移民尤其擔憂未來。對所有移民家庭來說,未來充滿了不確定。過去的已經過去,未來更像是一場賭博,而且籌碼已經全部用完。在新冠病毒大流行的時代,對于移民家庭來說,怎樣恢復營業,不容他們思考“能否成功”,而是“必須成功”,因為他們別無選擇。堅定的信念是支撐他們度過危機的動力。
而其中,中餐廳老板更需要加倍的信心:疫情導致的封鎖影響了全美范圍內的餐廳的經營,但中餐廳受到的打擊最大。數據訂閱服務公司Womply在 4月進行的一項研究發現,新冠疫情期間,超過一半的中餐廳已經停止借記卡和信用卡交易(這代表這些中餐廳已經歇業),歇業比例比任何其他類型的機構都要大(其次是“三明治和熟食餐廳”,歇業比例為23%)。Yelp的數據顯示,過去一年中,全美中餐廳搜索次數最低的時間有一半發生在新冠疫情爆發后。根據華埠共同發展機構(Chinatown Partnership Local Development Corporation)的信息,在疫情最嚴重時期,紐約市的大多數中餐廳已然停止營業。美國各地的小企業都在努力獲得小企業管理局(SBA)的貸款,而許多中餐廳甚至都沒有機會獲得此類援助。
即使在停業之前,中餐廳的顧客數量也已經大幅下降。當然,種族歧視也是其中的一個原因。一些餐廳成了種族主義者涂鴉和砸窗的受害者。
許多餐廳也因為其主要顧客群體——美籍華人自1月以來就避免在餐廳就餐而開始舉步維艱。他們當時從中國的家人的口中聽說了新冠病毒,開始害怕群體性聚集活動。位于馬里蘭州切維·蔡斯市的華強酒家(Meiwah)的老板羅漢文(Larry La)指著羅克維爾和銀泉等華人聚集城市的餐廳說:“主要面向華人顧客的餐廳遭受了嚴重打擊。”
由于不允許堂食,餐廳轉向外賣模式,你可能會認為多為夫妻店模式的中餐廳會如魚得水。畢竟,中餐常常是外賣的代名詞。但事實上,這些餐廳的處境尤其艱難。
問題是,全美中餐廳數量減少已經持續了一段時間。Yelp數據顯示,2019年,美國前20大城市的中餐廳數量一直在下降。從2014年到2018年,全美范圍內中餐廳數量下降了7%。部分原因為代際更替——在柜臺后面做作業的孩子們已經長大,不想或者不需要接管家族的生意。“我們的目標是不要再回到餐廳(繼承父業),因為餐廳只是幫助(移民)融入社會的工具。”位于紐約市唐人街的南華茶室(Nom Wah Tea Parlor)的老板鄧煒(Wilson Tang)說。
老派的中餐廳(以左宗棠雞、印有笑臉的塑料外賣打包袋和餐桌轉盤為標志的夫妻店)已經習慣通過電話接受訂單,而非其他更先進的手段。可是在疫情期間,保持社交距離的要求加速了其他手段的應用。他們可能不太習慣Grubhub或Uber Eats等第三方應用程序,也玩不轉社交媒體。
疫情期間中餐廳遭受的打擊并非偶然,而是多年積累的結果。
讓我們拋開最壞的情況,假設美國的中餐廳不會消失。他們已經習慣了生存威脅——盡管存在威脅,他們還是在美國實現了蓬勃發展。1882年,禁止中國移民勞工的《排華法案》(Chinese Exclusion Act)通過后,中國工人可以進入美國的少數途徑之一是依靠餐廳老板的“商人身份”。移民浪潮轉向餐飲業,這是他們賴以謀生的唯一選擇。作家李競(Jennifer 8 Lee)說:“總是會有中餐廳出現并生存下來。他們能挺過核災難。只要(某個地方)可以維持生命,中餐廳就能夠生存下去——這已經形成了思維定勢。”
但是想要生存,他們需要改變和適應。
恢復營業準備
