna疫苗的人仍然有5%的可能會(huì)感染病毒,而接種強(qiáng)生疫苗的人則約有34%會(huì)感染。
但是,考慮到臨床試驗(yàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)的基本性質(zhì),這些關(guān)于“有效性”的數(shù)字并不是這樣解讀的。
一場(chǎng)有效的臨床試驗(yàn)需要兩組參與者:即接種真正的疫苗的人,和接種安慰劑的人。后者就是所謂的控制組。
在衡量疫苗的有效性時(shí),比較的是接種了一劑(或輝瑞和Moderna要求的兩劑)真疫苗與接種了安慰劑的人感染病毒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的比較是相對(duì)的。兩次注射“最高95%”的有效性數(shù)值意味著,接種疫苗的人出現(xiàn)感染癥狀的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低了95%(任何癥狀都算在內(nèi),包括各種輕度感染等)。但是,感染新冠病毒后也可能不會(huì)出現(xiàn)任何癥狀,即“無癥狀感染”,但病毒仍然在傳播,而這“95%”的數(shù)值就沒有將這些情況包括在內(nèi)。
對(duì)輝瑞和Moderna而言,更重要的是一個(gè)小得多的數(shù)值:0.04%。這是在接種疫苗后,仍然出現(xiàn)有癥狀感染的人數(shù)的百分比?!敦?cái)富》雜志已經(jīng)與強(qiáng)生公司取得聯(lián)系,以了解該公司疫苗在這項(xiàng)指標(biāo)上的數(shù)據(jù)是多少。
強(qiáng)生公司疫苗的有效性是66%,但這并不意味著接種該疫苗的人中仍然有34%會(huì)感染病毒。它的含義是,接種了該疫苗的人出現(xiàn)有癥狀感染的概率會(huì)降低66%——考慮到疫苗和安慰劑組之間的關(guān)系,這已經(jīng)是個(gè)相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)的數(shù)字了。
疫苗的試驗(yàn)都是基于廣泛的人口學(xué)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),并在多個(gè)國(guó)家/地區(qū)的對(duì)象中展開的,最終的結(jié)果是,在預(yù)防感染后可能出現(xiàn)的最壞結(jié)果方面,上述三種疫苗都非常有效。在臨床試驗(yàn)中注射強(qiáng)生單劑疫苗的28天后,沒有一個(gè)人因?yàn)楦腥拘鹿诜窝锥≡夯蛩劳?。并且在接種疫苗后的六到七周,也沒有人因?yàn)樵谠囼?yàn)中接種了任何一種疫苗而住院或死亡。
我們?nèi)匀辉谘芯繜o癥狀感染的原理及其傳播方式。但是,疫苗完全可以、起碼有可能降低病毒傳播的幾率。
“疫苗對(duì)減少病毒傳播一直很有效。[針對(duì)這些疫苗的]臨床試驗(yàn)并非旨在測(cè)試它們對(duì)于無癥狀感染的有效性,但放眼全球,認(rèn)為它們能夠減少無癥狀感染也有諸多生物學(xué)上的依據(jù)。”加州大學(xué)舊金山分校(University of California San Francisco)的醫(yī)學(xué)教授、傳染病專家莫妮卡·甘地向美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)院協(xié)會(huì)(Association of American Medical Colleges)表示。在這種情況下,疫苗對(duì)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群的保護(hù)性會(huì)更強(qiáng),可以讓他們不至于發(fā)展成重癥。
這正是公共衛(wèi)生專家極力呼吁,不管是誰(shuí),只要符合疫苗接種資格,只要有疫苗打——無論什么疫苗,都要去接種的原因。畢竟,大規(guī)模疫苗接種運(yùn)動(dòng)的最終目標(biāo)是實(shí)現(xiàn)群體免疫,這就要求疫苗至少要覆蓋70%的人口。只有這樣,這些接種過疫苗的人才能夠保護(hù)其他人也免于感染。簡(jiǎn)而言之:覆巢之下,焉有完卵。在疫情的陰霾下,全世界沒有一個(gè)人可以獨(dú)善其身。只有每個(gè)人都接種疫苗,才有可能達(dá)到群體免疫的效果,從而度過這場(chǎng)危機(jī)。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
編譯:陳聰聰
3月5日,底特律市的市長(zhǎng)邁克·杜根拒絕了強(qiáng)生公司(Johnson & Johnson’s)最近獲批的新冠疫苗,叫停了其第一批次的分發(fā)流通。為什么要這么做?他給出的解釋是,要優(yōu)先考慮輝瑞(Pfizer)和Moderna的疫苗,因?yàn)榕R床試驗(yàn)證明,這兩家公司的疫苗更有效。
但是他所顧慮的“有效性”問題并不是這么簡(jiǎn)單明了:根據(jù)公共衛(wèi)生專家的說法,人們?cè)诤艽蟪潭壬险`解了疫苗的“最高有效性”這一數(shù)值的意義——強(qiáng)生公司的疫苗雖然在這一數(shù)值上表現(xiàn)得并不出色,但其實(shí)仍然是非常有效的。
“強(qiáng)生疫苗的效果當(dāng)然也是很好的。但是,Moderna和輝瑞是最好的。所以我將竭盡所能,確保底特律市的市民能夠接種到效果最好的疫苗。”杜根說。
