唐納德?特朗普的支持者們可能會因為發動暴亂、顛覆美國總統大選程序而受到嚴厲的懲罰。
1月7日,執法人員表示,在暴亂分子于前一天非法闖入國會大廈、攻擊國會官員,并盜走物品(包括政府的筆記本電腦)后,有60多人被捕。另外,CBS新聞(CBS News)報道,被盜的筆記本電腦中可能包含“敏感的國家安全信息”。
哥倫比亞特區的檢察官邁克爾?舍溫在1月7日告訴記者,檢察機關已經就這場暴動提出了55項指控,其中15起涉及聯邦罪行,并且還要提出更多——包括從非法入境到擁有槍支和燃燒彈的一系列指控。
根據檢察機關于1月7日發起的指控,一名成年男子在國會大廈內反復猛擊一名官員的胸部。另一人則被指控攜帶手槍。
美國國家公共廣播電臺(NPR)在1月7日晚間的報道中稱,美國司法部(Justice Department)還立了一樁“聯邦謀殺案”,涉及一名警察的死亡。
其他幾人也于1月7日在哥倫比亞特區高等法院被起訴,理由是非法闖入國會大廈并違反宵禁(相對較輕的指控)。這些人被要求在釋放后離開華盛頓特區,除非還參與了其他刑事案件。
舍溫說,一些情節更嚴重的案件,例如涉及煽動性陰謀、暴動叛亂等指控的,將被“公開審理”。
斯坦福大學(Stanford University)的法學教授戴維?斯科蘭斯基表示,“以非法和暴力方式踏進眾議院門檻”的暴徒將面臨重罪指控,并可能因此獲刑五年。同時,用武器攻擊聯邦官員的可能會面臨20年的監禁——特別是如果他們造成官員受傷的話。
在2020年全美爆發對喬治?弗洛伊德遇害的抗議活動之后,特朗普總統簽署了一項行政命令,要求對蓄意破壞“歷史古跡、雕像和紀念館”的人判處長達10年的監禁。而又由于圍攻國會大廈的暴動似乎是為了干擾選舉人團清點大選票數,所以刑期可能會提高到20年,斯科蘭斯基解釋說。
斯科蘭斯基說:“在對美國民主制度至關重要的這一天,闖入國會山、破壞議會秩序是相當嚴重的違法行為——非法圍攻國會大廈、擾亂議員的活動、阻止政府正式承認總統選舉結果并啟動之后的程序,這些顯然要比破壞一座紀念碑嚴重得多。”
加州大學伯克利分校(University of California at Berkeley)的法學教授丹?法伯指出,煽動陰謀罪適用于兩個及以上的人“使用武力強行阻止執行任意一條美國法律”的情況。
“顯然,他們正打算這樣做。”法伯說,他指的是暴徒們試圖中斷選舉人團統計選票的行為。
他說,以“煽動陰謀罪”起訴暴徒將面臨一些挑戰,其中一個是難以確定他們圍攻國會大廈的決定是早有預謀,還是一時起意。在這種情況下,檢察官就需要“進一步了解其組織方式”。
他解釋說:“這看上去不像是武裝襲擊,但看起來也不是自發的。”
最終,還是會由檢察官根據證據決定,將對這些暴徒采取何種措施。在法伯看來,這次騷亂是相當嚴重的,因為它是“經過精心策劃的,不僅是在各種建筑上噴漆,而且還策劃阻礙了政府采取關鍵行動,同時還是通過武力進行的。”
但美國O'Melveny律師事務所的律師約翰?德爾米迪表示,聯邦檢察官不太可能以“煽動陰謀罪”指控暴徒,因為華盛頓特區的檢察官通常都希望避免案件的政治化。他說,盡管煽動性陰謀的指控“確實可能帶來更嚴重的刑罰”,但“襲擊聯邦官員罪”的處罰已經很嚴厲了。檢察官可以向暴徒施以這些更常規的指控,以震懾其他人再犯下類似罪行,而不必面臨以“煽動陰謀罪”起訴可能產生的政治后果。
“毫無疑問,騷亂非常嚴重,對國會大廈的襲擊可謂駭人聽聞,無論如何,特區都無法正常運轉。”曾經在美國國家安全委員會(National Security Council)和美國國土安全部(Department of Homeland Security)工作的德爾米迪說。話雖如此,但華盛頓特區的檢察官早已習慣于處理“與抗議活動有關的犯罪”了,并且通常會在工作中極力避免政治因素。
在德爾米迪看來,以《煽動法》(Sedition Act)來判刑的歷史不長是有原因的。
至于特朗普總統是否會被指控煽動騷亂,斯科蘭斯基說這不太可能,盡管他剛剛發表演講,讓自己的支持者“回擊”,但很難證明他的目的是讓人們以武力或暴力手段非法闖入國會大廈。
斯科蘭斯基說:“特朗普散布有關大選的陰謀論、給暴亂火上澆油確實是一項可恥的罪行,但無論如何,要對他進行正式的犯罪指控是很難的。”
即便特朗普被指控犯罪,他也能夠對自己行使“總統特赦權”嗎?
