世界本不公平,新冠疫苗接種進度先后不一也在預料之中。富國早已開始給民眾接種疫苗,而窮國則仍然處于起步階段。以德國為例,該國計劃在夏末前完成疫苗的全民接種,而馬里、蘇丹等國要想實現大面積接種可能要等到2024年才有希望。
雖然這種情況并非意料之外,但許多人認為我們仍有辦法避免、解決“疫苗不平等”問題,他們還認為,如果不及時采取相應措施,那么占據大量疫苗資源的富國可能也無法達到自己想要的防疫效果。
各界人士明確警告:除非“南方國家”能夠盡快完成疫苗接種,否則必將拖長全球“抗疫”戰線。
MTN Group是南非一家電信巨頭,總部位于約翰內斯堡,該公司總裁兼首席執行官拉爾夫?穆皮塔表示:“在抗擊新冠疫情的戰斗中,全球需要在許多方面開展前所未有的合作,如果只有發達國家能夠接種到疫苗,而欠發達國家得不到疫苗,那么所有努力都將付之東流,問題也不會得到解決。在當今這樣一體化的世界里,人員流動已成常態。”
私人部門走到臺前
一周半前,MTN宣布將向非洲聯盟發起的疫苗接種計劃捐贈2500萬美元,非盟希望通過該計劃在未來兩、三年內幫助非洲大陸60%的民眾完成疫苗接種。一般而言,當疫苗接種比例達到60%時即有可能實現群體免疫。非洲疾病控制和預防中心警告稱,如果非洲未能如期達到目標,則新冠肺炎有可能會成為地方病。
作為非洲最大的移動網絡運營商,MTN已與非洲疾控中心合作,通過群發短信的方式發布有關口罩和公共衛生信息。此外,該公司還在協助數字疫苗證書的開發工作。穆皮塔稱,其所屬公司也可以協助有關部門開發數字疫苗證書,甚至可以將MTN數據中心的基礎設施用于疫苗物流。
“部分數據中心設有冷卻設施,可能有一定的物流處理能力,” 穆皮塔說。你知道,(非洲部分地區的)電力設施建設較為落后,所以我們有許多數據中心依靠發電機和電池運轉,也許可以為部分國家的冷鏈運輸提供幫助。”
但目前MTN的2500萬美元捐款將用于緊急提供700萬劑非盟專供阿斯利康疫苗,未來數周,這批疫苗將被分配給非洲各國。截至目前,非盟已預訂約6.7億劑疫苗。(此項目與聯合國發起的COVAX項目彼此獨立,通過該項目,非洲今年將獲得約6億劑疫苗。特朗普政府對COVAX采取抵制態度,而拜登政府則已加入其中。)
南非總統西里爾?拉馬福薩上周一表示:“我對MTN的慷慨捐贈表示贊賞,并呼吁更多私營企業效仿MTN(的善舉)。”上周四,礦業巨頭英美資源集團(Anglo American)承諾向其業務所在國提供3000萬美元用于購買疫苗,其中1000萬美元將提供給南非。
但捐款并不能解決疫苗生產上的瓶頸,而產能瓶頸則會阻礙疫苗在全球的推廣,并導致窮國無法及早獲得疫苗。
疫苗不平等問題
上周五,由樂施會(Oxfam)、聯合國艾滋病規劃署和“全球正義”(Global Justice Now)等組織組成的人民疫苗聯盟(People 's Vaccine Alliance)指責三大新冠疫苗生產商通過知識產權保護扼殺了在全球供應安全、有效疫苗的希望。
該聯盟表示,輝瑞/BioNTech、Moderna和阿斯利康今年計劃生產的疫苗數量僅能覆蓋全球1.5%人口,并補充稱,輝瑞/BioNTech和Moderna的疫苗“對許多貧窮國家來說仍然過于昂貴、令人望而卻步”
當然,富國展現出的是另一番景象,比如歐盟獲得的疫苗數量已足夠該地區民眾人均接種兩次,而加拿大獲得的疫苗數量更是足以為其青少年和成年人接種五次以上。
