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特朗普另類的總統(tǒng)競選策略

有一個領(lǐng)域可以成為特朗普陣營的強(qiáng)力支撐點(diǎn),那就是人們莫可名狀的恐懼。

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2017年1月,特朗普總統(tǒng)站在美國國會山的西面,發(fā)表了就職演說,這被歷史學(xué)家稱為“史上最不利的就職演說之一”。就在總統(tǒng)開始致辭之時,雨點(diǎn)正好戲劇性地落下。特朗普將其即將領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的國家描述為水深火熱的國度——“銹跡斑斑的工廠像墓碑一樣散落在全國各地”,這是一個充滿了犯罪和搶劫團(tuán)伙的地方。這位新宣誓就任的美國掌門人說道:“水深火熱的美國將于此時此刻不復(fù)存在。”

43個月之后,就在特朗普謀求連任時,他與其競選團(tuán)隊(duì)和政府中的其他人依然在描繪著這樣一幅美國水深火熱圖,并呼吁人們要經(jīng)常關(guān)注“暴力騷亂”,特朗普稱這一現(xiàn)象讓美國很大一部分地區(qū)苦不堪言。

6月,在寧靜的白宮玫瑰花園中,特朗普總統(tǒng)嘆息道:“我們的國家一直掌握在職業(yè)無政府主義者、暴徒、縱火犯、搶劫者、犯罪分子、暴亂分子、極左翼分子等人手中。”7月4日,在南達(dá)科他州拉什莫爾山的陰影中,他談到了“憤怒的暴徒”正在各大城市掀起“暴力犯罪潮”。8月,在充斥著高音警報聲的共和黨代表大會上,特朗普講述了“街頭的暴力與危險”,并警告稱無政府主義者正在“屋外拆毀我們的雕像和紀(jì)念碑。”

當(dāng)然,如今與2017年就任日之間的區(qū)別在于特朗普不再是那個自吹自擂、稱只有自己才能夠收拾這些爛攤子的局外人。他現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為了掌管者,說到讓我們相信這些言辭,讓美國出現(xiàn)這種無法無天行為和混亂局面的人正是他自己。對于這種“繼續(xù)選我當(dāng)總統(tǒng)”的策略來說,把上述信息作為宣傳內(nèi)容顯得十分另類。

著名的民調(diào)公司蓋洛普(Gallup)的高級主編、研究員杰弗瑞·瓊斯稱:“從歷史上來看,那些競選連任的候選者都會努力說服人們,一切安好。”他說,這種觀點(diǎn)在于“繼續(xù)選我擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)四年,便可以維持當(dāng)前的光景。很明顯,當(dāng)局勢并不怎么好時,這么做比較困難。不過話說回來,嘗試讓人們相信現(xiàn)在的局勢不好確實(shí)是一種非常規(guī)打法。我認(rèn)為這種打法源于2016年,也是他最初贏得大選的原因。”

誠然,特朗普并沒有對選民說美國到處都令人感到恐懼和不安,僅僅是民主黨主導(dǎo)的城市和州才是這樣。然而,這個數(shù)字也并非是個小數(shù)目。例如,在美國規(guī)模最大的100個城市(也就是那些通常作為民主黨、共和黨陣營中多數(shù)州經(jīng)濟(jì)中心的城市),近三分之二的市長都是民主黨。美國人口普查局(U.S. Census Bureau)的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,在約2.5億的人口中,有80%的民眾居住在“城市化地區(qū)”。因此當(dāng)特朗普總統(tǒng)在指責(zé)“明尼阿波利斯冒煙的廢墟、波特蘭的暴力無政府運(yùn)動以及芝加哥血跡斑斑的人行道” 時(就像他8月底在賓夕法尼亞州斯克蘭頓所做的那樣),這種做法的一個必然風(fēng)險在于,它會折射出特朗普自身領(lǐng)導(dǎo)整個國家的能力。

