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南非的新冠病毒變種,有多“惡”?

Sy Mukherjee
2021-01-26

此類突變具有實際意義,引發大眾對現有疫苗是否仍舊有效的疑問。

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對病毒來說,變異再正常不過。

新冠病毒的南非變種,又被稱為501Y.V2毒株,似乎比疫情初期流行的中國和歐洲毒株更具傳染性和可轉移性。

南非新冠毒株之所以感染性強,是因為突變后影響了“刺突蛋白”這一新冠病毒用來滲透人體細胞的重要工具。突變或使病毒更易于傳播,但還不清楚病毒的致命性是否也有所增加。到目前為止,美國還沒有任何南非型新冠變異病例的報告。但隨著時間的推移和監測的加強,情況或將改變。世界衛生組織(World Health Organization)的數據顯示,南非毒株已經擴散到至少20個其他國家,包括英國、法國、瑞士、日本、奧地利和贊比亞。

新冠病毒的變異聽起來很嚇人,但變異是所有傳染性病毒都會發生的事情。以流感為例,美國疾病控制中心(Centers for Disease Control)的數據顯示,流感病毒就有四種不同的毒株,每種毒株還可以有自己的亞型,就像每種語言都會分流出不同的方言一樣。

病毒毒株的多樣性意味著疫苗也需要多樣化。盡管部分生物制藥公司正試圖制造通用性的流感疫苗,但流感疫苗目前仍然無法做到年復一年不做任何更新、改變。病毒就像其他生物實體一樣,適應著環境,發生著變化。因此,公共衛生部門必須密切關注病毒突變,以便在現有疫苗的基礎上研發更有效的產品。

此類突變具有實際意義,引發大眾對現有疫苗是否仍舊有效的疑問。對傳染性的擔憂持續發酵,1月25日,美國得到獲批的兩家疫苗生產商之一的Moderna公司宣布,其正在研制新的強化注射劑(booster shot)以應對南非的變種毒株。

Moderna公司的首席執行官史蒂芬?班塞爾在聲明中說:“出于謹慎考慮,我們正利用mRNA平臺的靈活性,研發一種新興的候選疫苗強化劑,以應對在南非出現的新毒株,以及日后還可能出現的新的變異情況。目前,該強化劑已經投入臨床試驗,以檢測其是否能夠有效提高濃度,抵御新毒株。”

與所有和新冠有關的事情一樣,現在就斷言現有疫苗對變異病毒的有效性還為時過早。Moderna稱,對于尤為特殊的南非變種和最開始在英國發現的新冠病毒變種,其疫苗都可以“至少提供一些保護”。

在疫苗對新毒株的有效性上,世界衛生組織傳遞出的信息一直很謹慎。該組織稱:“就自然免疫或免疫源療法而言,B.1.351毒株或501Y.V2毒株的突刺蛋白突變理論上有可能降低抗體對病毒的識別能力,但不能完全消除。這是因為,人類免疫系統將識別不止一個刺突蛋白所在的區域,而變異只能降低疫苗‘定向摧毀’突刺蛋白的有效率,并無法使疫苗的效力完全喪失。”

疫苗制造商深知這一點。某種毒株的流感疫苗可能對該毒株有60%的效力,但對另一種毒株就只有30%的效力。Moderna公司的疫苗對新冠原始毒株具有約95%的有效性,醫學專家們希望,對南非和英國的新變種,Moderna的疫苗仍然能夠達到70%以上的有效率。

令人擔憂的是,該疫苗似乎不能產生足夠強大的免疫反應——而免疫反應正是抵御病毒的關鍵。70%左右的有效率仍聊勝于無——這也是公共衛生部門堅持每個人都要注射流感疫苗的原因,就算將來某一天它的有效性大大降低;但畢竟“只有”70%了,因此,Moderna公司開始著手準備強化劑。

此外,還有一個問題:這些新冠病毒“后代”的致命性如何。英國首相鮑里斯?約翰遜最初表示,有“一些證據”表明,英國的新變種使新冠病毒更具致命性,但公共衛生部門和政府官員此后的說法要溫和得多,警告稱變異病毒的致命性仍然有很大的不確定性。

Moderna公司的舉動是預防性的,現在要判斷這些新的變種是否比以前的變種更致命還為時過早。截至目前,情況似乎并非如此。該公司認為,其基于mRNA的疫苗具有可塑性,通過底層技術,可以比其他類型的疫苗更快地生產、擴大規模,因此,應對更兇險的新冠病毒變種,Moderna公司具備足夠的靈活性。