南華茶室是曼哈頓最古老的中餐廳,可以追溯到1920年。雖然所在地曼哈頓是旅游勝地,但隨著旅游業按下“暫停鍵”,南華茶室失去了許多食客。在南華茶室的四個餐廳中,只有位于諾麗塔街區的餐廳在城市封鎖期間保持開放,并且只允許銷售外賣。餐廳也一直在賣速凍點心。
南華已經存在了一個世紀,老板鄧煒還期待著餐廳能繼續經營更多年。餐廳已經準備重新開張。門前安裝了紅外線溫度計,為顧客測量體溫,為員工儲備了口罩和手套,同時也在考慮居家體驗,比如提供包餃子教程。此外,餐廳還正在與市交通運輸部門協商,可能會在唐人街中心開辟多耶斯街(Doyers Street),這樣顧客就可以在保持社交距離的前提下在外用餐。南華甚至還想到為顧客提供印有品牌標識的袋子,讓他們在用餐時臨時存放口罩。
“這些都是我們打算采取的小措施,但沒有一個能做到盡善盡美。”鄧煒說。他指出,這些措施實施起來會遇到困難,因為“餐廳的主要作用是讓人們聚在一起享受美食”。而這些措施會給顧客帶來不好的體驗。
舊金山周先生餐廳(Mister Jiu’s)的主廚兼老板布蘭登·周(Brandon Jew)也有同感。他說:“我們需要在限制接觸的同時,做到熱情好客。需要拿捏得恰到好處。在這方面做的好的餐廳可能會取得成功。其實疫情過去之前,我認為人們不應該期待得到多么盛情的接待。但是我們可以提供建議,向顧客們介紹來自農場的食材,或者告訴他們哪些食材搭配起來會很棒,一切良好的體驗都需要精心策劃。”
周先生餐廳預計上客率為50%。布蘭登說,本來餐廳可接待100人,酒吧間可接待65人,但在實施限制之后,餐廳預計可接待45人,酒吧間能否投入使用還未可知。
那些設法重新開張的餐廳將需要依靠技術的幫助。周先生餐廳將嘗試非接觸式支付,并允許顧客提前點餐。這家餐廳目前使用訂餐平臺Tock。在外送方面,羅漢文說:華強酒家已經在各個地方經營了20年,現在餐廳在用的平臺包括Grubhub、Uber Eats和DoorDash。“所以我們不必做太多準備。只要確保電腦可以正常工作,手機能夠正常接聽電話,就可以了。”
在保持社交距離重新開業期間,餐廳需要在數字支付和社交技能應用方面做到得心應手。許多符合條件的中餐廳現任所有者和經營者并非第一代移民,而是他們的孩子,鄧煒和布蘭登就是這樣。他們經營餐廳不是出于經濟需要,而是憑著對食物和傳統的持久熱愛。他們中的許多人傾向于地方特色食物或進行烹飪創意。其中的一些餐廳,例如幾年前在舊金山的餐飲界大放異彩、擁有米其林星級榮耀的周先生餐廳,提供的美食被認為超越了他們的先輩。
這些生意看起來似乎境況不差,但即便是周先生這樣的餐廳也不一定前途一片光明。布蘭登說:“疫情過后能夠生存下來的餐廳數量將會讓人們大吃一驚,但不幸的是,是數量低到讓人驚訝。將會有很多餐廳關門。”
羅漢文說:“我們要花很長時間才能恢復到疫情之前的狀況。也許三、四個月?誰知道呢。如果再來第二波疫情,還是會有大量餐廳生意難逃厄運。”
在采訪中,餐廳老板們也對《財富》雜志表示:即使他們獲得完全恢復營業的許可,餐廳可能也做不到。“這取決于員工們的意愿。”鄧煒說。他的許多員工都是老年人,但即便是年輕人,許多人也生活在多代同堂的家庭中,跟父母或祖父母住在一起,他們不太愿意復工。“擔心會把病毒帶回家。”
“不管城市是否封鎖,顧客對外出就餐仍然沒有100%的信心。”他繼續說道。“在未來一年半或兩年新疫苗問世之前,我們必須經受住這場風暴。在可預見的未來時間里,情況并不會好轉。我們只能過一天算一天,盡量往好處想。”