事實(shí)上,蓋洛普的“美國滿意度”調(diào)查便體現(xiàn)出了特朗普總統(tǒng)最新的美國水深火熱式宣傳活動所帶來的間接傷害。該公司自1979年便發(fā)起了這項(xiàng)調(diào)查。在最近的調(diào)查(7月30日至8月12日)中,僅有13%的受調(diào)對象(總計1031名)稱,他們對美國“當(dāng)前的狀態(tài)感到滿意”,而84%的人表示不滿意,是2008年金融危機(jī)以來最低的正指標(biāo)。

作為對比,在2012年的選舉前夕,也就是奧巴馬總統(tǒng)連任競選之時,滿意度指數(shù)為33%,在當(dāng)時亦創(chuàng)下了歷來連任候選者的新低。(約翰說,像吉米·卡特和老布什這些任期只有一屆的總統(tǒng)均面臨著其選民滿意度徘徊在20%以下或20%出頭的水平,當(dāng)時也輸?shù)袅诉B任競選。)

特朗普的支持率較2月出現(xiàn)了大幅下滑,那時,新冠疫情剛開始侵襲美國,美國也還沒有下達(dá)封鎖令,失業(yè)率也還沒有出現(xiàn)激增,而且有45%的民眾對國家的發(fā)展方向感到滿意,是特朗普上任以來最高的滿意度。

更為讓人吃驚的是,對美國走向信心十足的共和黨人比例在這五個月期間也出現(xiàn)了大幅下滑(如圖)。在2月3日至16日的調(diào)查中,80%的受調(diào)共和黨人稱對國家的發(fā)展方向感到滿意。在8月12日結(jié)束的調(diào)查中,這一比例降至25%。在這一期間,感到滿意的民主黨人則從13%降至4%;獨(dú)立選民則從38%降至12%。(瓊斯說,另一項(xiàng)調(diào)查當(dāng)前正在開展當(dāng)中,它將體現(xiàn)兩場政黨大會的部分影響力;有可能共和黨的情緒會有所好轉(zhuǎn)。)

美國民眾對美國現(xiàn)狀的滿意度。數(shù)據(jù)來源:蓋洛普

其他民調(diào)公司對這個問題的措辭略微有所不同,它們會問民眾“是否認(rèn)為美國正在朝著正確的方向發(fā)展……或正在誤入歧途?”Realclearpolitics網(wǎng)站對此類調(diào)查的測算平均值顯示,認(rèn)為“誤入歧途”的美國民眾比例在8月3日結(jié)束的調(diào)查中創(chuàng)下了近7年以來的新高。在3日當(dāng)天,該平均比例為70.7%,是2013年10月以來的最高值。截至9月5日,在兩黨大會結(jié)束和其他一些不斷下降的調(diào)查數(shù)字浮出水面之后,這個數(shù)字下探至65.8%。作為對比,2月底這個數(shù)字才不到55%。

盡管聲稱美國“誤入歧途”的共和黨人比例通常要比蓋洛普的滿意度調(diào)查要低,但這即使是這一數(shù)字也讓人感到吃驚。Reuters/Ipsos跟蹤系統(tǒng)在9月2日顯示,35%的共和黨選民(以及78%的獨(dú)立選民)對國家的發(fā)展方向感到不滿。與此同時,Morning Consult and Politico通過其8月的跟蹤器發(fā)現(xiàn),不滿意的共和黨人比例為44%,但表達(dá)不滿情緒的女性共和黨人比例則達(dá)到了51%的警戒線。

然而,盡管這些數(shù)字看起來對特朗普陣營來說不是什么好消息,但特朗普總統(tǒng)在競選活動中拋棄這一策略的可能性不大。而且,他們幾乎必然會加大在這一方面的力度。

