拜登勝選和民主黨占據參議院這種完勝的局面并沒有出現,讓股市逃過了一劫。雖然股市臨時躲過了加稅和加強監管的影響,但美國總統大選之前一直影響股票市場的基本問題依舊存在。事實上,投資者面臨著雙重威脅,它們所帶來的風險可能比過去一個世紀的任何時候都要嚴重。首先,股市的價格水平整體過高,因此它們下跌的概率要遠高于上漲。其次,有過多潛在破壞因素(從重啟封鎖造成的毀滅性沖擊到大幅攀升的聯邦債務)可能削弱股市恢復繁榮的力量:公司實現收入強勁增長的能力。
華爾街的權威人士和市場策略師以及許多記者甚至知名學者都認為,政府分裂后的僵局是股票市場的利好消息。我的好友、CNBC的吉姆?克拉默將政治僵局稱為“成長股的利好消息”,而沃頓商學院(Wharton School)備受尊敬的經濟學家杰里米?西格爾稱選情膠著“對于經濟和股市有利”,他預測政府的大規模刺激措施和基礎設施政策會提振股市的士氣。
顯然,市場擔心一旦拜登當選總統并且已經在眾議院占多數席位的民主黨掌控參議院,可能會大幅加稅。(但請注意:還有五次參議院選舉尚未舉行,因此民主黨在參議院與共和黨打成平手并非沒有可能。)拜登曾經承諾將企業所得稅從21%提高到28%,并對100萬美元以上的資本收益按39.5%征稅,這對市場而言是兩個巨大的負面消息。從10月11日至30日,拜登和民主黨參議員候選人持續擴大在民調中的領先優勢,在此期間,標普指數下跌了7%。但大選日之前,在選情膠著之際,標普指數上漲了3.1%,之后到11月4日和5日進一步反彈,漲幅達到7.5%,創下了從3月中旬的最低谷開始反彈以來,表現最好的連續四個交易日。11月6日下午3點左右,標普指數距離其9月2日創下的歷史最高點相差不到2%。
指數上漲對于股票投資者而言是好消息。但已經定價過高的標普500指數價格持續上漲,這為市場的未來前景蒙上了陰影。再次強調一下,過高的估值是市場面臨的兩大風險之一。2019年年底,根據之前四個季度按美國公認會計準則計算的收益,標普指數的每股收益達到創紀錄的39.43美元。由于每股收益在公司收入和股東權益中所占的比例過高,因此必定會下跌“至平均水平”,或者至少將停止上漲。
計算“可持續”每股收益的最佳指標是耶魯大學經濟學家羅伯特?席勒創造的周期調整后市盈率。周期調整后市盈率在判斷股票定價過高還是過低時具有很好的指導作用。類似于去年那種收益泡沫讓股票看起來價格低廉,而臨時性的下跌又會讓投資者產生股票定價過高的錯覺,但席勒用通脹調整后10年平均水平得出了一個正常數據。今天,席勒得出的標普500指數調整后每股收益接近110美元。當標普指數為3518點時,席勒計算出的市盈率倍數為32。這與1929年股災爆發之前的最高水平相當,在過去90年,只有2000年的科技泡沫超過了這個水平。
按照席勒的指標,股票的回報率非常高,這表明未來通脹調整后的收益可能為負,或者接近于零。當然,看漲的華爾街投資者們希望人們相信,每股收益不僅將重新達到2019年的水平,還會繼續實現兩位數上漲,足以充分證明市場的估值是合理的,盡管他們也承認這樣的估值極具挑戰性。
第三季度,標普指數的每股收益確實提高到35美元。但這比2019年第四季度依舊低11%,而且分析師預測未來兩個季度,標普指數的每股收益會進一步下降到28.50美元左右。分析師的預測通常會過于樂觀,即便如此,他們的預測也認為在明年年中之前,標普指數的每股收益不會恢復到去年的水平。這不可能發生。為什么呢?因為根據美國國會預算辦公室(Congressional Budget Office)的預測,到2022年最后一個季度之前,美國經濟無論是商品還是服務的產值都不可能恢復到2019年的水平。
只有經濟恢復正常,每股收益才有可能超過2019年的史上最高水平,在國民收入中占更大比例。去年年底,公司收入占美國GDP的7%,遠高于其過去半個世紀6%以下的水平。只有公司收入的GDP占比突破7%并進一步提高,才能夠證明看漲的投資者是正確的。
股票的估值越高,其價格就越難維持穩定,因為高估值的股票更容易受到經濟沖擊的影響,從而出現股價暴跌,這是股票市場面臨的第二大威脅。美國經濟遭到沖擊的次數和嚴重性,可能達到危險的程度。以下是我認為股票市場面臨的三種危機。第一種危機最好理解:如果疫情無法在短期內得到控制,美國將迎來另一輪大范圍封鎖,尤其是拜登已經承諾將采取比特朗普更加嚴格的措施。我們已經看到歐洲重啟封鎖令,重創了美國的出口商。隨著美國每日新增確診病例10萬例,屢破紀錄,美國的旅游業、餐旅業、酒店和航空業都將面臨更長時間的困境,遭受巨大的損失。
