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后特朗普時(shí)代,美國(guó)還能等到新經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激計(jì)劃嗎?

目前,經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激計(jì)劃面臨多重障礙。

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隨著美國(guó)總統(tǒng)大選接近尾聲,國(guó)會(huì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人開(kāi)始討論下一輪經(jīng)濟(jì)援助方案。但談判的推動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)換迅速。

大選之前,眾議院議長(zhǎng)南希?佩洛西還在堅(jiān)持推出2.2萬(wàn)億美元的刺激計(jì)劃,而白宮最終同意支出約1.9萬(wàn)億美元。不過(guò)協(xié)議一直沒(méi)有達(dá)成,財(cái)政上偏保守的參議院共和黨人擱置了白宮提議,希望通過(guò)成本更低的法案。

參議院多數(shù)黨領(lǐng)袖麥康奈爾于11月10日對(duì)記者說(shuō):“我認(rèn)為在當(dāng)前形勢(shì)下,推出數(shù)萬(wàn)億美元的一攬子計(jì)劃很有必要。因此,我認(rèn)為計(jì)劃應(yīng)該有很強(qiáng)的針對(duì)性,跟10月和9月提出的方案比較相似。”他指的可能是與今年秋天參議院民主黨兩次否決的5000億美元“瘦身”刺激計(jì)劃。但如果采取更溫和的刺激方案,意味著一些項(xiàng)目可能被完全忽略。事實(shí)上,在參議院共和黨的計(jì)劃中,一攬子計(jì)劃里并不包括新一輪發(fā)放1200美元的經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激計(jì)劃,而數(shù)月來(lái)白宮和眾議院民主黨一直支持該項(xiàng)目。

兩周前,眾議院議長(zhǎng)南希?佩洛西告訴記者,對(duì)規(guī)模較小的法案“沒(méi)什么興趣”,她重申立場(chǎng),即民主黨不可能同意參議院共和黨的“瘦身”法案。

不過(guò)麥康奈爾主導(dǎo)的共和黨并不是經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激計(jì)劃面臨的唯一障礙。

疫苗可能“推遲”一攬子計(jì)劃

刺激措施可能被推遲還有什么原因?可能是輝瑞(Pfizer)和BioNTech發(fā)布新冠疫苗效用令人振奮的報(bào)告,目前疫苗在后期試驗(yàn)階段。對(duì)美國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)疫苗是好消息,但對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激談判可能是壞消息。

聯(lián)博資產(chǎn)管理(AllianceBernstein)的高級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家埃里克?溫諾格拉德接受《財(cái)富》雜志采訪時(shí)說(shuō):“我擔(dān)心,有些國(guó)會(huì)議員本來(lái)就對(duì)通過(guò)大規(guī)模刺激法案很謹(jǐn)慎,如此一來(lái)可能考慮推遲,或者通過(guò)規(guī)模較小的法案,畢竟疫苗算是好消息。疫苗進(jìn)展順利的話可能通過(guò)規(guī)模更小的法案,但我認(rèn)為政策如此選擇并不正確。”(他認(rèn)為1.5萬(wàn)億美元規(guī)模的刺激計(jì)劃能夠更好地促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇。)

溫諾格拉德指出,問(wèn)題在于承諾“幾個(gè)月后”推出疫苗,并不能幫助當(dāng)前失業(yè)的1110多萬(wàn)美國(guó)人。即便疫苗開(kāi)發(fā)有新進(jìn)度,也不能改變推出刺激計(jì)劃的“緊迫性”,否則很難讓即將消失的效果持續(xù)下去。

加拿大皇家銀行資本市場(chǎng)(RBC Capital Markets)的首席美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家湯姆?波切利認(rèn)為,不一定需要推出數(shù)萬(wàn)億美元的一攬子計(jì)劃(他認(rèn)為可以先動(dòng)用7000億美元左右的資金作為“過(guò)渡”),不過(guò)他也認(rèn)為,“從一定程度上說(shuō),疫苗消解了盡快推出刺激計(jì)劃的緊迫性”。