美國企業(yè)研究所(American Enterprise Institute)駐訪學(xué)者、《大西洋月刊》(Atlantic)的特約編輯諾曼·厄恩斯騰說:“作為一名競選候選人,會出現(xiàn)兩種可以預(yù)料的情況。第一種,這是一場全民投票,你可以說‘我很出色,讓我連任吧。’第二種是,這是一個選擇。如今,這是一場全民投票,而特朗普則在嘗試將其變?yōu)橐环N選擇。”

在大多數(shù)層面上,將選舉塑造為一種選擇對特朗普來說沒有太大的幫助。在今夏的各種民調(diào)中,選民們一致稱,他們相信前副總統(tǒng)喬·拜登在應(yīng)對最緊急的問題方面會做的更好,例如種族不平等和新冠疫情。拜登在“誰的經(jīng)濟(jì)管理能力更強(qiáng)”這個問題上也在不斷進(jìn)步,與特朗普總統(tǒng)幾乎打成了平手。

但有一個領(lǐng)域可以成為特朗普陣營的強(qiáng)力支撐點(diǎn),那就是人們莫可名狀的恐懼。

厄恩斯騰說:“特朗普知道美國有大量受過教育的郊區(qū)白人選民,其中很多都是共和黨人,而且在2016年的大選中支持過他,他們位于濱州巴克斯郡、底特律郊區(qū)、密爾沃基郊區(qū)這類地方,但他們隨后在2018年拋棄了他和共和黨。特朗普所希望的就是讓足夠多的這類選民對各大城市的暴力感到恐懼——而且這類恐懼會傳至郊區(qū),從而迫使這些選民重投他的懷抱。”

厄恩斯騰還表示:“我對這種策略表示懷疑。這種做法是讓人們相信,拜登上任后未來美國就會是這種狀況,而在特朗普就任之時這種狀況就已經(jīng)存在,所以這種觀念并沒有什么市場。然而人們知道,我們無法說這是一種徹底的失敗。”(值得注意的是:美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局同類犯罪報告稱,在拜登于奧巴馬麾下?lián)胃笨偨y(tǒng)的8年期間,暴力犯罪率實(shí)際上下降了13.1%,同時財產(chǎn)犯罪下降了23.7%。)他說:“這種做法總是有可能讓其中的一些邊緣選民回歸特朗普的懷抱,或至少讓他們不投票。”

在這場競賽中,哪怕毫厘只差也會讓局勢發(fā)生反轉(zhuǎn),2016年的總統(tǒng)選舉團(tuán)爭奪戰(zhàn)便是如此。

譯者:Feb

2017年1月,特朗普總統(tǒng)站在美國國會山的西面,發(fā)表了就職演說,這被歷史學(xué)家稱為“史上最不利的就職演說之一”。就在總統(tǒng)開始致辭之時,雨點(diǎn)正好戲劇性地落下。特朗普將其即將領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的國家描述為水深火熱的國度——“銹跡斑斑的工廠像墓碑一樣散落在全國各地”,這是一個充滿了犯罪和搶劫團(tuán)伙的地方。這位新宣誓就任的美國掌門人說道:“水深火熱的美國將于此時此刻不復(fù)存在。”

43個月之后,就在特朗普謀求連任時,他與其競選團(tuán)隊(duì)和政府中的其他人依然在描繪著這樣一幅美國水深火熱圖,并呼吁人們要經(jīng)常關(guān)注“暴力騷亂”,特朗普稱這一現(xiàn)象讓美國很大一部分地區(qū)苦不堪言。

6月,在寧靜的白宮玫瑰花園中,特朗普總統(tǒng)嘆息道:“我們的國家一直掌握在職業(yè)無政府主義者、暴徒、縱火犯、搶劫者、犯罪分子、暴亂分子、極左翼分子等人手中。”7月4日,在南達(dá)科他州拉什莫爾山的陰影中,他談到了“憤怒的暴徒”正在各大城市掀起“暴力犯罪潮”。8月,在充斥著高音警報聲的共和黨代表大會上,特朗普講述了“街頭的暴力與危險”,并警告稱無政府主義者正在“屋外拆毀我們的雕像和紀(jì)念碑。”