第二,美國的利率最近在持續上升。自8月初以來,10年期國債的收益率從0.5%提高到0.86%,后來大選結果的不確定性導致優質資產變得搶手,因此國債收益率有所回落。國會預算辦公室預測明年利率只會上漲1%左右。但這個預測結果極有可能是錯誤的。“實際”利率通常會隨著GDP的變化而波動,如果從2021年年底到2022年,經濟增長速度恢復到2%,10年期國債收益率(包括通貨膨脹溢價)有可能遠高于2%。2018年年底,10年期國債的收益率為3%。當實際利率上調時,市場容易出現反常表現。這或許不會發生,但如果經濟恢復繁榮,預測更高收益率并非沒有道理。
第三,最近,數十億美元新刺激措施懸而未決,導致市場起伏不定。增加失業補助、向小企業發放救助以幫助他們留住員工、向家庭發放現金補貼等措施,都是防止破產和喪失抵押品贖回權的必要緩沖,而且能夠緩解貸款商的壓力。但為應對疫情慷慨發放數萬億美元補助,要付出高昂的代價,會導致聯邦債務大幅增加。現在幾乎沒有人在解決這個問題。國會預算辦公室預測,到2021年年底,聯邦債務將從16.8萬億美元增加5.1萬億美元,達到近22萬億美元,相當于美國GDP的104%。為了填補預算缺口,美國財政部正在發放期限僅有幾周的債券。如果利率突然上漲,利息支出會隨之增加,這可能會引發債務危機,迫使政府大幅加稅。聯邦債務日益積累有可能導致外國投資者要求提高利率,主要是為了防范美元繼續貶值導致美元兌換成本國貨幣時出現利息損失的風險。外國投資者是美國填補財政赤字的重要資金來源。
當然,如果海外借款人繼續大量買入美國國債,美國則可以將清算日期推遲幾年。但風險依舊存在,而為了應對新冠疫情已經支出的數萬億美元以及未來的更多投入,會讓風險變得更加嚴重。
無論是這三種危機還是第四種危機估值過高,在股票價格均沒有任何體現。這些危機同時存在,顯然不會是股票市場的“利好消息”。(財富中文網)
翻譯:劉進龍
審校:汪皓
拜登勝選和民主黨占據參議院這種完勝的局面并沒有出現,讓股市逃過了一劫。雖然股市臨時躲過了加稅和加強監管的影響,但美國總統大選之前一直影響股票市場的基本問題依舊存在。事實上,投資者面臨著雙重威脅,它們所帶來的風險可能比過去一個世紀的任何時候都要嚴重。首先,股市的價格水平整體過高,因此它們下跌的概率要遠高于上漲。其次,有過多潛在破壞因素(從重啟封鎖造成的毀滅性沖擊到大幅攀升的聯邦債務)可能削弱股市恢復繁榮的力量:公司實現收入強勁增長的能力。
華爾街的權威人士和市場策略師以及許多記者甚至知名學者都認為,政府分裂后的僵局是股票市場的利好消息。我的好友、CNBC的吉姆?克拉默將政治僵局稱為“成長股的利好消息”,而沃頓商學院(Wharton School)備受尊敬的經濟學家杰里米?西格爾稱選情膠著“對于經濟和股市有利”,他預測政府的大規模刺激措施和基礎設施政策會提振股市的士氣。
顯然,市場擔心一旦拜登當選總統并且已經在眾議院占多數席位的民主黨掌控參議院,可能會大幅加稅。(但請注意:還有五次參議院選舉尚未舉行,因此民主黨在參議院與共和黨打成平手并非沒有可能。)拜登曾經承諾將企業所得稅從21%提高到28%,并對100萬美元以上的資本收益按39.5%征稅,這對市場而言是兩個巨大的負面消息。從10月11日至30日,拜登和民主黨參議員候選人持續擴大在民調中的領先優勢,在此期間,標普指數下跌了7%。但大選日之前,在選情膠著之際,標普指數上漲了3.1%,之后到11月4日和5日進一步反彈,漲幅達到7.5%,創下了從3月中旬的最低谷開始反彈以來,表現最好的連續四個交易日。11月6日下午3點左右,標普指數距離其9月2日創下的歷史最高點相差不到2%。
指數上漲對于股票投資者而言是好消息。但已經定價過高的標普500指數價格持續上漲,這為市場的未來前景蒙上了陰影。再次強調一下,過高的估值是市場面臨的兩大風險之一。2019年年底,根據之前四個季度按美國公認會計準則計算的收益,標普指數的每股收益達到創紀錄的39.43美元。由于每股收益在公司收入和股東權益中所占的比例過高,因此必定會下跌“至平均水平”,或者至少將停止上漲。
計算“可持續”每股收益的最佳指標是耶魯大學經濟學家羅伯特?席勒創造的周期調整后市盈率。周期調整后市盈率在判斷股票定價過高還是過低時具有很好的指導作用。類似于去年那種收益泡沫讓股票看起來價格低廉,而臨時性的下跌又會讓投資者產生股票定價過高的錯覺,但席勒用通脹調整后10年平均水平得出了一個正常數據。今天,席勒得出的標普500指數調整后每股收益接近110美元。當標普指數為3518點時,席勒計算出的市盈率倍數為32。這與1929年股災爆發之前的最高水平相當,在過去90年,只有2000年的科技泡沫超過了這個水平。
按照席勒的指標,股票的回報率非常高,這表明未來通脹調整后的收益可能為負,或者接近于零。當然,看漲的華爾街投資者們希望人們相信,每股收益不僅將重新達到2019年的水平,還會繼續實現兩位數上漲,足以充分證明市場的估值是合理的,盡管他們也承認這樣的估值極具挑戰性。