這里的主要問題是,輝瑞和Moderna疫苗的最高有效率為95%,而強(qiáng)生公司的是近66%。這些數(shù)字不僅不能完全代表這些疫苗在預(yù)防重癥、住院和死亡病例上的有效性(三種疫苗在預(yù)防極端危重病例方面都非常有效),還可能導(dǎo)致一種基本的誤解:即人們會(huì)以為,接種了輝瑞或Moderna疫苗的人仍然有5%的可能會(huì)感染病毒,而接種強(qiáng)生疫苗的人則約有34%會(huì)感染。
但是,考慮到臨床試驗(yàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)的基本性質(zhì),這些關(guān)于“有效性”的數(shù)字并不是這樣解讀的。
一場(chǎng)有效的臨床試驗(yàn)需要兩組參與者:即接種真正的疫苗的人,和接種安慰劑的人。后者就是所謂的控制組。
在衡量疫苗的有效性時(shí),比較的是接種了一劑(或輝瑞和Moderna要求的兩劑)真疫苗與接種了安慰劑的人感染病毒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的比較是相對(duì)的。兩次注射“最高95%”的有效性數(shù)值意味著,接種疫苗的人出現(xiàn)感染癥狀的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低了95%(任何癥狀都算在內(nèi),包括各種輕度感染等)。但是,感染新冠病毒后也可能不會(huì)出現(xiàn)任何癥狀,即“無癥狀感染”,但病毒仍然在傳播,而這“95%”的數(shù)值就沒有將這些情況包括在內(nèi)。
對(duì)輝瑞和Moderna而言,更重要的是一個(gè)小得多的數(shù)值:0.04%。這是在接種疫苗后,仍然出現(xiàn)有癥狀感染的人數(shù)的百分比?!敦?cái)富》雜志已經(jīng)與強(qiáng)生公司取得聯(lián)系,以了解該公司疫苗在這項(xiàng)指標(biāo)上的數(shù)據(jù)是多少。
強(qiáng)生公司疫苗的有效性是66%,但這并不意味著接種該疫苗的人中仍然有34%會(huì)感染病毒。它的含義是,接種了該疫苗的人出現(xiàn)有癥狀感染的概率會(huì)降低66%——考慮到疫苗和安慰劑組之間的關(guān)系,這已經(jīng)是個(gè)相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)的數(shù)字了。
疫苗的試驗(yàn)都是基于廣泛的人口學(xué)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),并在多個(gè)國(guó)家/地區(qū)的對(duì)象中展開的,最終的結(jié)果是,在預(yù)防感染后可能出現(xiàn)的最壞結(jié)果方面,上述三種疫苗都非常有效。在臨床試驗(yàn)中注射強(qiáng)生單劑疫苗的28天后,沒有一個(gè)人因?yàn)楦腥拘鹿诜窝锥≡夯蛩劳?。并且在接種疫苗后的六到七周,也沒有人因?yàn)樵谠囼?yàn)中接種了任何一種疫苗而住院或死亡。
我們?nèi)匀辉谘芯繜o癥狀感染的原理及其傳播方式。但是,疫苗完全可以、起碼有可能降低病毒傳播的幾率。
“疫苗對(duì)減少病毒傳播一直很有效。[針對(duì)這些疫苗的]臨床試驗(yàn)并非旨在測(cè)試它們對(duì)于無癥狀感染的有效性,但放眼全球,認(rèn)為它們能夠減少無癥狀感染也有諸多生物學(xué)上的依據(jù)。”加州大學(xué)舊金山分校(University of California San Francisco)的醫(yī)學(xué)教授、傳染病專家莫妮卡·甘地向美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)院協(xié)會(huì)(Association of American Medical Colleges)表示。在這種情況下,疫苗對(duì)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群的保護(hù)性會(huì)更強(qiáng),可以讓他們不至于發(fā)展成重癥。
這正是公共衛(wèi)生專家極力呼吁,不管是誰(shuí),只要符合疫苗接種資格,只要有疫苗打——無論什么疫苗,都要去接種的原因。畢竟,大規(guī)模疫苗接種運(yùn)動(dòng)的最終目標(biāo)是實(shí)現(xiàn)群體免疫,這就要求疫苗至少要覆蓋70%的人口。只有這樣,這些接種過疫苗的人才能夠保護(hù)其他人也免于感染。簡(jiǎn)而言之:覆巢之下,焉有完卵。在疫情的陰霾下,全世界沒有一個(gè)人可以獨(dú)善其身。只有每個(gè)人都接種疫苗,才有可能達(dá)到群體免疫的效果,從而度過這場(chǎng)危機(jī)。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
編譯:陳聰聰
On March 5, Detroit Mayor Mike Duggan decided to turn down an initial allocation of doses of Johnson & Johnson’s recently authorized COVID vaccine. His stated reason? To prioritize other shots from Pfizer and Moderna, which were shown to be more effective in clinical trials.