當(dāng)然,如今與2017年就任日之間的區(qū)別在于特朗普不再是那個自吹自擂、稱只有自己才能夠收拾這些爛攤子的局外人。他現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為了掌管者,說到讓我們相信這些言辭,讓美國出現(xiàn)這種無法無天行為和混亂局面的人正是他自己。對于這種“繼續(xù)選我當(dāng)總統(tǒng)”的策略來說,把上述信息作為宣傳內(nèi)容顯得十分另類。

著名的民調(diào)公司蓋洛普(Gallup)的高級主編、研究員杰弗瑞·瓊斯稱:“從歷史上來看,那些競選連任的候選者都會努力說服人們,一切安好。”他說,這種觀點(diǎn)在于“繼續(xù)選我擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)四年,便可以維持當(dāng)前的光景。很明顯,當(dāng)局勢并不怎么好時,這么做比較困難。不過話說回來,嘗試讓人們相信現(xiàn)在的局勢不好確實(shí)是一種非常規(guī)打法。我認(rèn)為這種打法源于2016年,也是他最初贏得大選的原因。”

誠然,特朗普并沒有對選民說美國到處都令人感到恐懼和不安,僅僅是民主黨主導(dǎo)的城市和州才是這樣。然而,這個數(shù)字也并非是個小數(shù)目。例如,在美國規(guī)模最大的100個城市(也就是那些通常作為民主黨、共和黨陣營中多數(shù)州經(jīng)濟(jì)中心的城市),近三分之二的市長都是民主黨。美國人口普查局(U.S. Census Bureau)的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,在約2.5億的人口中,有80%的民眾居住在“城市化地區(qū)”。因此當(dāng)特朗普總統(tǒng)在指責(zé)“明尼阿波利斯冒煙的廢墟、波特蘭的暴力無政府運(yùn)動以及芝加哥血跡斑斑的人行道” 時(就像他8月底在賓夕法尼亞州斯克蘭頓所做的那樣),這種做法的一個必然風(fēng)險在于,它會折射出特朗普自身領(lǐng)導(dǎo)整個國家的能力。

事實(shí)上,蓋洛普的“美國滿意度”調(diào)查便體現(xiàn)出了特朗普總統(tǒng)最新的美國水深火熱式宣傳活動所帶來的間接傷害。該公司自1979年便發(fā)起了這項(xiàng)調(diào)查。在最近的調(diào)查(7月30日至8月12日)中,僅有13%的受調(diào)對象(總計1031名)稱,他們對美國“當(dāng)前的狀態(tài)感到滿意”,而84%的人表示不滿意,是2008年金融危機(jī)以來最低的正指標(biāo)。

作為對比,在2012年的選舉前夕,也就是奧巴馬總統(tǒng)連任競選之時,滿意度指數(shù)為33%,在當(dāng)時亦創(chuàng)下了歷來連任候選者的新低。(約翰說,像吉米·卡特和老布什這些任期只有一屆的總統(tǒng)均面臨著其選民滿意度徘徊在20%以下或20%出頭的水平,當(dāng)時也輸?shù)袅诉B任競選。)

特朗普的支持率較2月出現(xiàn)了大幅下滑,那時,新冠疫情剛開始侵襲美國,美國也還沒有下達(dá)封鎖令,失業(yè)率也還沒有出現(xiàn)激增,而且有45%的民眾對國家的發(fā)展方向感到滿意,是特朗普上任以來最高的滿意度。