經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激支票“優(yōu)先級(jí)較低”

盡管疫苗進(jìn)展順利,一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家指出,即便一攬子計(jì)劃順利通過(guò),可能也不會(huì)出臺(tái)刺激計(jì)劃。

“我認(rèn)為想說(shuō)服人們支持(推出更多經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激措施)比較困難。尤其當(dāng)共和黨控制參議院時(shí),幾乎不可能。”加拿大皇家銀行的波切利告訴《財(cái)富》雜志,他指的是如果明年1月共和黨在佐治亞州參議院獲得兩個(gè)決選席位,兩黨實(shí)力膠著的情況。另一方面,聯(lián)博的溫諾格拉德認(rèn)為,沒(méi)有什么情況“不可能出現(xiàn),誰(shuí)能夠把握準(zhǔn)呢?但我認(rèn)為,與延長(zhǎng)失業(yè)救濟(jì)金相比,經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激的優(yōu)先級(jí)較低。”

與此同時(shí),不少經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對(duì)下一項(xiàng)法案的預(yù)期當(dāng)中,經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激計(jì)劃地位也不高。波切利、溫諾格拉德和瑞銀全球財(cái)富管理(UBS Global Wealth Management)的高級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家布賴恩?羅斯都認(rèn)為,對(duì)受影響最嚴(yán)重的群體來(lái)說(shuō),提高失業(yè)救濟(jì)和小企業(yè)薪酬保障計(jì)劃貸款其實(shí)更重要。

調(diào)整時(shí)期達(dá)成協(xié)議?

盡管多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家普遍認(rèn)同應(yīng)該盡快提供更多的援助,但想在2021年前國(guó)會(huì)人員交替期間通過(guò)協(xié)議,似乎是一項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)。

可以肯定的是,調(diào)整時(shí)期達(dá)成協(xié)議并非不可能,最近麥康奈爾等人甚至表示,應(yīng)該在“年底前”達(dá)成協(xié)議。但迄今為止佩洛西似乎不愿意在規(guī)模和關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題上讓步,麥康奈爾同樣不愿意。

正如11月9日共和黨參議員羅伊?布朗特所概括的:“雙方都說(shuō)想推出計(jì)劃。但雙方都只想按照自己的意思來(lái)。最后如何只能等等看。”

加拿大皇家銀行的波切利說(shuō):“最終發(fā)展方向,還有最終哪方能夠得償所愿,都要看疫情狀況。我認(rèn)為,如果現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始病例數(shù)更明顯激增,緊迫性就會(huì)上升。”

多位經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家都認(rèn)為,比起大選前反復(fù)討論的提案,調(diào)整期間達(dá)成的協(xié)議規(guī)模會(huì)小一些,如果真的推到明年,通過(guò)與否很大程度上取決于國(guó)會(huì)構(gòu)成。

如果國(guó)會(huì)分裂,共和黨繼續(xù)控制參議院(很多人認(rèn)為可能性很大),溫諾格拉德認(rèn)為“大選期間參議院共和黨人都不著急通過(guò)刺激法案,民主黨剛上臺(tái)時(shí)想必更不會(huì)熱心。”

但是,如果民主黨贏得佐治亞州的兩個(gè)決選席位,從而控制住參眾兩院,一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為,明年年初可能會(huì)達(dá)成規(guī)模更大的協(xié)議,后續(xù)還可能出臺(tái)經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激法案。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:馮豐

審校:夏林

隨著美國(guó)總統(tǒng)大選接近尾聲,國(guó)會(huì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人開(kāi)始討論下一輪經(jīng)濟(jì)援助方案。但談判的推動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)換迅速。

