美國新冠疫苗想成功,首先要湊夠100萬名志愿者
這個主意最初是好萊塢大帥哥阿什頓·庫徹提出的。庫徹是好萊塢知名演員和科技公司投資人,他在與南加州大學勞倫斯·埃里森變革醫學研究所(Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine at USC)的首席執行官戴維斯·阿格斯談話時指出,美國的抗疫工作要想取得成功,首先要解決一個艱巨的挑戰——招募到足夠多的志愿者來參與新冠疫苗和藥物的試驗工作。庫徹建議,美國應該開展一項宣傳活動,讓那些已經報名的志愿者錄制一段視頻,向大家解釋他們為什么要做這件事?!八麄兾唇涍^濾的聲音就是一個強大的佐證。”而這就是這次宣傳活動需要傳遞的信息。阿格斯說:“疫苗無關政治,只關乎科學、公民責任,只關乎拯救你所愛的人和你的鄰居的生命。已經報名的志愿者們理解這一點,而且他們能夠比任何人更好地宣傳這一點。”
庫徹這個簡單明了的想法可謂一呼百應,這樣一項公益宣傳活動已經在全美范圍內展開了。最近,大衛·埃利森的Skydance Media公司與美國國家衛生研究院(National Institutes of Health)的防疫部門合拍了一則90秒的公益廣告,這則廣告由哈里森·福特擔任解說,已于9月25日在CBS電視臺播出,現已登陸美國其他主流電視臺和有線電視網絡。這則廣告有好幾個版本,里面有一些臨床試驗志愿者的真實聲音,為了方便線上分享,它已同步登陸Facebook、YouTube和Instagram等社交平臺。
這則廣告引用了美國前總統肯尼迪的那句名言:“不要問國家能為你做什么,問問你能為國家做什么。”廣告呼吁美國民眾踴躍通過美國國家衛生研究院的新冠病毒預防網絡平臺進行報名,爭當新冠疫苗和藥物臨床試驗的志愿者。
阿格斯表示,到目前為止,大約已有50萬名美國人注冊成為了新冠肺炎相關臨床試驗的志愿者,但美國很有可能還需要100萬名志愿者。阿格斯與國際上的很多新冠疫苗研發項目都保持著密切合作。目前有五支很有希望的疫苗已經進入了三期臨床試驗,研發者分別是輝瑞(與德國BioNTech公司合作)、阿斯利康(與牛津大學合作)、Moderna、強生和諾瓦瓦克斯(Novavax)。按程序來說,這五支疫苗的三期試驗大約需要17.4萬名志愿者。但實際上,考慮到接種對象的種族、年齡、健康狀態和地區等影響因素,他們需要的志愿者應該遠遠超過這個數量,這樣才可以確保被試者相對公平地代表了美國社會的人口構成。
Bio.org是生物制藥行業的一個行業組織,它目前正在追蹤188種候選疫苗、198種抗病毒藥物,和351種正處于不同研究階段的潛在療法。要想知道任何一種疫苗或藥物是否有效,至少在美國,相關疫苗和藥物在獲得美國食品與藥品管理局的審批前,至少要經過兩次嚴格受控的人體試驗。而為了戰勝新冠疫情,我們可能得需要好幾種可用的疫苗和藥物:一是要有可用的疫苗來防止病毒引發更多病例;二是對于疫苗防不住的那部分,還得有藥物來治療嚴重的感染。因此我們需要大量志愿者來測試它們。
為什么需要那么多志愿者呢?阿古斯表示,首先,新冠疫苗不僅面對那些有嚴重基礎病的人群,而是要面對全球幾十億人。美國有3.3億人口,要想控制疫情的大面積傳播,這3.3億人中的大部分都是要接種疫苗的。因此疫苗的安全性和有效性門檻是相當高的。
盡管疫苗總體上是非常安全的,但和任何藥物一樣,它對不同的人也會產生不同的影響。對于任何一支新冠肺炎疫苗,要想真正證明它適合在全球范圍內使用,就必須在年輕人、老年人以及有各種基礎病的人群中進行測試。而且這些人的人口基數并不是個小數目,根據美國醫療保險和醫療補助服務中心(Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services)的數據,在美國,大約有5000萬到1.29億的非老年人都患有某種基礎病。
其次,這些疫苗和藥物還有必要針對不同種族和國籍的人進行測試。曾經有人對美國食品與藥品管理局在2008年至2013年批準的167種新藥進行過研究,結果發現,大約五分之一的新藥在某些種族和民族的人身上有不同表現。這種差異在某些情況下表現在對藥物的吸收和代謝上,也就是最終還有多少藥量保持在人體之內;還有些時候則表現在對藥物的反應上。甚至兩者兼而有之的也有。
從目前的病情數據看,對新冠疫苗和藥物來說,這種差異很可能造成更顯著的影響。美國疾控中心今年8月公布的數據顯示,患有新冠肺炎的黑人的住院率比非拉美裔的白人高出4.7倍,死亡率也比后者高出2.1倍。另外,拉美裔和美國印第安人也比白人更容易發展為重癥甚至死亡。雖然這種風險有可能是由相關族群中的其他基礎因素導致的,但說不定也受生理因素的影響。總而言之,相關臨床試驗有必要包含大量的黑人和拉美裔志愿者,這樣才能夠在疫苗大范圍使用前,發現它可能造成的負作用。