第三季度,標普指數的每股收益確實提高到35美元。但這比2019年第四季度依舊低11%,而且分析師預測未來兩個季度,標普指數的每股收益會進一步下降到28.50美元左右。分析師的預測通常會過于樂觀,即便如此,他們的預測也認為在明年年中之前,標普指數的每股收益不會恢復到去年的水平。這不可能發生。為什么呢?因為根據美國國會預算辦公室(Congressional Budget Office)的預測,到2022年最后一個季度之前,美國經濟無論是商品還是服務的產值都不可能恢復到2019年的水平。
只有經濟恢復正常,每股收益才有可能超過2019年的史上最高水平,在國民收入中占更大比例。去年年底,公司收入占美國GDP的7%,遠高于其過去半個世紀6%以下的水平。只有公司收入的GDP占比突破7%并進一步提高,才能夠證明看漲的投資者是正確的。
股票的估值越高,其價格就越難維持穩定,因為高估值的股票更容易受到經濟沖擊的影響,從而出現股價暴跌,這是股票市場面臨的第二大威脅。美國經濟遭到沖擊的次數和嚴重性,可能達到危險的程度。以下是我認為股票市場面臨的三種危機。第一種危機最好理解:如果疫情無法在短期內得到控制,美國將迎來另一輪大范圍封鎖,尤其是拜登已經承諾將采取比特朗普更加嚴格的措施。我們已經看到歐洲重啟封鎖令,重創了美國的出口商。隨著美國每日新增確診病例10萬例,屢破紀錄,美國的旅游業、餐旅業、酒店和航空業都將面臨更長時間的困境,遭受巨大的損失。
第二,美國的利率最近在持續上升。自8月初以來,10年期國債的收益率從0.5%提高到0.86%,后來大選結果的不確定性導致優質資產變得搶手,因此國債收益率有所回落。國會預算辦公室預測明年利率只會上漲1%左右。但這個預測結果極有可能是錯誤的。“實際”利率通常會隨著GDP的變化而波動,如果從2021年年底到2022年,經濟增長速度恢復到2%,10年期國債收益率(包括通貨膨脹溢價)有可能遠高于2%。2018年年底,10年期國債的收益率為3%。當實際利率上調時,市場容易出現反常表現。這或許不會發生,但如果經濟恢復繁榮,預測更高收益率并非沒有道理。
第三,最近,數十億美元新刺激措施懸而未決,導致市場起伏不定。增加失業補助、向小企業發放救助以幫助他們留住員工、向家庭發放現金補貼等措施,都是防止破產和喪失抵押品贖回權的必要緩沖,而且能夠緩解貸款商的壓力。但為應對疫情慷慨發放數萬億美元補助,要付出高昂的代價,會導致聯邦債務大幅增加。現在幾乎沒有人在解決這個問題。國會預算辦公室預測,到2021年年底,聯邦債務將從16.8萬億美元增加5.1萬億美元,達到近22萬億美元,相當于美國GDP的104%。為了填補預算缺口,美國財政部正在發放期限僅有幾周的債券。如果利率突然上漲,利息支出會隨之增加,這可能會引發債務危機,迫使政府大幅加稅。聯邦債務日益積累有可能導致外國投資者要求提高利率,主要是為了防范美元繼續貶值導致美元兌換成本國貨幣時出現利息損失的風險。外國投資者是美國填補財政赤字的重要資金來源。
當然,如果海外借款人繼續大量買入美國國債,美國則可以將清算日期推遲幾年。但風險依舊存在,而為了應對新冠疫情已經支出的數萬億美元以及未來的更多投入,會讓風險變得更加嚴重。
無論是這三種危機還是第四種危機估值過高,在股票價格均沒有任何體現。這些危機同時存在,顯然不會是股票市場的“利好消息”。(財富中文網)
翻譯:劉進龍
審校:汪皓
The stock market dodged a bullet when the Blue Wave––a Biden victory and a Democratic takeover in the Senate––didn't materialize. But ducking the specter of more taxes-and-regulation didn't erase the fundamental problems weighing on equities before the election. Indeed, investors face two threats, that taken together, pose risks as grave as at any time in the past century. First, shares overall are so hugely expensive that history tells us they're far more likely to fall than to soar. Second, an unusually large number of lurking spoilers (potentially devastating shocks from more lockdowns to soaring federal debt) could sap the strength that must return for stocks to prosper: Businesses' capacity to generate strong growth in earnings.