樂施會(Oxfam)私營部門經理羅比?西爾弗曼表示:“我們認為,這種不平等現象在道義上非常不公平,但更重要的是,這不是我們在抗擊全球疫情時應當采取的方法。”他指出,國際商會(International Chamber of Commerce)最近預測,由于發達經濟體的疫苗民族主義,全球經濟損失將達到9.2萬億美元,而這其中一半可能將會由發達經濟體承擔,該組織還指出,未接種疫苗的人口將為病毒變異提供“沃土”。
“一處有新冠,等于處處有新冠,” 西爾弗曼說。
那么該聯盟提出的解決方案是什么呢?那就是暫停知識產權保護,允許其他生產商緊急生產已知有效的疫苗,并分享相關技術和配方,讓生產成為可能。
知識產權
實施上述兩項建議的基礎已經存在,但兩項建議目前都處于停滯不前的狀態。
去年10月,印度和南非向世界貿易組織提議,在全球大多數民眾產生免疫力前,暫時執行TRIPS協議(全球知識產權規則手冊)中有關新冠疫苗與治療藥物的部分條款。
此后,肯尼亞和巴基斯坦等國對此表示復議,但提案遭到了美國、英國、歐盟和其他富裕國家的反對。由于世貿組織以協商一致方式運作,該想法要想取得進展,國際政治必須發生重大轉變。
與此同時,世界衛生組織去年5月啟動了一個名為“新冠肺炎技術庫”(COVID-19 Technology Access Pool,CTAP)的技術和專利庫,讓開發出有效疫苗或治療方法的公司貢獻技術,方便其他制造商利用既有技術開發疫苗和藥品。
十幾家仿制藥公司已經加入其中,但大公司方面尚無加入跡象,而該項目恰恰最需要后者的貢獻。
人民疫苗聯盟呼吁疫苗制造商改變策略,加入CTAP。但當《財富》就此問及輝瑞時,輝瑞僅表示會“堅持”國際藥品制造商與協會聯合會(International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations,IFPMA)去年5月提出的立場。輝瑞預計今年將從其新冠疫苗中獲得約40億美元的利潤。
去年5月,世衛組織發出了“團結行動呼吁”,敦促“通過匯集知識、知識產權和數據,讓全球能夠公平獲得抗擊新冠肺炎的衛生技術”,而IFPMA則拒絕了該項倡議。該貿易組織表示,世衛組織的呼吁是“提倡一種放之四海而皆準的模式,而忽略了不同環境、不同產品和不同國家的具體情況。”
阿斯利康對CTAP的回應則是,該公司已通過COVAX倡議“讓全球多達190個國家得到了獲得疫苗的機會”。COVAX倡議將于本周開始向非洲國家分配近9000萬劑疫苗,交付工作將于本月進行。
在一定程度上,西爾弗曼對阿斯利康的做法持贊賞態度,后者曾表示自己不會在疫情期間從疫苗中獲利,此外,阿斯利康還與印度血清研究所等機構達成了許可協議,為發展中國家生產低成本疫苗。西爾弗曼表示“其他制造商并未效仿阿斯利康的做法,各國政府可以采取更多措施鼓勵大型制藥公司簽定此類許可協議。”
但歸根結底,西爾弗曼認為,由于所有疫苗的開發工作都使用了公共資金,那么開發出的疫苗也應該是公共產品。他表示:“創新應該得到回報,但這是用公共資金產生的創新,鑒于這場危機前所未有的性質,我們需要的是造福全人類的解決方案。”
MTN的首席執行官穆皮塔也有同感,他說:“由于此種疫情前所未有,所以我們可能需要進行一些調整,”,并呼吁全球知識產權保護應以“負責任的”方式進行。
“對于將疫苗視為公益產品并從知識產權方面進行特殊安排的說法……我們當然是支持的。”
放寬專利保護的想法在歐洲可能也有一定市場。雖然歐盟仍堅決反對暫停新冠藥品專利保護的想法,但歐洲理事會主席查爾斯?米歇爾和德國經濟部長彼得?阿爾特邁爾最近都表示支持對疫苗相關知識產權進行強制許可。
但當富國民眾完成疫苗接種后,那些多訂的疫苗該如何處理呢?