“誰知道?”法伯說。“關于特朗普,你唯一知道的,就是你永遠不會知道他會怎么樣。”(財富中文網)
編譯:陳聰聰
唐納德?特朗普的支持者們可能會因為發動暴亂、顛覆美國總統大選程序而受到嚴厲的懲罰。
1月7日,執法人員表示,在暴亂分子于前一天非法闖入國會大廈、攻擊國會官員,并盜走物品(包括政府的筆記本電腦)后,有60多人被捕。另外,CBS新聞(CBS News)報道,被盜的筆記本電腦中可能包含“敏感的國家安全信息”。
哥倫比亞特區的檢察官邁克爾?舍溫在1月7日告訴記者,檢察機關已經就這場暴動提出了55項指控,其中15起涉及聯邦罪行,并且還要提出更多——包括從非法入境到擁有槍支和燃燒彈的一系列指控。
根據檢察機關于1月7日發起的指控,一名成年男子在國會大廈內反復猛擊一名官員的胸部。另一人則被指控攜帶手槍。
美國國家公共廣播電臺(NPR)在1月7日晚間的報道中稱,美國司法部(Justice Department)還立了一樁“聯邦謀殺案”,涉及一名警察的死亡。
其他幾人也于1月7日在哥倫比亞特區高等法院被起訴,理由是非法闖入國會大廈并違反宵禁(相對較輕的指控)。這些人被要求在釋放后離開華盛頓特區,除非還參與了其他刑事案件。
舍溫說,一些情節更嚴重的案件,例如涉及煽動性陰謀、暴動叛亂等指控的,將被“公開審理”。
斯坦福大學(Stanford University)的法學教授戴維?斯科蘭斯基表示,“以非法和暴力方式踏進眾議院門檻”的暴徒將面臨重罪指控,并可能因此獲刑五年。同時,用武器攻擊聯邦官員的可能會面臨20年的監禁——特別是如果他們造成官員受傷的話。
在2020年全美爆發對喬治?弗洛伊德遇害的抗議活動之后,特朗普總統簽署了一項行政命令,要求對蓄意破壞“歷史古跡、雕像和紀念館”的人判處長達10年的監禁。而又由于圍攻國會大廈的暴動似乎是為了干擾選舉人團清點大選票數,所以刑期可能會提高到20年,斯科蘭斯基解釋說。
斯科蘭斯基說:“在對美國民主制度至關重要的這一天,闖入國會山、破壞議會秩序是相當嚴重的違法行為——非法圍攻國會大廈、擾亂議員的活動、阻止政府正式承認總統選舉結果并啟動之后的程序,這些顯然要比破壞一座紀念碑嚴重得多。”
加州大學伯克利分校(University of California at Berkeley)的法學教授丹?法伯指出,煽動陰謀罪適用于兩個及以上的人“使用武力強行阻止執行任意一條美國法律”的情況。
“顯然,他們正打算這樣做。”法伯說,他指的是暴徒們試圖中斷選舉人團統計選票的行為。
他說,以“煽動陰謀罪”起訴暴徒將面臨一些挑戰,其中一個是難以確定他們圍攻國會大廈的決定是早有預謀,還是一時起意。在這種情況下,檢察官就需要“進一步了解其組織方式”。
他解釋說:“這看上去不像是武裝襲擊,但看起來也不是自發的。”
最終,還是會由檢察官根據證據決定,將對這些暴徒采取何種措施。在法伯看來,這次騷亂是相當嚴重的,因為它是“經過精心策劃的,不僅是在各種建筑上噴漆,而且還策劃阻礙了政府采取關鍵行動,同時還是通過武力進行的。”
但美國O'Melveny律師事務所的律師約翰?德爾米迪表示,聯邦檢察官不太可能以“煽動陰謀罪”指控暴徒,因為華盛頓特區的檢察官通常都希望避免案件的政治化。他說,盡管煽動性陰謀的指控“確實可能帶來更嚴重的刑罰”,但“襲擊聯邦官員罪”的處罰已經很嚴厲了。檢察官可以向暴徒施以這些更常規的指控,以震懾其他人再犯下類似罪行,而不必面臨以“煽動陰謀罪”起訴可能產生的政治后果。
“毫無疑問,騷亂非常嚴重,對國會大廈的襲擊可謂駭人聽聞,無論如何,特區都無法正常運轉。”曾經在美國國家安全委員會(National Security Council)和美國國土安全部(Department of Homeland Security)工作的德爾米迪說。話雖如此,但華盛頓特區的檢察官早已習慣于處理“與抗議活動有關的犯罪”了,并且通常會在工作中極力避免政治因素。
在德爾米迪看來,以《煽動法》(Sedition Act)來判刑的歷史不長是有原因的。
至于特朗普總統是否會被指控煽動騷亂,斯科蘭斯基說這不太可能,盡管他剛剛發表演講,讓自己的支持者“回擊”,但很難證明他的目的是讓人們以武力或暴力手段非法闖入國會大廈。
斯科蘭斯基說:“特朗普散布有關大選的陰謀論、給暴亂火上澆油確實是一項可恥的罪行,但無論如何,要對他進行正式的犯罪指控是很難的。”
即便特朗普被指控犯罪,他也能夠對自己行使“總統特赦權”嗎?