大選之前,眾議院議長(zhǎng)南希?佩洛西還在堅(jiān)持推出2.2萬(wàn)億美元的刺激計(jì)劃,而白宮最終同意支出約1.9萬(wàn)億美元。不過(guò)協(xié)議一直沒(méi)有達(dá)成,財(cái)政上偏保守的參議院共和黨人擱置了白宮提議,希望通過(guò)成本更低的法案。

參議院多數(shù)黨領(lǐng)袖麥康奈爾于11月10日對(duì)記者說(shuō):“我認(rèn)為在當(dāng)前形勢(shì)下,推出數(shù)萬(wàn)億美元的一攬子計(jì)劃很有必要。因此,我認(rèn)為計(jì)劃應(yīng)該有很強(qiáng)的針對(duì)性,跟10月和9月提出的方案比較相似。”他指的可能是與今年秋天參議院民主黨兩次否決的5000億美元“瘦身”刺激計(jì)劃。但如果采取更溫和的刺激方案,意味著一些項(xiàng)目可能被完全忽略。事實(shí)上,在參議院共和黨的計(jì)劃中,一攬子計(jì)劃里并不包括新一輪發(fā)放1200美元的經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激計(jì)劃,而數(shù)月來(lái)白宮和眾議院民主黨一直支持該項(xiàng)目。

兩周前,眾議院議長(zhǎng)南希?佩洛西告訴記者,對(duì)規(guī)模較小的法案“沒(méi)什么興趣”,她重申立場(chǎng),即民主黨不可能同意參議院共和黨的“瘦身”法案。

不過(guò)麥康奈爾主導(dǎo)的共和黨并不是經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激計(jì)劃面臨的唯一障礙。

疫苗可能“推遲”一攬子計(jì)劃

刺激措施可能被推遲還有什么原因?可能是輝瑞(Pfizer)和BioNTech發(fā)布新冠疫苗效用令人振奮的報(bào)告,目前疫苗在后期試驗(yàn)階段。對(duì)美國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)疫苗是好消息,但對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激談判可能是壞消息。

聯(lián)博資產(chǎn)管理(AllianceBernstein)的高級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家埃里克?溫諾格拉德接受《財(cái)富》雜志采訪時(shí)說(shuō):“我擔(dān)心,有些國(guó)會(huì)議員本來(lái)就對(duì)通過(guò)大規(guī)模刺激法案很謹(jǐn)慎,如此一來(lái)可能考慮推遲,或者通過(guò)規(guī)模較小的法案,畢竟疫苗算是好消息。疫苗進(jìn)展順利的話可能通過(guò)規(guī)模更小的法案,但我認(rèn)為政策如此選擇并不正確。”(他認(rèn)為1.5萬(wàn)億美元規(guī)模的刺激計(jì)劃能夠更好地促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇。)

溫諾格拉德指出,問(wèn)題在于承諾“幾個(gè)月后”推出疫苗,并不能幫助當(dāng)前失業(yè)的1110多萬(wàn)美國(guó)人。即便疫苗開(kāi)發(fā)有新進(jìn)度,也不能改變推出刺激計(jì)劃的“緊迫性”,否則很難讓即將消失的效果持續(xù)下去。

加拿大皇家銀行資本市場(chǎng)(RBC Capital Markets)的首席美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家湯姆?波切利認(rèn)為,不一定需要推出數(shù)萬(wàn)億美元的一攬子計(jì)劃(他認(rèn)為可以先動(dòng)用7000億美元左右的資金作為“過(guò)渡”),不過(guò)他也認(rèn)為,“從一定程度上說(shuō),疫苗消解了盡快推出刺激計(jì)劃的緊迫性”。

經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激支票“優(yōu)先級(jí)較低”

盡管疫苗進(jìn)展順利,一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家指出,即便一攬子計(jì)劃順利通過(guò),可能也不會(huì)出臺(tái)刺激計(jì)劃。