鄧煒說,南華茶室有能力再維持幾個月的運營。他說他們很幸運,因為這些餐廳所在的店鋪是家庭所有,所以不需要擔心租金的問題。
羅漢文也相信自己可以再撐上幾個月——盡管他最初認為華強酒家只需要歇上兩周。但談到是否會歇業更長時間,尤其是如果第二波疫情爆發,餐廳是否需要關門直到9月?“現在我都不敢去想。”
如果連資金相對富裕的餐廳都步履蹣跚,那么那些夫妻店(其中許多為移民所有,只收現金)就真的岌岌可危了。由低收入社區經營和服務對象為低收入社區的餐廳在沖擊面前最脆弱。
許多傳統的中餐廳只收現金,這阻礙了他們利用聯邦刺激計劃下的援助。“這就是問題所在。”鄧煒說。“許多餐廳之所以會倒閉,因為它們無法獲得薪酬保障計劃(PPP)或美國食品與藥品管理局(FDA)的貸款,因為這些年來它們一直低調經營。”
要獲得PPP貸款,企業必須有良好的文件記錄、足夠的員工以及與銀行建立關系。作家李競說:“對于夫妻店來說,這個計劃的所有條件都很棘手。”例如,許多中餐廳利用不計入員工工資的費用為他們提供食宿。“這樣一來就對他們影響很大。”
新冠疫情導致小型中餐廳萎縮,而一個更大的問題進一步加劇了這一現象。“中餐廳是中國人移民美國的一個手段。”李競指出。特朗普政府對移民(包括來自中國的移民)采取的嚴厲立場,可能會限制以開設新餐廳為理由的移民流入。她說:“現在對于想要進入美國的中國移民以及其他國家移民來說,都不是最佳時機。”
反華歧視
新冠疫情大流行給中餐廳蒙上了雙重陰影:對失去生意的擔憂和對反華歧視的恐懼。
“由于特朗普總統的評論,以及一些民眾的偏聽偏信,我認為整個華人社區和中餐還有另一層困難或障礙要克服。”布蘭登說。“我……這讓我有點生氣,因為這樣一來只會雪上加霜。我們遭受的歧視已經夠多了。”
南華茶室的大部分員工住在布魯克林的日落公園和本森赫斯特地區。他們路上要花上一個多小時才能到達工作地唐人街。鄧煒說,南華茶室的員工不愿意上班是因為害怕病毒,以及在地鐵上可能遇到的種族歧視。他提到了在疫情高峰期發生的辱罵、騷擾甚至攻擊的報道。“唐人街有一個廚師聊天群。”鄧煒說,他的員工會在群里分享新聞。有些信息可能被夸大或會產生誤導,但種族主義者攻擊相關的消息“無論好壞,都給他們帶來更大壓力”。
鄧煒預計,反華歧視將在封鎖后繼續存在,而低收入移民最容易受到這種歧視的影響。他說:“在整個文化氛圍中,我們花了很長時間才取得了一些進步。現在新冠疫情一發生,這種文化又要不可避免倒退回去。”
“因為疫情的發生,人們不得不待在家里,他們可能會感到沮喪,進而可能會把這歸咎于華人。還可能會把這種怨氣擴大到中餐廳或中餐上。”羅漢文說。“因此,總的來說,中餐廳的未來將非常艱難。”
但布蘭登認為這是一個振作起來重新恢復營業的機會。“擔心是一方面,另一方面,這在一定程度上也激勵我重新開業。”他說。“如果人們真的不愿意到唐人街來,我想親身體驗一下,我可以告訴人們這種觀點完全是胡扯。”
許多中餐廳雇傭的員工全部或大部分是移民。一家中餐廳經營困難甚至關門,意味著整個移民社區會立即面臨財務危機。布蘭登雇傭了一些無證員工,包括一名和他一起工作了將近10年的廚師。
另一方面,據餐廳老板說,也正因為這種移民構成,餐廳或許能更好地在疫情中生存下來。“典型的第一代移民非常節儉。”鄧煒指的是他的老員工。“他們會存錢。”
“我們移民通常會存錢以備不時之需。”身為移民的羅漢文在談到自己員工的經濟狀況時說。“我們不會賺多少花多少,這種習慣會起到很大作用。”
中國美食不會離開