疫苗外交
美國不僅加入了COVAX倡議和世衛組織的“抗擊新冠研究合作計劃”(ACT-Accelerator COVID-19 research partnership),還計劃將多余疫苗提供給貧窮國家。
美國國務院在一份通過電子郵件發布的聲明中稱:“在獲得充足的疫苗供應之后,美國會制定相應的機制框架,酌情通過COVAX等項目將美國政府的剩余疫苗提供給有需要的國家。”
但西爾弗曼提醒稱,各方不應依賴富國政府這種慷慨解囊的承諾。他指出,各國政府與制藥巨頭的交易一直處于保密狀態便是問題之一,該問題最近還導致歐盟委員會和阿斯利康之間因交付爭端引發了糾紛。也就是說,我們對訂單量及交付時間表的條款僅有模糊認知。
他說:“由于缺乏透明度,我們無法充分了解相關協議的具體內容。尤其令人惱火的是,開展相關項目用的都是公共資金,公眾卻完全沒有知情權。考慮到制度如此不公,我們很難依靠富裕國家的善行來擺脫危機。”
與此同時,由于缺乏來自西方的供應,一些低收入和中等收入國家已轉向俄羅斯和中國提供的疫苗。
比如采購俄羅斯疫苗可能就是一個不錯的選擇,該國生產的Sputnik V疫苗已經得到了匈牙利、埃及、尼泊爾和墨西哥等國的訂單,并證明了絕佳的免疫效果。這也讓用著高價疫苗的歐盟鄰國頭疼不已,但好在至少疫苗還是有效的。(財富中文網)
譯者:梁宇
審校:夏林
世界本不公平,新冠疫苗接種進度先后不一也在預料之中。富國早已開始給民眾接種疫苗,而窮國則仍然處于起步階段。以德國為例,該國計劃在夏末前完成疫苗的全民接種,而馬里、蘇丹等國要想實現大面積接種可能要等到2024年才有希望。
雖然這種情況并非意料之外,但許多人認為我們仍有辦法避免、解決“疫苗不平等”問題,他們還認為,如果不及時采取相應措施,那么占據大量疫苗資源的富國可能也無法達到自己想要的防疫效果。
各界人士明確警告:除非“南方國家”能夠盡快完成疫苗接種,否則必將拖長全球“抗疫”戰線。
MTN Group是南非一家電信巨頭,總部位于約翰內斯堡,該公司總裁兼首席執行官拉爾夫?穆皮塔表示:“在抗擊新冠疫情的戰斗中,全球需要在許多方面開展前所未有的合作,如果只有發達國家能夠接種到疫苗,而欠發達國家得不到疫苗,那么所有努力都將付之東流,問題也不會得到解決。在當今這樣一體化的世界里,人員流動已成常態。”
私人部門走到臺前
一周半前,MTN宣布將向非洲聯盟發起的疫苗接種計劃捐贈2500萬美元,非盟希望通過該計劃在未來兩、三年內幫助非洲大陸60%的民眾完成疫苗接種。一般而言,當疫苗接種比例達到60%時即有可能實現群體免疫。非洲疾病控制和預防中心警告稱,如果非洲未能如期達到目標,則新冠肺炎有可能會成為地方病。
作為非洲最大的移動網絡運營商,MTN已與非洲疾控中心合作,通過群發短信的方式發布有關口罩和公共衛生信息。此外,該公司還在協助數字疫苗證書的開發工作。穆皮塔稱,其所屬公司也可以協助有關部門開發數字疫苗證書,甚至可以將MTN數據中心的基礎設施用于疫苗物流。
“部分數據中心設有冷卻設施,可能有一定的物流處理能力,” 穆皮塔說。你知道,(非洲部分地區的)電力設施建設較為落后,所以我們有許多數據中心依靠發電機和電池運轉,也許可以為部分國家的冷鏈運輸提供幫助。”
但目前MTN的2500萬美元捐款將用于緊急提供700萬劑非盟專供阿斯利康疫苗,未來數周,這批疫苗將被分配給非洲各國。截至目前,非盟已預訂約6.7億劑疫苗。(此項目與聯合國發起的COVAX項目彼此獨立,通過該項目,非洲今年將獲得約6億劑疫苗。特朗普政府對COVAX采取抵制態度,而拜登政府則已加入其中。)