然而有關報道表明,在目前正在進行的相關臨床試驗中,情況恰恰是相反的。據《華盛頓郵報》報道,截至8月底,在報名參加輝瑞和Moderna疫苗研究的志愿者中,黑人和拉美裔加起來只占了五分之一。在報名美國國家衛生研究院新冠病毒預防網絡平臺的志愿者中,黑人和拉美裔加起來還不到十分之一。(而在美國的總人口中,黑人占了13.4%,拉美裔占了18%。)雖然少數族裔在醫學臨床試驗中的代表性不足已經是一個老問題了,但在疫情時代,這個問題的嚴重性又被上升到了一個新的水平。
有鑒于此,這則公益廣告也希望能把信息傳遞給大量的黑人觀眾和拉美裔觀眾。為此,它也登上了黑人觀眾居多的BET和歐普拉電視網,以及以西語觀眾為主體的Telemundo和Univision電視網。
阿格斯指出,除了確保種族和民族的多樣性以外,志愿者隊伍中還應該包括來自全國各地的人(尤其是疫情比較嚴重的地區),并且還應包括處于不同健康狀態的人。美國有100多家醫院都在開展新冠疫苗和藥物的臨床試驗,相關研究通常需要志愿者在一年或兩年里到研究場所復查10次左右。
當然,在“雙盲”試驗中,受試者不會知道他們接種的是究竟是疫苗還是安慰劑。但他們應該知道,他們正在幫助世界終結這次疫情。(財富中文網)
譯者:樸成奎
這個主意最初是好萊塢大帥哥阿什頓·庫徹提出的。庫徹是好萊塢知名演員和科技公司投資人,他在與南加州大學勞倫斯·埃里森變革醫學研究所(Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine at USC)的首席執行官戴維斯·阿格斯談話時指出,美國的抗疫工作要想取得成功,首先要解決一個艱巨的挑戰——招募到足夠多的志愿者來參與新冠疫苗和藥物的試驗工作。庫徹建議,美國應該開展一項宣傳活動,讓那些已經報名的志愿者錄制一段視頻,向大家解釋他們為什么要做這件事?!八麄兾唇涍^濾的聲音就是一個強大的佐證?!倍@就是這次宣傳活動需要傳遞的信息。阿格斯說:“疫苗無關政治,只關乎科學、公民責任,只關乎拯救你所愛的人和你的鄰居的生命。已經報名的志愿者們理解這一點,而且他們能夠比任何人更好地宣傳這一點。”
庫徹這個簡單明了的想法可謂一呼百應,這樣一項公益宣傳活動已經在全美范圍內展開了。最近,大衛·埃利森的Skydance Media公司與美國國家衛生研究院(National Institutes of Health)的防疫部門合拍了一則90秒的公益廣告,這則廣告由哈里森·福特擔任解說,已于9月25日在CBS電視臺播出,現已登陸美國其他主流電視臺和有線電視網絡。這則廣告有好幾個版本,里面有一些臨床試驗志愿者的真實聲音,為了方便線上分享,它已同步登陸Facebook、YouTube和Instagram等社交平臺。
這則廣告引用了美國前總統肯尼迪的那句名言:“不要問國家能為你做什么,問問你能為國家做什么。”廣告呼吁美國民眾踴躍通過美國國家衛生研究院的新冠病毒預防網絡平臺進行報名,爭當新冠疫苗和藥物臨床試驗的志愿者。
阿格斯表示,到目前為止,大約已有50萬名美國人注冊成為了新冠肺炎相關臨床試驗的志愿者,但美國很有可能還需要100萬名志愿者。阿格斯與國際上的很多新冠疫苗研發項目都保持著密切合作。目前有五支很有希望的疫苗已經進入了三期臨床試驗,研發者分別是輝瑞(與德國BioNTech公司合作)、阿斯利康(與牛津大學合作)、Moderna、強生和諾瓦瓦克斯(Novavax)。按程序來說,這五支疫苗的三期試驗大約需要17.4萬名志愿者。但實際上,考慮到接種對象的種族、年齡、健康狀態和地區等影響因素,他們需要的志愿者應該遠遠超過這個數量,這樣才可以確保被試者相對公平地代表了美國社會的人口構成。
Bio.org是生物制藥行業的一個行業組織,它目前正在追蹤188種候選疫苗、198種抗病毒藥物,和351種正處于不同研究階段的潛在療法。要想知道任何一種疫苗或藥物是否有效,至少在美國,相關疫苗和藥物在獲得美國食品與藥品管理局的審批前,至少要經過兩次嚴格受控的人體試驗。而為了戰勝新冠疫情,我們可能得需要好幾種可用的疫苗和藥物:一是要有可用的疫苗來防止病毒引發更多病例;二是對于疫苗防不住的那部分,還得有藥物來治療嚴重的感染。因此我們需要大量志愿者來測試它們。