盡管因為生意感到壓力,但這些餐廳老板確實相信美國人仍然喜歡中餐。“我相信中餐的魅力。”布蘭登說。“我知道,無論如何,人們都會喜歡中餐,喜歡中餐的味道。即便是現在,我仍然對中餐有著強烈的信心。”
“即使餐廳遭受經營困難,美國人對中餐的喜愛程度依然沒有降低。”李競說。事實上,盡管自新冠疫情爆發之前,小型中餐廳就一直在艱難經營,但幾年前至今的Grubhub數據也顯示,左宗棠雞名列該應用程序最受歡迎的五大菜肴之一。(財富中文網)
譯者:Biz
移民尤其擔憂未來。對所有移民家庭來說,未來充滿了不確定。過去的已經過去,未來更像是一場賭博,而且籌碼已經全部用完。在新冠病毒大流行的時代,對于移民家庭來說,怎樣恢復營業,不容他們思考“能否成功”,而是“必須成功”,因為他們別無選擇。堅定的信念是支撐他們度過危機的動力。
而其中,中餐廳老板更需要加倍的信心:疫情導致的封鎖影響了全美范圍內的餐廳的經營,但中餐廳受到的打擊最大。數據訂閱服務公司Womply在 4月進行的一項研究發現,新冠疫情期間,超過一半的中餐廳已經停止借記卡和信用卡交易(這代表這些中餐廳已經歇業),歇業比例比任何其他類型的機構都要大(其次是“三明治和熟食餐廳”,歇業比例為23%)。Yelp的數據顯示,過去一年中,全美中餐廳搜索次數最低的時間有一半發生在新冠疫情爆發后。根據華埠共同發展機構(Chinatown Partnership Local Development Corporation)的信息,在疫情最嚴重時期,紐約市的大多數中餐廳已然停止營業。美國各地的小企業都在努力獲得小企業管理局(SBA)的貸款,而許多中餐廳甚至都沒有機會獲得此類援助。
即使在停業之前,中餐廳的顧客數量也已經大幅下降。當然,種族歧視也是其中的一個原因。一些餐廳成了種族主義者涂鴉和砸窗的受害者。
許多餐廳也因為其主要顧客群體——美籍華人自1月以來就避免在餐廳就餐而開始舉步維艱。他們當時從中國的家人的口中聽說了新冠病毒,開始害怕群體性聚集活動。位于馬里蘭州切維·蔡斯市的華強酒家(Meiwah)的老板羅漢文(Larry La)指著羅克維爾和銀泉等華人聚集城市的餐廳說:“主要面向華人顧客的餐廳遭受了嚴重打擊。”
由于不允許堂食,餐廳轉向外賣模式,你可能會認為多為夫妻店模式的中餐廳會如魚得水。畢竟,中餐常常是外賣的代名詞。但事實上,這些餐廳的處境尤其艱難。
問題是,全美中餐廳數量減少已經持續了一段時間。Yelp數據顯示,2019年,美國前20大城市的中餐廳數量一直在下降。從2014年到2018年,全美范圍內中餐廳數量下降了7%。部分原因為代際更替——在柜臺后面做作業的孩子們已經長大,不想或者不需要接管家族的生意。“我們的目標是不要再回到餐廳(繼承父業),因為餐廳只是幫助(移民)融入社會的工具。”位于紐約市唐人街的南華茶室(Nom Wah Tea Parlor)的老板鄧煒(Wilson Tang)說。
老派的中餐廳(以左宗棠雞、印有笑臉的塑料外賣打包袋和餐桌轉盤為標志的夫妻店)已經習慣通過電話接受訂單,而非其他更先進的手段。可是在疫情期間,保持社交距離的要求加速了其他手段的應用。他們可能不太習慣Grubhub或Uber Eats等第三方應用程序,也玩不轉社交媒體。
疫情期間中餐廳遭受的打擊并非偶然,而是多年積累的結果。