南非總統西里爾?拉馬福薩上周一表示:“我對MTN的慷慨捐贈表示贊賞,并呼吁更多私營企業效仿MTN(的善舉)。”上周四,礦業巨頭英美資源集團(Anglo American)承諾向其業務所在國提供3000萬美元用于購買疫苗,其中1000萬美元將提供給南非。
但捐款并不能解決疫苗生產上的瓶頸,而產能瓶頸則會阻礙疫苗在全球的推廣,并導致窮國無法及早獲得疫苗。
疫苗不平等問題
上周五,由樂施會(Oxfam)、聯合國艾滋病規劃署和“全球正義”(Global Justice Now)等組織組成的人民疫苗聯盟(People 's Vaccine Alliance)指責三大新冠疫苗生產商通過知識產權保護扼殺了在全球供應安全、有效疫苗的希望。
該聯盟表示,輝瑞/BioNTech、Moderna和阿斯利康今年計劃生產的疫苗數量僅能覆蓋全球1.5%人口,并補充稱,輝瑞/BioNTech和Moderna的疫苗“對許多貧窮國家來說仍然過于昂貴、令人望而卻步”
當然,富國展現出的是另一番景象,比如歐盟獲得的疫苗數量已足夠該地區民眾人均接種兩次,而加拿大獲得的疫苗數量更是足以為其青少年和成年人接種五次以上。
樂施會(Oxfam)私營部門經理羅比?西爾弗曼表示:“我們認為,這種不平等現象在道義上非常不公平,但更重要的是,這不是我們在抗擊全球疫情時應當采取的方法。”他指出,國際商會(International Chamber of Commerce)最近預測,由于發達經濟體的疫苗民族主義,全球經濟損失將達到9.2萬億美元,而這其中一半可能將會由發達經濟體承擔,該組織還指出,未接種疫苗的人口將為病毒變異提供“沃土”。
“一處有新冠,等于處處有新冠,” 西爾弗曼說。
那么該聯盟提出的解決方案是什么呢?那就是暫停知識產權保護,允許其他生產商緊急生產已知有效的疫苗,并分享相關技術和配方,讓生產成為可能。
知識產權
實施上述兩項建議的基礎已經存在,但兩項建議目前都處于停滯不前的狀態。
去年10月,印度和南非向世界貿易組織提議,在全球大多數民眾產生免疫力前,暫時執行TRIPS協議(全球知識產權規則手冊)中有關新冠疫苗與治療藥物的部分條款。
此后,肯尼亞和巴基斯坦等國對此表示復議,但提案遭到了美國、英國、歐盟和其他富裕國家的反對。由于世貿組織以協商一致方式運作,該想法要想取得進展,國際政治必須發生重大轉變。
與此同時,世界衛生組織去年5月啟動了一個名為“新冠肺炎技術庫”(COVID-19 Technology Access Pool,CTAP)的技術和專利庫,讓開發出有效疫苗或治療方法的公司貢獻技術,方便其他制造商利用既有技術開發疫苗和藥品。
十幾家仿制藥公司已經加入其中,但大公司方面尚無加入跡象,而該項目恰恰最需要后者的貢獻。
人民疫苗聯盟呼吁疫苗制造商改變策略,加入CTAP。但當《財富》就此問及輝瑞時,輝瑞僅表示會“堅持”國際藥品制造商與協會聯合會(International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations,IFPMA)去年5月提出的立場。輝瑞預計今年將從其新冠疫苗中獲得約40億美元的利潤。
去年5月,世衛組織發出了“團結行動呼吁”,敦促“通過匯集知識、知識產權和數據,讓全球能夠公平獲得抗擊新冠肺炎的衛生技術”,而IFPMA則拒絕了該項倡議。該貿易組織表示,世衛組織的呼吁是“提倡一種放之四海而皆準的模式,而忽略了不同環境、不同產品和不同國家的具體情況。”
阿斯利康對CTAP的回應則是,該公司已通過COVAX倡議“讓全球多達190個國家得到了獲得疫苗的機會”。COVAX倡議將于本周開始向非洲國家分配近9000萬劑疫苗,交付工作將于本月進行。