更為讓人吃驚的是,對美國走向信心十足的共和黨人比例在這五個月期間也出現(xiàn)了大幅下滑(如圖)。在2月3日至16日的調(diào)查中,80%的受調(diào)共和黨人稱對國家的發(fā)展方向感到滿意。在8月12日結(jié)束的調(diào)查中,這一比例降至25%。在這一期間,感到滿意的民主黨人則從13%降至4%;獨(dú)立選民則從38%降至12%。(瓊斯說,另一項(xiàng)調(diào)查當(dāng)前正在開展當(dāng)中,它將體現(xiàn)兩場政黨大會的部分影響力;有可能共和黨的情緒會有所好轉(zhuǎn)。)

其他民調(diào)公司對這個問題的措辭略微有所不同,它們會問民眾“是否認(rèn)為美國正在朝著正確的方向發(fā)展……或正在誤入歧途?”Realclearpolitics網(wǎng)站對此類調(diào)查的測算平均值顯示,認(rèn)為“誤入歧途”的美國民眾比例在8月3日結(jié)束的調(diào)查中創(chuàng)下了近7年以來的新高。在3日當(dāng)天,該平均比例為70.7%,是2013年10月以來的最高值。截至9月5日,在兩黨大會結(jié)束和其他一些不斷下降的調(diào)查數(shù)字浮出水面之后,這個數(shù)字下探至65.8%。作為對比,2月底這個數(shù)字才不到55%。

盡管聲稱美國“誤入歧途”的共和黨人比例通常要比蓋洛普的滿意度調(diào)查要低,但這即使是這一數(shù)字也讓人感到吃驚。Reuters/Ipsos跟蹤系統(tǒng)在9月2日顯示,35%的共和黨選民(以及78%的獨(dú)立選民)對國家的發(fā)展方向感到不滿。與此同時,Morning Consult and Politico通過其8月的跟蹤器發(fā)現(xiàn),不滿意的共和黨人比例為44%,但表達(dá)不滿情緒的女性共和黨人比例則達(dá)到了51%的警戒線。

然而,盡管這些數(shù)字看起來對特朗普陣營來說不是什么好消息,但特朗普總統(tǒng)在競選活動中拋棄這一策略的可能性不大。而且,他們幾乎必然會加大在這一方面的力度。

美國企業(yè)研究所(American Enterprise Institute)駐訪學(xué)者、《大西洋月刊》(Atlantic)的特約編輯諾曼·厄恩斯騰說:“作為一名競選候選人,會出現(xiàn)兩種可以預(yù)料的情況。第一種,這是一場全民投票,你可以說‘我很出色,讓我連任吧。’第二種是,這是一個選擇。如今,這是一場全民投票,而特朗普則在嘗試將其變?yōu)橐环N選擇。”

在大多數(shù)層面上,將選舉塑造為一種選擇對特朗普來說沒有太大的幫助。在今夏的各種民調(diào)中,選民們一致稱,他們相信前副總統(tǒng)喬·拜登在應(yīng)對最緊急的問題方面會做的更好,例如種族不平等和新冠疫情。拜登在“誰的經(jīng)濟(jì)管理能力更強(qiáng)”這個問題上也在不斷進(jìn)步,與特朗普總統(tǒng)幾乎打成了平手。

但有一個領(lǐng)域可以成為特朗普陣營的強(qiáng)力支撐點(diǎn),那就是人們莫可名狀的恐懼。

厄恩斯騰說:“特朗普知道美國有大量受過教育的郊區(qū)白人選民,其中很多都是共和黨人,而且在2016年的大選中支持過他,他們位于濱州巴克斯郡、底特律郊區(qū)、密爾沃基郊區(qū)這類地方,但他們隨后在2018年拋棄了他和共和黨。特朗普所希望的就是讓足夠多的這類選民對各大城市的暴力感到恐懼——而且這類恐懼會傳至郊區(qū),從而迫使這些選民重投他的懷抱。”