讓我們拋開最壞的情況,假設美國的中餐廳不會消失。他們已經習慣了生存威脅——盡管存在威脅,他們還是在美國實現了蓬勃發展。1882年,禁止中國移民勞工的《排華法案》(Chinese Exclusion Act)通過后,中國工人可以進入美國的少數途徑之一是依靠餐廳老板的“商人身份”。移民浪潮轉向餐飲業,這是他們賴以謀生的唯一選擇。作家李競(Jennifer 8 Lee)說:“總是會有中餐廳出現并生存下來。他們能挺過核災難。只要(某個地方)可以維持生命,中餐廳就能夠生存下去——這已經形成了思維定勢。”
但是想要生存,他們需要改變和適應。
恢復營業準備
南華茶室是曼哈頓最古老的中餐廳,可以追溯到1920年。雖然所在地曼哈頓是旅游勝地,但隨著旅游業按下“暫停鍵”,南華茶室失去了許多食客。在南華茶室的四個餐廳中,只有位于諾麗塔街區的餐廳在城市封鎖期間保持開放,并且只允許銷售外賣。餐廳也一直在賣速凍點心。
南華已經存在了一個世紀,老板鄧煒還期待著餐廳能繼續經營更多年。餐廳已經準備重新開張。門前安裝了紅外線溫度計,為顧客測量體溫,為員工儲備了口罩和手套,同時也在考慮居家體驗,比如提供包餃子教程。此外,餐廳還正在與市交通運輸部門協商,可能會在唐人街中心開辟多耶斯街(Doyers Street),這樣顧客就可以在保持社交距離的前提下在外用餐。南華甚至還想到為顧客提供印有品牌標識的袋子,讓他們在用餐時臨時存放口罩。
“這些都是我們打算采取的小措施,但沒有一個能做到盡善盡美。”鄧煒說。他指出,這些措施實施起來會遇到困難,因為“餐廳的主要作用是讓人們聚在一起享受美食”。而這些措施會給顧客帶來不好的體驗。
舊金山周先生餐廳(Mister Jiu’s)的主廚兼老板布蘭登·周(Brandon Jew)也有同感。他說:“我們需要在限制接觸的同時,做到熱情好客。需要拿捏得恰到好處。在這方面做的好的餐廳可能會取得成功。其實疫情過去之前,我認為人們不應該期待得到多么盛情的接待。但是我們可以提供建議,向顧客們介紹來自農場的食材,或者告訴他們哪些食材搭配起來會很棒,一切良好的體驗都需要精心策劃。”
周先生餐廳預計上客率為50%。布蘭登說,本來餐廳可接待100人,酒吧間可接待65人,但在實施限制之后,餐廳預計可接待45人,酒吧間能否投入使用還未可知。
那些設法重新開張的餐廳將需要依靠技術的幫助。周先生餐廳將嘗試非接觸式支付,并允許顧客提前點餐。這家餐廳目前使用訂餐平臺Tock。在外送方面,羅漢文說:華強酒家已經在各個地方經營了20年,現在餐廳在用的平臺包括Grubhub、Uber Eats和DoorDash。“所以我們不必做太多準備。只要確保電腦可以正常工作,手機能夠正常接聽電話,就可以了。”
在保持社交距離重新開業期間,餐廳需要在數字支付和社交技能應用方面做到得心應手。許多符合條件的中餐廳現任所有者和經營者并非第一代移民,而是他們的孩子,鄧煒和布蘭登就是這樣。他們經營餐廳不是出于經濟需要,而是憑著對食物和傳統的持久熱愛。他們中的許多人傾向于地方特色食物或進行烹飪創意。其中的一些餐廳,例如幾年前在舊金山的餐飲界大放異彩、擁有米其林星級榮耀的周先生餐廳,提供的美食被認為超越了他們的先輩。
這些生意看起來似乎境況不差,但即便是周先生這樣的餐廳也不一定前途一片光明。布蘭登說:“疫情過后能夠生存下來的餐廳數量將會讓人們大吃一驚,但不幸的是,是數量低到讓人驚訝。將會有很多餐廳關門。”
羅漢文說:“我們要花很長時間才能恢復到疫情之前的狀況。也許三、四個月?誰知道呢。如果再來第二波疫情,還是會有大量餐廳生意難逃厄運。”