“我認(rèn)為想說(shuō)服人們支持(推出更多經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激措施)比較困難。尤其當(dāng)共和黨控制參議院時(shí),幾乎不可能。”加拿大皇家銀行的波切利告訴《財(cái)富》雜志,他指的是如果明年1月共和黨在佐治亞州參議院獲得兩個(gè)決選席位,兩黨實(shí)力膠著的情況。另一方面,聯(lián)博的溫諾格拉德認(rèn)為,沒(méi)有什么情況“不可能出現(xiàn),誰(shuí)能夠把握準(zhǔn)呢?但我認(rèn)為,與延長(zhǎng)失業(yè)救濟(jì)金相比,經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激的優(yōu)先級(jí)較低。”

與此同時(shí),不少經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對(duì)下一項(xiàng)法案的預(yù)期當(dāng)中,經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激計(jì)劃地位也不高。波切利、溫諾格拉德和瑞銀全球財(cái)富管理(UBS Global Wealth Management)的高級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家布賴恩?羅斯都認(rèn)為,對(duì)受影響最嚴(yán)重的群體來(lái)說(shuō),提高失業(yè)救濟(jì)和小企業(yè)薪酬保障計(jì)劃貸款其實(shí)更重要。

調(diào)整時(shí)期達(dá)成協(xié)議?

盡管多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家普遍認(rèn)同應(yīng)該盡快提供更多的援助,但想在2021年前國(guó)會(huì)人員交替期間通過(guò)協(xié)議,似乎是一項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)。

可以肯定的是,調(diào)整時(shí)期達(dá)成協(xié)議并非不可能,最近麥康奈爾等人甚至表示,應(yīng)該在“年底前”達(dá)成協(xié)議。但迄今為止佩洛西似乎不愿意在規(guī)模和關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題上讓步,麥康奈爾同樣不愿意。

正如11月9日共和黨參議員羅伊?布朗特所概括的:“雙方都說(shuō)想推出計(jì)劃。但雙方都只想按照自己的意思來(lái)。最后如何只能等等看。”

加拿大皇家銀行的波切利說(shuō):“最終發(fā)展方向,還有最終哪方能夠得償所愿,都要看疫情狀況。我認(rèn)為,如果現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始病例數(shù)更明顯激增,緊迫性就會(huì)上升。”

多位經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家都認(rèn)為,比起大選前反復(fù)討論的提案,調(diào)整期間達(dá)成的協(xié)議規(guī)模會(huì)小一些,如果真的推到明年,通過(guò)與否很大程度上取決于國(guó)會(huì)構(gòu)成。

如果國(guó)會(huì)分裂,共和黨繼續(xù)控制參議院(很多人認(rèn)為可能性很大),溫諾格拉德認(rèn)為“大選期間參議院共和黨人都不著急通過(guò)刺激法案,民主黨剛上臺(tái)時(shí)想必更不會(huì)熱心。”

但是,如果民主黨贏得佐治亞州的兩個(gè)決選席位,從而控制住參眾兩院,一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為,明年年初可能會(huì)達(dá)成規(guī)模更大的協(xié)議,后續(xù)還可能出臺(tái)經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激法案。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:馮豐

審校:夏林

With the election in the rearview mirror, leaders on Capitol Hill are back to discussing another economic aid package. But the dynamics of these talks are changing—fast.

Before the election House Speaker Nancy Pelosi was holding firm at her ask for $2.2 trillion, while the White House worked up to its final offer of about $1.9 trillion. But a deal was never reached, and with President Trump having failed in his reelection campaign, fiscally conservative Senate Republicans are sidelining the White House’s offer and looking to pass something with a reduced price tag.

“I don’t think the current situation demands a multitrillion-dollar package,” Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell told reporters on November 10. “So I think it should be highly targeted, very similar to what I put on the floor in both October and September.” That would likely match the size of the $500 billion “skinny” stimulus package that was blocked twice by Senate Democrats this fall. But a more modest stimulus package means some items could get left out altogether. Indeed, Senate Republicans’ plans have excluded another round of $1,200 stimulus checks from the package—an item both the White House and House Democrats have supported for months.