就算別無他法,至少這次疫情也突出了在面對未來潛在的傳染病威脅時,做好準備有多么重要。(財富中文網)

編譯:楊二一

對病毒來說,變異再正常不過。

新冠病毒的南非變種,又被稱為501Y.V2毒株,似乎比疫情初期流行的中國和歐洲毒株更具傳染性和可轉移性。

南非新冠毒株之所以感染性強,是因為突變后影響了“刺突蛋白”這一新冠病毒用來滲透人體細胞的重要工具。突變或使病毒更易于傳播,但還不清楚病毒的致命性是否也有所增加。到目前為止,美國還沒有任何南非型新冠變異病例的報告。但隨著時間的推移和監測的加強,情況或將改變。世界衛生組織(World Health Organization)的數據顯示,南非毒株已經擴散到至少20個其他國家,包括英國、法國、瑞士、日本、奧地利和贊比亞。

新冠病毒的變異聽起來很嚇人,但變異是所有傳染性病毒都會發生的事情。以流感為例,美國疾病控制中心(Centers for Disease Control)的數據顯示,流感病毒就有四種不同的毒株,每種毒株還可以有自己的亞型,就像每種語言都會分流出不同的方言一樣。

病毒毒株的多樣性意味著疫苗也需要多樣化。盡管部分生物制藥公司正試圖制造通用性的流感疫苗,但流感疫苗目前仍然無法做到年復一年不做任何更新、改變。病毒就像其他生物實體一樣,適應著環境,發生著變化。因此,公共衛生部門必須密切關注病毒突變,以便在現有疫苗的基礎上研發更有效的產品。

此類突變具有實際意義,引發大眾對現有疫苗是否仍舊有效的疑問。對傳染性的擔憂持續發酵,1月25日,美國得到獲批的兩家疫苗生產商之一的Moderna公司宣布,其正在研制新的強化注射劑(booster shot)以應對南非的變種毒株。

Moderna公司的首席執行官史蒂芬?班塞爾在聲明中說:“出于謹慎考慮,我們正利用mRNA平臺的靈活性,研發一種新興的候選疫苗強化劑,以應對在南非出現的新毒株,以及日后還可能出現的新的變異情況。目前,該強化劑已經投入臨床試驗,以檢測其是否能夠有效提高濃度,抵御新毒株。”

與所有和新冠有關的事情一樣,現在就斷言現有疫苗對變異病毒的有效性還為時過早。Moderna稱,對于尤為特殊的南非變種和最開始在英國發現的新冠病毒變種,其疫苗都可以“至少提供一些保護”。

在疫苗對新毒株的有效性上,世界衛生組織傳遞出的信息一直很謹慎。該組織稱:“就自然免疫或免疫源療法而言,B.1.351毒株或501Y.V2毒株的突刺蛋白突變理論上有可能降低抗體對病毒的識別能力,但不能完全消除。這是因為,人類免疫系統將識別不止一個刺突蛋白所在的區域,而變異只能降低疫苗‘定向摧毀’突刺蛋白的有效率,并無法使疫苗的效力完全喪失。”

疫苗制造商深知這一點。某種毒株的流感疫苗可能對該毒株有60%的效力,但對另一種毒株就只有30%的效力。Moderna公司的疫苗對新冠原始毒株具有約95%的有效性,醫學專家們希望,對南非和英國的新變種,Moderna的疫苗仍然能夠達到70%以上的有效率。

令人擔憂的是,該疫苗似乎不能產生足夠強大的免疫反應——而免疫反應正是抵御病毒的關鍵。70%左右的有效率仍聊勝于無——這也是公共衛生部門堅持每個人都要注射流感疫苗的原因,就算將來某一天它的有效性大大降低;但畢竟“只有”70%了,因此,Moderna公司開始著手準備強化劑。

此外,還有一個問題:這些新冠病毒“后代”的致命性如何。英國首相鮑里斯?約翰遜最初表示,有“一些證據”表明,英國的新變種使新冠病毒更具致命性,但公共衛生部門和政府官員此后的說法要溫和得多,警告稱變異病毒的致命性仍然有很大的不確定性。

Moderna公司的舉動是預防性的,現在要判斷這些新的變種是否比以前的變種更致命還為時過早。截至目前,情況似乎并非如此。該公司認為,其基于mRNA的疫苗具有可塑性,通過底層技術,可以比其他類型的疫苗更快地生產、擴大規模,因此,應對更兇險的新冠病毒變種,Moderna公司具備足夠的靈活性。

就算別無他法,至少這次疫情也突出了在面對未來潛在的傳染病威脅時,做好準備有多么重要。(財富中文網)

編譯:楊二一

For a virus, mutation is just a reality of life.