為什么需要那么多志愿者呢?阿古斯表示,首先,新冠疫苗不僅面對那些有嚴重基礎病的人群,而是要面對全球幾十億人。美國有3.3億人口,要想控制疫情的大面積傳播,這3.3億人中的大部分都是要接種疫苗的。因此疫苗的安全性和有效性門檻是相當高的。
盡管疫苗總體上是非常安全的,但和任何藥物一樣,它對不同的人也會產生不同的影響。對于任何一支新冠肺炎疫苗,要想真正證明它適合在全球范圍內使用,就必須在年輕人、老年人以及有各種基礎病的人群中進行測試。而且這些人的人口基數并不是個小數目,根據美國醫療保險和醫療補助服務中心(Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services)的數據,在美國,大約有5000萬到1.29億的非老年人都患有某種基礎病。
其次,這些疫苗和藥物還有必要針對不同種族和國籍的人進行測試。曾經有人對美國食品與藥品管理局在2008年至2013年批準的167種新藥進行過研究,結果發現,大約五分之一的新藥在某些種族和民族的人身上有不同表現。這種差異在某些情況下表現在對藥物的吸收和代謝上,也就是最終還有多少藥量保持在人體之內;還有些時候則表現在對藥物的反應上。甚至兩者兼而有之的也有。
從目前的病情數據看,對新冠疫苗和藥物來說,這種差異很可能造成更顯著的影響。美國疾控中心今年8月公布的數據顯示,患有新冠肺炎的黑人的住院率比非拉美裔的白人高出4.7倍,死亡率也比后者高出2.1倍。另外,拉美裔和美國印第安人也比白人更容易發展為重癥甚至死亡。雖然這種風險有可能是由相關族群中的其他基礎因素導致的,但說不定也受生理因素的影響??偠灾?,相關臨床試驗有必要包含大量的黑人和拉美裔志愿者,這樣才能夠在疫苗大范圍使用前,發現它可能造成的負作用。
然而有關報道表明,在目前正在進行的相關臨床試驗中,情況恰恰是相反的。據《華盛頓郵報》報道,截至8月底,在報名參加輝瑞和Moderna疫苗研究的志愿者中,黑人和拉美裔加起來只占了五分之一。在報名美國國家衛生研究院新冠病毒預防網絡平臺的志愿者中,黑人和拉美裔加起來還不到十分之一。(而在美國的總人口中,黑人占了13.4%,拉美裔占了18%。)雖然少數族裔在醫學臨床試驗中的代表性不足已經是一個老問題了,但在疫情時代,這個問題的嚴重性又被上升到了一個新的水平。
有鑒于此,這則公益廣告也希望能把信息傳遞給大量的黑人觀眾和拉美裔觀眾。為此,它也登上了黑人觀眾居多的BET和歐普拉電視網,以及以西語觀眾為主體的Telemundo和Univision電視網。
阿格斯指出,除了確保種族和民族的多樣性以外,志愿者隊伍中還應該包括來自全國各地的人(尤其是疫情比較嚴重的地區),并且還應包括處于不同健康狀態的人。美國有100多家醫院都在開展新冠疫苗和藥物的臨床試驗,相關研究通常需要志愿者在一年或兩年里到研究場所復查10次左右。
當然,在“雙盲”試驗中,受試者不會知道他們接種的是究竟是疫苗還是安慰劑。但他們應該知道,他們正在幫助世界終結這次疫情。(財富中文網)
譯者:樸成奎
It was Ashton Kutcher’s idea, originally. The actor and technology company investor was talking recently with David Agus, M.D., CEO of the Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine at USC, about a formidable challenge in the battle against COVID-19: recruiting enough volunteers for the many clinical studies needed to test experimental vaccines and therapies. Kutcher suggested an awareness campaign in which Americans who had already volunteered for a study record a video explaining why they’d done it. “Their unfiltered voices will offer a powerful testimony,” Agus recalls Kutcher saying, and that’s what we need to get the message out. “The vaccine effort isn’t about politics,” says Agus. “It’s simply about good science and civic duty and saving the lives of your loved ones and neighbors. Those who have volunteered for trials understand that—and can communicate that better than anyone.”