厄恩斯騰還表示:“我對這種策略表示懷疑。這種做法是讓人們相信,拜登上任后未來美國就會是這種狀況,而在特朗普就任之時這種狀況就已經(jīng)存在,所以這種觀念并沒有什么市場。然而人們知道,我們無法說這是一種徹底的失敗。”(值得注意的是:美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局同類犯罪報告稱,在拜登于奧巴馬麾下?lián)胃笨偨y(tǒng)的8年期間,暴力犯罪率實(shí)際上下降了13.1%,同時財產(chǎn)犯罪下降了23.7%。)他說:“這種做法總是有可能讓其中的一些邊緣選民回歸特朗普的懷抱,或至少讓他們不投票。”

在這場競賽中,哪怕毫厘只差也會讓局勢發(fā)生反轉(zhuǎn),2016年的總統(tǒng)選舉團(tuán)爭奪戰(zhàn)便是如此。

譯者:Feb

On January 20, 2017, President Donald Trump stood at the West front of the U.S. Capitol and delivered what historians described as “one of the most ominous inaugural addresses ever.” As the rain began to fall, timed cinematically to the start of the President’s remarks, Trump offered a dark and despairing portrait of the country he was about to lead—a landscape of “rusted out factories scattered like tombstones,” a nation infested with crime and marauding gangs. Vowed the newly sworn-in Commander-in-Chief: “This American carnage stops right here and stops right now.”

Some 43 months later, as Trump strives to make the case for reelection, he and others in his campaign and Administration are still painting that same picture of American carnage—calling daily attention to the “violent mayhem“ that they claim is still laying waste to a big chunk of the country.

In June, in the placid Rose Garden of the White House, the President lamented that “our nation has been gripped by professional anarchists, violent mobs, arsonists, looters, criminals, rioters, Antifa, and others.” On July 4th, in the shadow of South Dakota’s Mount Rushmore, he spoke of “angry mobs“ unleashing a “wave of violent crime in our cities.” In August, at a Republican National Convention replete with high-decibel alarms, Trump intoned about the “violence and danger in the streets“ and warned of anarchists “ripping down our statues and monuments right outside.”

The difference between now and Inauguration Day 2017, of course, is that Trump is no longer the swaggering outsider insisting that only he can fix what’s broken—he’s the man in charge who, if we’re to believe his own rhetoric, has allowed lawlessness and chaos to fester. For a “hire me again” strategy, it’s an unorthodox message to promote.

“What we’ve seen historically is that incumbents running for reelection try to convince people that things are good,” says Jeffrey Jones, a senior editor and researcher at Gallup, the venerable polling company. The argument is “Elect me for four more years, so we can keep this going,” he says. “Obviously, it’s harder to do when things aren’t going as well. But yes, it does seem unusual trying to convince people that things are bad. I guess maybe that goes back to 2016 and how he got elected in the first place.”

Trump, to be sure, isn’t trying to convince voters that things are terrible and terrifying everywhere—just in the cities and states led by Democrats. But that number is hardly negligible. Consider that nearly two-thirds of the 100 largest cities in America—places that generally serve as the economic centers of the majority of states in the union, both red and blue—have Democratic mayors. Eight of every 10 Americans, around 250 million people, live in an “urbanized area,” according to the U.S. Census Bureau. So when the president rails against the “smoldering ruins of Minneapolis, the violent anarchy of Portland and the bloodstained sidewalks of Chicago,” as he did at a late August rally in Scranton, Pa., there is inevitably a risk that it will reflect upon Trump’s own ability to lead the country as a whole.

Some of the collateral damage from the president’s latest American carnage campaign, in fact, can be seen in Gallup’s “U.S. Satisfaction“ survey, which the firm has been conducting since 1979. In the most recent poll (July 30 through August 12), a mere 13% of the 1,031 respondents said they were “satisfied by the way things are going” in the country, compared with 84% who said they were dissatisfied—the lowest positive measure recorded since the financial crisis in 2008.

For comparison, in the days leading up to the 2012 election, when President Obama was seeking a second term, the satisfaction index was at 33%, which was then the lowest level for any reelected incumbent. (Former one-term presidents Jimmy Carter and George H.W. Bush both faced electorates whose satisfaction levels were wallowing in the teens and low 20s when they lost their reelection bids, Jones says.)