“誰知道?”法伯說。“關于特朗普,你唯一知道的,就是你永遠不會知道他會怎么樣。”(財富中文網)
編譯:陳聰聰
Pro–Donald Trump rioters could face serious penalties for subverting the presidential election process.
More than 60 people were arrested on January 6 after rioters breached the Capitol, assaulted officers, and stole items, including government laptop, law enforcement said on January 7. Additionally, the stolen laptop may have contained "sensitive national security information," CBS News reported.
Michael Sherwin, U.S. attorney for the District of Columbia, told reporters on January 7 that prosecutors filed 55 cases, 15 of which involve federal crimes, related to the riots—with more to come. The charges range from unlawful entry to possessing firearms and Molotov cocktails.
One adult male repeatedly punched an officer in the chest inside the Capitol, according to charges filed on January 7. Another was accused of carrying a pistol.
The Justice Department has also opened a "federal murder case" involving the death of a police officer, NPR reported January 7 evening.
Several others were arraigned on January 7 at the Superior Court of the District of Columbia for unlawful entry into the Capitol and violating curfew, relatively minor charges. They were released from custody and ordered to stay out of Washington, D.C., unless they were also involved in the criminal cases.
For the more serious cases, seditious conspiracy, rioting, and insurrection charges “are on the table,” Sherwin said.
Rioters with felony charges like unlawfully and violently entering the House floor could face five years of prison, said Stanford University law professor David Sklansky. Meanwhile, assaulting a federal officer with a weapon could mean 20 years of incarceration, particularly if the officer was injured, he added.
Following the nationwide protests over the killing of George Floyd last year, President Trump signed an executive order that called for up to 10 years’ imprisonment for vandalism or destruction of “historical monuments, statues, and memorials.” But because the Capitol siege seemed to be intended to interfere with Electoral College vote counting, the prison sentence could rise to 20 years, Sklansky explained.
“Breaking into the nation’s Capitol to disrupt the business of Congress on a particularly critical day of American democracy is a pretty serious violation,” Sklansky said. “It’s hard to see the vandalizing of a monument as worse than breaking into the Capitol, disrupting members of Congress, and preventing the government from formalizing the results of a presidential election.”
Dan Farber, a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley, pointed out that seditious conspiracy charges are applicable when two or more people use “force to prevent the execution of any law in the United States.”
“Clearly they were trying to do that,” said Farber, referring to efforts to stop the electoral voting count.
Among the challenges in charging rioters with seditious conspiracy, however, is the difficulty in determining whether their decision to breach the Capitol was planned or spur of the moment, he said. In such cases, prosecutors would need to know “more about how this was organized.”
“This didn’t look like a military assault, but it also didn’t look spontaneous,” he explained.
Ultimately it will be up to prosecutors to determine, based on evidence, how tough an approach to take. In Farber’s view, the riot was severe considering that it was “specifically designed to not just throw paint on stuff or on a building, but something designed to prevent a crucial government action and that was done with force.”
But John Dermody, a counsel at the O’Melveny law firm, said it’s unlikely that federal prosecutors will charge rioters with seditious conspiracy because Washington, D.C., prosecutors generally want to avoid politicizing their cases. While seditious conspiracy charges “do bring potentially much higher penalties,” he said, the penalty for assaulting a federal officer is already severe. Prosecutors can levy the rioters with more conventional charges that could act as a deterrent for others to commit similar crimes, without having to deal with the politics that would come from charging them with seditious conspiracy.
“Make no mistake, the riots were extraordinary, and the attack on the Capitol was shocking and not business as usual in D.C. by any measure,” said Dermody, who previously worked at the National Security Council and the Department of Homeland Security. That said, D.C. prosecutors are used to dealing with “crimes related to protests” and generally try to avoid bringing politics into their line of work, he said.
“I think there’s a reason why with the Sedition Act, there’s not a long history of it being used,” Dermody said.
As for President Trump being charged with inciting the riots, Sklansky said that would be unlikely. Despite his speech just before, in which he exhorted his supporters to “fight,” Sklansky said it would be difficult to prove that his intent was to have people illegally enter the Capitol by force or violence.
“The way in which Donald Trump threw matches into the spilled gasoline, into the conspiracy theories of this election is an impeachable offense, but nonetheless, it would be difficult to charge him with criminal acts,” Sklansky said.
And even if Trump were charged with a crime, would he be able to pardon himself?
“Who knows?” said Farber. “The one thing you got to say about Trump is that you just don’t know.”