在一定程度上,西爾弗曼對阿斯利康的做法持贊賞態度,后者曾表示自己不會在疫情期間從疫苗中獲利,此外,阿斯利康還與印度血清研究所等機構達成了許可協議,為發展中國家生產低成本疫苗。西爾弗曼表示“其他制造商并未效仿阿斯利康的做法,各國政府可以采取更多措施鼓勵大型制藥公司簽定此類許可協議。”
但歸根結底,西爾弗曼認為,由于所有疫苗的開發工作都使用了公共資金,那么開發出的疫苗也應該是公共產品。他表示:“創新應該得到回報,但這是用公共資金產生的創新,鑒于這場危機前所未有的性質,我們需要的是造福全人類的解決方案。”
MTN的首席執行官穆皮塔也有同感,他說:“由于此種疫情前所未有,所以我們可能需要進行一些調整,”,并呼吁全球知識產權保護應以“負責任的”方式進行。
“對于將疫苗視為公益產品并從知識產權方面進行特殊安排的說法……我們當然是支持的。”
放寬專利保護的想法在歐洲可能也有一定市場。雖然歐盟仍堅決反對暫停新冠藥品專利保護的想法,但歐洲理事會主席查爾斯?米歇爾和德國經濟部長彼得?阿爾特邁爾最近都表示支持對疫苗相關知識產權進行強制許可。
但當富國民眾完成疫苗接種后,那些多訂的疫苗該如何處理呢?
疫苗外交
美國不僅加入了COVAX倡議和世衛組織的“抗擊新冠研究合作計劃”(ACT-Accelerator COVID-19 research partnership),還計劃將多余疫苗提供給貧窮國家。
美國國務院在一份通過電子郵件發布的聲明中稱:“在獲得充足的疫苗供應之后,美國會制定相應的機制框架,酌情通過COVAX等項目將美國政府的剩余疫苗提供給有需要的國家。”
但西爾弗曼提醒稱,各方不應依賴富國政府這種慷慨解囊的承諾。他指出,各國政府與制藥巨頭的交易一直處于保密狀態便是問題之一,該問題最近還導致歐盟委員會和阿斯利康之間因交付爭端引發了糾紛。也就是說,我們對訂單量及交付時間表的條款僅有模糊認知。
他說:“由于缺乏透明度,我們無法充分了解相關協議的具體內容。尤其令人惱火的是,開展相關項目用的都是公共資金,公眾卻完全沒有知情權。考慮到制度如此不公,我們很難依靠富裕國家的善行來擺脫危機。”
與此同時,由于缺乏來自西方的供應,一些低收入和中等收入國家已轉向俄羅斯和中國提供的疫苗。
比如采購俄羅斯疫苗可能就是一個不錯的選擇,該國生產的Sputnik V疫苗已經得到了匈牙利、埃及、尼泊爾和墨西哥等國的訂單,并證明了絕佳的免疫效果。這也讓用著高價疫苗的歐盟鄰國頭疼不已,但好在至少疫苗還是有效的。(財富中文網)
譯者:梁宇
審校:夏林
In an unequal world, it is not surprising that COVID-19 vaccines are being rolled out in an unequal way. Rich countries are well into the process of inoculating their populaces, while poorer countries are still on the starting blocks. For example, Germany aims to have all its citizens vaccinated by the end of the summer, but countries such as Mali and Sudan will probably only achieve significant coverage in 2024.