But the issue isn’t that clear-cut: Top-line vaccine efficacy numbers are largely misunderstood, and Johnson & Johnson’s vaccine is still plenty effective, according to public health experts.
“So Johnson & Johnson is a very good vaccine. Moderna and Pfizer are the best. And I am going to do everything I can to make sure the residents of the city of Detroit get the best,” Duggan said.
The main issue here is that the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines have a top-line efficacy rate of 95%, whereas Johnson & Johnson’s is closer to 66%. Not only do those numbers not fully account for how effective these vaccines are in preventing severe disease, hospitalizations, and deaths (all three are highly effective at preventing those most extreme cases), they can lead to a basic misunderstanding: the implication that 5% of people who get the Pfizer or Moderna vaccine could still get COVID, versus about 34% of those who get the Johnson & Johnson shot.
That, however, is not how these numbers work, owing to the statistical nature of clinical trials.
An effective clinical trial has two arms of participants: those who get the real thing, and those who get a placebo. The latter is what’s called the control arm.
When measuring vaccine efficacy, you’re pitting the relative risk of someone contracting a virus who received an actual vaccine dose (or two, as the Pfizer and Moderna versions require) versus those who got the placebo. What that top-line 95% efficacy number for those two shots means is that people vaccinated with them had a 95% lower risk of contracting symptomatic COVID—any kind of symptom, mild or otherwise. COVID can present without symptoms and still be transmitted, but the 95% number doesn’t measure those cases.
The more important number is a much smaller one in the case of Pfizer and Moderna: 0.04%. That’s the percentage of people who received a vaccine and then contracted symptomatic COVID. Fortune reached out to Johnson & Johnson for their data on that metric.
Johnson & Johnson’s 66% effectiveness does not mean that 34% of people who receive the vaccine will end up contracting COVID. It means that those who receive it have a 66% lower chance of developing symptomatic COVID—a stellar number given the relationship between the vaccine and placebo arms.
The vaccines were tested across a wide swath of demographics and multiple nations, and ultimately, all three of these shots are highly effective in preventing the worst possible outcomes. Not a single person receiving the Johnson & Johnson vaccine in clinical trials has been hospitalized or died of the disease 28 days after a single shot. And six to seven weeks following vaccine administration, no one taking any of these vaccines in trials has been hospitalized or died.
We’re still learning the nature of asymptomatic COVID and how it spreads. But it’s entirely possible, and perhaps even probable, that vaccines would, at the very least, lessen the chances of transmission.
“Vaccines have always decreased transmission. The clinical trials [for these vaccines] were not designed to test for asymptomatic infection, but there is every biological reason in the world to believe that they will reduce asymptomatic transmission,” Monica Gandhi, a professor of medicine and infectious disease specialist at the University of California San Francisco, told the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). And in that instance, those who are at higher risk would be significantly more protected from a serious case of the disease.
This is precisely the reason that public health experts are urging anyone who qualifies to get whatever vaccine they can. After all, the ultimate goal of an immunization campaign is to achieve herd immunity, which requires at least 70% of a population to be immunized so they can protect others from getting infected. In short: any shot in a storm.