To be sure, Wall Street's pundits and market strategists, along with plenty of journalists and even some top academics, are touting divided government gridlock as great news for the markets. My friend Jim Cramer of CNBC praised gridlock as "nirvana for growth stocks," while revered economist Jeremy Siegel of the Wharton School pronounce the election split "excellent for the economy and excellent for the markets," predicting big stimulus and infrastructure packages that will buoy stocks.
The markets were clearly nervous about the prospects big tax increases if Biden took the presidency and the Democrats gained control in the Senate to match their majority in the House. (One caveat however: There are still five Senate races that have yet to be called, making it not impossible that the Democrats could reach a tie in the Senate.) Biden had pledged to raise the corporate income tax from 21% to 28%, and impose a 39.5% levy on capital gains over $1 million, both big negatives for the markets. From October 11 to 30, the S&P dropped 7% as Biden and blue Senate candidates expanded their leads in the polls. But then, a tightening race lifted the S&P by 3.1% through Election Day, followed by more gains on November 4 and 5 that swelled the relief rally to 7.5%, capping the best 4-day performance since the snapback from the mid-March lows. At mid-afternoon on November 6, the S&P stood within 2% of its all-time high posted on September 2.
That jump looks great for people who own stocks. But it darkens the cloud over the market's future by making the already super-expensive S&P 500 even pricier. Once again, those towering valuations are the first of our two classes of danger. At the close of 2019, S&P profits hit a record of $39.43 based on the trailing four quarters of GAAP earnings. Because that number was so elevated as a share of revenues and shareholders equity, it looked like profits would "revert to the mean" by falling, or at least going flat.