Two weeks ago, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi told reporters a smaller bill “doesn’t appeal” to her, reiterating her stance that the Senate Republicans’ “skinny” bill was a nonstarter for Democrats.

But McConnell taking the reins for Republicans in stimulus negotiationsisn’t the only hurdle facing stimulus checks.

Vaccine hopes could ‘delay’ a package

Another reason more stimulus may be pushed back? An encouraging report from Pfizer and BioNTech on the efficacy of their COVID-19 vaccine, currently in late-stage trials. The vaccine would be great news for the country—but potentially bad news for stimulus talks.

“I worry that for those in Congress who were already squeamish about passing a large stimulus bill, this might encourage them to delay a little bit longer or to pass something smaller because it is good news,” Eric Winograd, senior economist at AllianceBernstein, tells Fortune. “That prospect might encourage a smaller bill, which I don’t think would be the right policy choice.” (He believes $1.5 trillion would better serve the recovery.)

The problem, Winograd notes, is that the promise of a vaccine “a few months from now“ doesn’t help the more than 11.1 million Americans who are currently unemployed. And the latest vaccine developments don’t change the “urgency” for stimulus to renew those expiring benefits.

Tom Porcelli, chief U.S. economist at RBC Capital Markets, doesn’t necessarily think there needs to be a multitrillion-dollar package (he believes something around $700 billion may suffice as a “bridge”), but agrees the vaccine “takes some of the edge off the urgency with getting it done sooner than later.”

Stimulus checks are a ‘lower priority’

Notwithstanding the vaccine, some economists note a stimulus check might not be in the cards at all, even if a package is passed.

“I think [more stimulus checks are] going to be a very hard sell. If you have a Republican Senate, I think that’s almost a nonstarter,” RBC’s Porcelli tells Fortune, referring to the future balance of power if Republicans secure two runoff Senate seats in Georgia come January. AllianceBernstein’s Winograd on the other hand argues that nothing “is off the table, because who really knows? But I would think that is a lower priority item than is extending unemployment benefits.”

Meanwhile, stimulus checks aren’t high up on some economists’ wish lists for the next bill, either: Porcelli, Winograd, and UBS Global Wealth Management senior economist Brian Rose all agree more enhanced unemployment benefits and small-business Paycheck Protection Program loans are more important to aiding the most affected groups.

A lame-duck deal?

While there is broad consensus among most economists that more aid is needed—and soon—getting a deal passed in the lame-duck session before 2021 is looking like a tall order.

To be sure, it’s not impossible a deal could get done in the lame duck, as those like McConnell have even recently said a deal needs to be done “before the end of the year.” But Pelosi thus far doesn’t seem willing to capitulate on the size and key sticking points, and neither does McConnell.

Indeed, Sen. Roy Blunt (R-Mo.) outlined it on November 9: “Both sides are saying they want one. But both sides are saying they want the one they want. So we’ll see.”

According to RBC’s Porcelli: “The direction that it goes, and the person that will ultimately end up getting what they want, is going to be entirely contingent on the virus. I think the urgency will rise if case counts really do start to advance from here in a more dramatic way.”

Many economists agree a deal in the lame duck would be smaller than iterations of the bill discussed leading up to the election, but if a deal does get pushed until next year, its passage is largely dependent on the composition of Congress.

If Congress is split and Republicans maintain control of the Senate (a scenario many find most likely), Winograd finds it “hard to believe that Republicans in the Senate who were not eager to pass a stimulus bill in the midst of an electoral campaign would be willing to do so in the early days of a Democratic administration.”

But if Democrats win the two runoff seats in Georgia and clinch control of both the House and Senate, some economists believe that could mean a bigger deal early next year and possibly follow-up stimulus legislation later in the year.

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