Just consider the South African variant of the coronavirus, somewhat inelegantly dubbed 501Y.V2 for now. This strain of the coronavirus (and there are plenty of coronavirus strains beyond the ones which cause COVID) appears to be far more contagious and transmissible than the Chinese and European strains that were prevalent in the early days of the pandemic.

The reason? The mutations in the South African strain affect the "spike protein," the essential tool that the novel coronavirus uses to infiltrate the body's cells. And those mutations appear to make it easier to spread, though it's unclear if it actually makes the virus deadlier. There haven't been any reported cases of this variant in the U.S. to date. But that could easily change with more time and robust surveillance, and the South African strain has spread to at least 20 other countries according to the World Health Organization (WHO), including the U.K., France, Switzerland, Japan, Austria, and Zambia.

As scary as a coronavirus mutation may sound, it's par for the course with any transmissible virus. Take the flu for example. Per the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), there are four separate strains of the flu virus, and those strains can have their own subtypes. It's sort of like how the same language may be spoken with different dialects.

But that biological diversity necessitates a diversity of vaccines. The flu isn't just one consistent vaccine from year to year (although some biopharmaceutical companies are attempting to create a universal influenza shot). Viruses adapt and change just as any other biological entity does. That's why public health official have to keep such a close eye on the contours of a mutation in order to facilitate more effective products that build on the existing ones.

Such mutations have practical implications and raise concerns over whether or not currently available vaccines would be as effective against them. Transmissibility worries led Moderna, which makes one of the two COVID vaccines currently authorized in the U.S., to announce on January 25 that it is working on a booster shot to deal with the South African variant.

"Out of an abundance of caution and leveraging the flexibility of our mRNA platform, we are advancing an emerging variant booster candidate against the variant first identified in the Republic of South Africa into the clinic to determine if it will be more effective to boost titers against this and potentially future variants," said Moderna CEO Stephane Bancel in a statement.

As with everything COVID-related, it's too early to say definitively how effective the current vaccines would be against a mutated coronavirus. Moderna believes its vaccine would provide at least some protection even against this particular South African COVID strain, as well as a different coronavirus mutation first identified in the U.K.

The WHO has been cautious in its messaging about vaccine efficacy against new strands. "In terms of natural immunity or immune-derived therapeutics, mutations in the spike protein of the B.1.351 or 501Y.V2 may, in theory, reduce, but not obliterate the recognition of the virus by antibodies. This is because, in practice, the human immune system will recognize more than a single region of the spike protein," writes the agency. "Mutations may reduce vaccine efficacy directed against the spike protein but will not obliterate their effects."

Vaccine makers have long known this reality. A flu vaccine may be 60% effective against one particular strain but just 30% effective against another. Moderna's vaccine is about 95% effective for the original coronavirus strain and medical leaders hope that it will still be at least 70% effective against new variants such as the South African and U.K. strains.

What's concerning is that the vaccine doesn't seem to produce quite as robust of an immune response, which is critical to warding off the virus. A an efficacy rate around 70% is still far better than nothing—after all, that's why public health officials insist everybody get a flu shot even if it's not very effective in a given year—but also explains why Moderna is preparing its booster shot.

How fatal these coronavirus offspring could be is another question. Prime Minister Boris Johnson initially said there was "some evidence" that the U.K. variant made the virus more deadly, but public health and government officials have tempered those claims since, cautioning that there's still a great deal of uncertainty about the strain's deadliness.

Moderna's move is precautionary and it's far too early to tell if these new variants are significantly more deadly than the previous ones. So far, that doesn't seem to be the case. And the company believes the malleability of its mRNA-based vaccine, which can be manufactured and scaled up faster than other types of vaccines due to its underlying technology, gives Moderna the flexibility to prepare for a more dangerous COVID variant.

If nothing else, the pandemic has underscored the important of preparation when it comes to potential infectious disease threats in the future.

財富中文網所刊載內容之知識產權為財富媒體知識產權有限公司及/或相關權利人專屬所有或持有。未經許可,禁止進行轉載、摘編、復制及建立鏡像等任何使用。
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