The best measure of "sustainable" earnings-per-share is the number used in the Cyclically-adjusted price-earnings ratio created by Yale economist Robert Shiller. The CAPE calculates an adjusted P/E that's a great guide to whether shares are over or underpriced. Since a profits bubble like the one experienced last year makes stocks look like a bargain, and a temporary collapse creates the illusion they're exorbitantly priced, Shiller uses a 10-year, inflation-adjusted average to get a normalized number. Today, Shiller's adjusted figure for S&P 500 earnings-per-share is just under $110. With the S&P at 3518, the Shiller P/E is 32. That reading matches the peak just before the crash of 1929, and was only significantly exceeded once in the past 90 years, during the tech bubble of 2000.
By the Shiller measure, stocks look really, really rich, signaling that future returns will be either negative or near-zero, adjusted for inflation. Of course, the Wall Street bulls want you to believe that a surge in earnings that not just regains the heights of 2019, but keeps waxing in double-digit from there, fully justify what they acknowledge to look like challenging valuations.
It's true that S&P profits staged a comeback in the third quarter to $35. But that's still 11% below Q4 of 2019, and analysts are predicting much lower readings of around $28.50 over the next two quarters. Even their forecasts, which are generally overly optimistic, don't see earnings getting back to last year's levels until the middle of next year. It won't happen. Why? Because the economy won't match the 2019 output in goods and services, according to projections from the Congressional Budget Office, until the final quarter of 2022.
Since the economy will just regain lost grounds, profits can only beat the 2019 all-time record by taking a much bigger share of national income. At the close of last year, corporate earnings were absorbing 7% of GDP, well above their below-6% mark over the past half-century. They'd have to break that mark and go higher for the bulls to be right.
The more expensive equities get, the more prices teeter on a knife edge because they're increasingly vulnerable to economic shocks that can send them crashing––the second big threat to equities. The number and ferocity of storms that could hit the U.S. is dangerously high. Here's what I call the Perilous Three. The first is the most obvious: Another sweeping lockdown if the pandemic doesn't retreat soon, especially since Biden has promised to take much stronger action than Trump. We're already seeing severe restrictions re-imposed in Europe that's hitting our exporters. With the U.S. witnessing a record 100,000 new cases a day, our tourism, hospitality, restaurant, and airline industries could be facing many more months of pain, spotlighted by giant losses.
Second, interest rates have been ticking up of late. From early August, the 10-year treasury yield rose from .5% to .86% before retreating when uncertainty over the election's outcome caused a flight to quality. The CBO is predicting rates to rise only to around 1% next year. But that forecast could easily be wrong. "Real" interest rates typically track GDP, and if economic growth returns to 2% in late 2021 and 2022, it's highly possible the 10-year yield (which includes a premium for inflation), could rise well above 2%. It was paying 3% as recently as the end of 2018. The markets tend to freak out when real rates rise. It may not happen, but if we get renewed prosperity, it isn't unreasonable to forecast that we'll get much higher yields as well.
Third, the markets have been spiking and retreating of late on the careening prospects for billions more in stimulus. Enhanced unemployment insurance, aid to small businesses designed to help them keep employees, and cash payments to families are an important buffer to preventing bankruptcies and foreclosures, and easing pressure on lenders. But the trillions lavished on assistance to counter the pandemic also comes at a high cost few are addressing: An explosion in federal debt. The CBO projects that by the close of 2021, federal debt will jump by $5.1 trillion from $16.8 to almost $22 trillion, or 104% of GDP. To finance those shortfalls, the Treasury is issuing bond with maturities of just a few weeks. If rates suddenly spike, interest expense will soar, potentially causing a debt crisis and mandating big tax increases. Or, the buildup in debt will cause foreigners crucial to funding our deficits in demand higher rates, mainly on the risk that the dollar will keep falling and cutting interest payments translated into their own currencies.
Of course, America may be able to put off the reckoning for years to come, if those overseas borrowers keep loading up on Treasuries. But the risk is still there, and the trillions spent to blunt COVID-19, with more to come, keeps sharpening that risk.
Stock prices are ignoring the Perilous Three, and the Perilous Fourth, those gigantic valuations. Taken together, this mix may not be nirvana at all.