This straightforward notion has now been transformed into a striking public service announcement that’s being rolled out nationally. The 90-second PSA, narrated by Harrison Ford and produced by David Ellison’s Skydance Media in partnership with the National Institutes of Health’s COVID-19 Prevention Network, launched September 25 on CBS, and is slated to air on other major television and cable networks as well. There are also shareable versions of the ad—which features a number of personal statements from clinical trials volunteers, designed for Facebook, YouTube, and Instagram.
Hearkening back to President John F. Kennedy’s stirring call to action—“Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country”—the new campaign urges Americans to volunteer for a clinical trial through COVID-19 Prevention Network’s registration platform, which is helping to find participants for all the major ongoing studies.
About 500,000 Americans have already registered to be potentially included in COVID clinical trials to date, but we’ll likely need a million more to sign up, says Agus, who is working closely with many of the international vaccine efforts. For context, the ongoing Phase 3 trials for just the five leading vaccine candidates—those being developed by Pfizer(with the German firm BioNTech), AstraZeneca (with Oxford University), Moderna, Johnson & Johnson, and Novavax—require 174,000 study participants, according to their protocols. But in truth, they require many more volunteers than that merely to get the needed compositions of race, age, health status, and location—distributions that are necessary to ensure that the trial populations fairly represent the makeup of society at large.