Trump’s rating is down precipitously from February—before the novel coronavirus began its lethal swing through the U.S., before the shutdown, before unemployment soared to the moon—when 45% expressed satisfaction with the direction of the country, the highest level during Trump’s presidency so far.

More striking still is the decline over that five-month span in the share of Republicans who feel confident about where America is headed (see chart). In the Feb. 3-16 poll, 80% of Republicans surveyed said they were satisfied with the direction of the country. By the poll ending Aug. 12, that share had fallen to 25%. Democrats dropped from 13% satisfied to 4% over the same period; independent voters, from 38% to 12%. (Another survey is currently in the field, Jones says, which will reflect some of the impact of both political conventions; so it’s possible that the Republican mood may brighten some.)

Other polling firms phrase the question in a slightly different way, asking whether people “feel that things in this country are heading in the right direction…or heading down the wrong track?” Here, too, the share of Americans who believe we’re on the “wrong track” hit a nearly seven-year high on Aug. 3, according to the average of such polls calculated by the website Realclearpolitics. On that date, the average for the wrong-track share was 70.7%, the highest percentage since October 2013. As of Sept. 5, in the wake of the conventions and some other tightening poll numbers, that figure has dipped to 65.8%. In late February, by contrast, fewer than 55% of Americans felt that we were headed the wrong way.

While the share of Republicans saying, specifically, that the country is on the “wrong track” is generally lower than it is in the Gallup satisfaction survey, the numbers here are striking as well. In the Sept. 2 Reuters/Ipsos tracker, 35% of Republican voters (and 78% of independents) gave a thumbs down to the country’s direction. Morning Consult and Politico, meanwhile, pegged the share of disaffected Republicans at 44% in their August tracker, though the percentage of GOP women expressing the same dismay was a red-flag-waving 51%.

As bad as those numbers might seem for the Trump camp, however, there’s little likelihood that the president’s campaign will abandon the strategy. Indeed, they’re almost certain to double down on it.

“To run as an incumbent, you have two options that you can hope for. One is that it’s a referendum and you can say, ‘I’m great. Reelect me.’ The second is that it’s a choice,” says Norman Ornstein, a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and a contributing editor for the Atlantic, who has written extensively about American politics. “Right now, it’s a referendum. Trump is trying to make it a choice.”

On most levels, framing the election as a choice is unlikely to help him. In poll after poll this summer, voters have consistently said they believe former Vice President Joe Biden would do a better job than the incumbent on the most pressing of issues, from responding to racial inequality to tackling the coronavirus. Biden has also gained ground on the question of who would be a more able shepherd of the economy, drawing mostly even with the president on that front.

But one area where the Trump camp can move the fulcrum is in the amorphous category of fear.

“Trump knows that there were significant numbers of college-educated suburban white voters, many of them long-time Republicans who supported him [in 2016] in places like Bucks County, Pennsylvania, in the suburbs of Detroit, in the suburbs of Milwaukee, and elsewhere, who then abandoned him and the Republicans in 2018,” says Ornstein. “And what he’s hoping he can do is to get a sufficient number of them scared at violence in the cities—and the fear that it could spread to their suburbs—to come back to him.”

“I’m skeptical of that strategy,” Ornstein adds. “The idea that people will believe this is what Biden’s America will bring when it’s what Trump’s America is already bringing is not going to fly terribly well.” (Worth noting: In the eight years that Biden served as vice president under Obama, the violent crime rate actually fell 13.1% and property crime dropped 23.7%, according to the FBI’s Uniformed Crime Reporting.) “Still, you know, you can’t say that it will be a complete failure,” he says. “There’s always the chance that it will turn some of those votes at the margins back towards the president or at least get them not to vote.”

In a game of inches—as the 2016 battle for the electoral college was—that could make the difference.

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