Unsurprising as this may be, though, many say it is not inevitable—there are ways to fix the situation and, if they are not taken up, the effects will likely rebound on the richer countries that are gobbling up the lion's share of the vaccines.
The warning is clear: unless the "Global South" gets vaccinated soon, the pandemic will drag on for everyone. And this is a warning coming not just from human rights campaigners, but from business too.
"There needs to be an unprecedented global effort to fight COVID-19 and, in many respects, if the developed markets get vaccinated but the undeveleoped markets don’t, the problem hasn’t been solved," says Ralph Mupita, president and CEO of MTN Group, the Johannesburg, South Africa-based telecoms giant. "In an integrated world, people move around."
Private sector steps up
A week and a half ago, MTN announced it was donating $25 million to the African Union's vaccination program, which aims to inoculate 60% of the continent's population within the next two or three years. This proportion could allow for herd immunity; if it takes longer, the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has warned, COVID-19 may become endemic.
MTN, Africa's largest mobile network operator, had already been working with the Africa CDC on getting out the message—literally, via bulk SMS—about masks and proper sanitation. It is also aiding the development of digital vaccine certificates. Mupita says his company may also be able to aid the development of digital vaccine certificates, and even floats the idea of using MTN's data center infrastructure for vaccine logistics.
"There may be capacity in data centers where there's cooling," he says. "Remember, electricity infrastructure is poorly developed [in parts of Africa]. We run a lot of our sites on generators and batteries. There may be an opportunity to participate in the cold chains of some countries."
But right now, MTN's $25 million is paying for the urgent delivery of 7 million AU-secured AstraZeneca vaccine doses, which will be distributed among African countries in the coming weeks. The AU has so far pre-secured around 670 million vaccine doses overall. (This initiative is separate from the United Nations-sponsored COVAX facility, through which Africa is supposed to get around 600 million doses this year—the United States was a COVAX holdout under the Trump administration, but is joining under President Joe Biden.)
"I would like to applaud MTN for this generous donation and I call upon private sector companies to follow the example of MTN," South African President Cyril Ramaphosa said Monday. On Thursday, the mining giant Anglo American pledged $30 million towards the vaccine rollout in countries where it operates, with $10 million of that cash going to South Africa's program.
However, donations can't fix the vaccine-production bottleneck that is hampering rollouts around the world—and effectively pushing poorer countries to the back of the queue.
Vaccine inequality
On Friday, the People's Vaccine Alliance—a coalition of organizations such as Oxfam, UNAIDS and Global Justice Now—accused the three biggest COVID-19 vaccine producers of strangling the global supply of safe and effective vaccines through their intellectual-property protections.
Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna and AstraZeneca only have plans to produce enough vaccines to cover 1.5% of the global population this year, the alliance said, adding that Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna's vaccines remained "prohibitively expensive for many poor nations."
The situation is different in richer countries, of course. The European Union, for example, has already secured enough doses to vaccinate its population twice, while Canada's orders could vaccinate its teenage and adult population five times over.
"We believe that this inequity is deeply morally unfair, but, more than that, it's not the way to combat a global pandemic," says Robbie Silverman, a private sector advocacy manager at Oxfam. He points out that the International Chamber of Commerce recently forecast $9.2 trillion of global economic losses due to vaccine nationalism in advanced economies—which could up to half of that hit—and noted that unvaccinated populations provide fertile ground for new COVID-19 mutations.
"Coronavirus anywhere is coronavirus everywhere," Silverman says.
The alliance's proposed solution? The suspension of intellectual-property rules that are stopping other producers from urgently manufacturing the vaccines that are known to work, and the sharing of the technology and recipes that make such production possible.
Intellectual property
The groundwork for both these proposals has been laid, but both remain stalled for now.
Last October, India and South Africa proposed to the World Trade Organization that it temporarily waive parts of the TRIPS Agreement—the global intellectual-property rulebook—in the case of COVID-19 vaccines and treatments, until most of the world's population has developed immunity.