Bio.org, a trade group for the biopharma industry, is currently tracking188 vaccine candidates, 198 antiviral therapies, and 351 would-be treatments in various stages of development. Before any one of them can be proven safe and effective—and, in the United States at least, approved for use by the FDA—they would generally need to be vetted in human volunteers in two well-controlled studies. To defeat COVID, it’s likely that we’ll need several viable vaccines and therapies—the first, to prevent the SARS-CoV-2 virus from causing illness; the second, to treat the more serious infections that do occur. And that means we’ll need lots of volunteers to test them.
Why so many? For one reason, COVID vaccines will eventually be given not just to a confined group of patients with serious disease, but rather to billions of people around the world. In the U.S., most of the country’s 330 million people will need to be vaccinated in order to curtail the spread. That puts the bar for both safety and effectiveness incredibly high, says Agus.
While extremely safe overall, vaccines—as with any medicine—can affect different people in different ways. For any candidate COVID vaccine or therapy to truly demonstrate that it’s appropriate for global use, it will have to be tested in the very young and the very old, as well as in people with any number of pre-existing medical conditions. That’s no small number: According to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), between 50 million and 129 million non-elderly Americans have a pre-existing health condition of some form.
It’s equally important that vaccines and other drugs be tested on people of different races and national origin. One study that examined 167 new drugs approved by the FDA between 2008 and 2013 found that roughly one in five acted differently in some racial or ethnic groups versus others. In some of the cases, the difference lay in the way the drug was absorbed, metabolized, or eliminated, which ultimately left more or less drug exposed in the body, depending on who took it; in others, it produced a different response; in still others, it did both.
And in the case of COVID, such differences in vaccine or drug interactions could conceivably have far more impact, given the huge disparity in disease outcomes witnessed so far. According to data posted by the CDC in August, Black Americans with COVID have a rate of hospitalization that’s 4.7 times higher than that for non-Hispanic whites, and a rate of death 2.1 times higher. Hispanic Americans and American Indians are also far more likely to get extremely ill from COVID, or die from it, than their white counterparts. Though much of this increased risk may be due to other underlying conditions more prevalent in those groups, there may as yet be other biological factors at work. That is all the more reason to make sure clinical trials include substantial numbers of Black and Latino volunteers—so that potential complications can be unearthed before any vaccine or drug is given to many millions of people.
But reports suggest that the opposite is happening in the COVID-related clinical trials already underway. As of late August, just one-fifth of those enrolled in the Pfizer and Moderna vaccine studies, for instance, were Black or Hispanic, according to reporting by the Washington Post. And among those signing up for the COVID-19 Prevention Network’s Volunteer Screening Registry, the share of both groups combined was closer to 10%. (In the U.S. as a whole, for comparison, Blacks make up 13.4% of the population; Latinos, 18.%.) While the under-representation of minority groups in clinical trials is a longstanding problem, the scale of the challenge in the COVID era is at a whole new level.
Which is why the creators of the new PSA hope to bring their message to television networks with large numbers of Black viewers (including BET and the Oprah Winfrey Network) and to Spanish-speaking audiences (Telemundo, and Univision).
In addition to racial and ethnic diversity, says Agus, it’s important that the volunteer registry have people from all over the country (particularly in areas where the disease is spreading) and include those with a wide range of health conditions. Clinical trials are currently in progress at some 100 medical centers around the U.S., with studies typically asking volunteers to visit the research site 10 or times over one to two years.
In the case of the “blinded” vaccine trials, of course, participants will not know ahead of time whether they’ll get the experimental vaccine or a placebo. What they will know, however, is that they’re helping to bring this pandemic to an end.