Countries such as Kenya and Pakistan have since co-sponsored the proposal, but it faces opposition from the U.S., the U.K., the EU and other rich countries. As the WTO operates by consensus, a major international political shift would be needed if the idea is to get anywhere.
Meanwhile, the World Health Organization launched a technology and patent repository, called the COVID-19 Technology Access Pool (CTAP), last May. The idea is for companies that develop effective vaccines or treatments to contribute their knowhow, so other manufacturers can easily get to work.
More than a dozen generic pharmaceutical companies have jumped into the pool, but there's no sign of any of the big players whose contributions are needed.
The People's Vaccine Alliance is calling on the vaccine makers to change their tack and join CTAP. But, asked by Fortune for its response, Pfizer—which expects to make around $4 billion in profits from its COVID-19 vaccine this year—said only that it "stands by" the position set out last May by the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations (IFPMA).
At the time, the IFPMA rejected the WHO's "Solidarity Call to Action", which urged "equitable global access to COVID-19 health technologies through pooling of knowledge, intellectual property and data." The trade group said the call "promotes a one-size-fits all model that disregards the specific circumstances of each situation, each product and each country."
AstraZeneca, meanwhile, responded to the CTAP question by saying it is "enabling access to the vaccine in up to 190 countries worldwide" through the COVAX initiative, which this week started allocating nearly 90 million doses to African countries, for delivery this month.
Oxfam's Silverman offers a degree of praise for AstraZeneca, which says it won't profit from its vaccine during the pandemic, and which has struck licensing deals with the likes of the Serum Institute of India to make low-cost vaccines for developing countries. "The other manufacturers really haven't followed suit," he says. "Governments could do much more to encourage those licensing deals."
But ultimately, Silverman argues, all the vaccines' development drew on public funding, and the results should be public goods. "Innovation should be rewarded, but this was created using public money and, given the unprecedented nature of this crisis, we need solutions that work for all people," he says.
That sentiment is shared by MTN's CEO. "We may need to make some amendments, because this is an unprecedented situation," says Mupita, who calls for any global securing of intellectual property to be "done responsibly".
"To that narrative of seeing vaccines as a public good and therefore creating special arrangements with intellectual property…we are certainly supportive from our perspective."
A form of this idea may be catching on in Europe, too. While the EU remains resolutely opposed to the idea of TRIPS waivers for COVID-19 drugs, European Council President Charles Michel and German Economy Minister Peter Altmaier have both recently indicated support for the compulsory licensing of vaccine-related intellectual property.
But what about all those doses that rich countries have ordered but that won't be needed, once their populations have been vaccinated?
Vaccine diplomacy
The U.S. isn't just joining the COVAX initiative and the WHO's ACT-Accelerator COVID-19 research partnership; it's also planning to offer poorer countries its unneeded doses.
"The United States will…develop a framework for providing surplus U.S. government vaccine doses to countries in need, once there is sufficient supply in the United States, including through the COVAX Facility as appropriate," the State Department said in an emailed statement.
However, Oxfam's Silverman warns against relying on such largesse. One problem, he notes, is that governments' deals with the pharma giants have been shrouded in secrecy—an issue that recently caused ructions in a delivery dispute between the European Commission and AstraZeneca. This means we know only vague terms around order volumes and delivery schedules.
"The lack of transparency really prevents us from having full knowledge of what these agreements are," he says. "It's especially galling as this is public money, but the public have no visibility. It's hard to rely on the beneficence of rich countries to get out of the crisis, in this deeply inequitable system."
Meanwhile, in the absence of supplies from the West, some low and middle-income countries have been turning to the vaccines being proffered by Russia and China.
In the case of Russia, that may not have been a bad bet. Its Sputnik V vaccine, which has already been ordered by countries such as Hungary, Egypt, Nepal and Mexico, was this week shown to be extremely effective in fending off the coronavirus. That creates a vaccines-but-at-what-cost headache for the neighboring EU, but at least the vaccine works.