在采訪中,餐廳老板們也對《財富》雜志表示:即使他們獲得完全恢復營業的許可,餐廳可能也做不到。“這取決于員工們的意愿。”鄧煒說。他的許多員工都是老年人,但即便是年輕人,許多人也生活在多代同堂的家庭中,跟父母或祖父母住在一起,他們不太愿意復工。“擔心會把病毒帶回家。”
“不管城市是否封鎖,顧客對外出就餐仍然沒有100%的信心。”他繼續說道。“在未來一年半或兩年新疫苗問世之前,我們必須經受住這場風暴。在可預見的未來時間里,情況并不會好轉。我們只能過一天算一天,盡量往好處想。”
鄧煒說,南華茶室有能力再維持幾個月的運營。他說他們很幸運,因為這些餐廳所在的店鋪是家庭所有,所以不需要擔心租金的問題。
羅漢文也相信自己可以再撐上幾個月——盡管他最初認為華強酒家只需要歇上兩周。但談到是否會歇業更長時間,尤其是如果第二波疫情爆發,餐廳是否需要關門直到9月?“現在我都不敢去想。”
如果連資金相對富裕的餐廳都步履蹣跚,那么那些夫妻店(其中許多為移民所有,只收現金)就真的岌岌可危了。由低收入社區經營和服務對象為低收入社區的餐廳在沖擊面前最脆弱。
許多傳統的中餐廳只收現金,這阻礙了他們利用聯邦刺激計劃下的援助。“這就是問題所在。”鄧煒說。“許多餐廳之所以會倒閉,因為它們無法獲得薪酬保障計劃(PPP)或美國食品與藥品管理局(FDA)的貸款,因為這些年來它們一直低調經營。”
要獲得PPP貸款,企業必須有良好的文件記錄、足夠的員工以及與銀行建立關系。作家李競說:“對于夫妻店來說,這個計劃的所有條件都很棘手。”例如,許多中餐廳利用不計入員工工資的費用為他們提供食宿。“這樣一來就對他們影響很大。”
新冠疫情導致小型中餐廳萎縮,而一個更大的問題進一步加劇了這一現象。“中餐廳是中國人移民美國的一個手段。”李競指出。特朗普政府對移民(包括來自中國的移民)采取的嚴厲立場,可能會限制以開設新餐廳為理由的移民流入。她說:“現在對于想要進入美國的中國移民以及其他國家移民來說,都不是最佳時機。”
反華歧視
新冠疫情大流行給中餐廳蒙上了雙重陰影:對失去生意的擔憂和對反華歧視的恐懼。
“由于特朗普總統的評論,以及一些民眾的偏聽偏信,我認為整個華人社區和中餐還有另一層困難或障礙要克服。”布蘭登說。“我……這讓我有點生氣,因為這樣一來只會雪上加霜。我們遭受的歧視已經夠多了。”
南華茶室的大部分員工住在布魯克林的日落公園和本森赫斯特地區。他們路上要花上一個多小時才能到達工作地唐人街。鄧煒說,南華茶室的員工不愿意上班是因為害怕病毒,以及在地鐵上可能遇到的種族歧視。他提到了在疫情高峰期發生的辱罵、騷擾甚至攻擊的報道。“唐人街有一個廚師聊天群。”鄧煒說,他的員工會在群里分享新聞。有些信息可能被夸大或會產生誤導,但種族主義者攻擊相關的消息“無論好壞,都給他們帶來更大壓力”。
鄧煒預計,反華歧視將在封鎖后繼續存在,而低收入移民最容易受到這種歧視的影響。他說:“在整個文化氛圍中,我們花了很長時間才取得了一些進步。現在新冠疫情一發生,這種文化又要不可避免倒退回去。”
“因為疫情的發生,人們不得不待在家里,他們可能會感到沮喪,進而可能會把這歸咎于華人。還可能會把這種怨氣擴大到中餐廳或中餐上。”羅漢文說。“因此,總的來說,中餐廳的未來將非常艱難。”
但布蘭登認為這是一個振作起來重新恢復營業的機會。“擔心是一方面,另一方面,這在一定程度上也激勵我重新開業。”他說。“如果人們真的不愿意到唐人街來,我想親身體驗一下,我可以告訴人們這種觀點完全是胡扯。”
許多中餐廳雇傭的員工全部或大部分是移民。一家中餐廳經營困難甚至關門,意味著整個移民社區會立即面臨財務危機。布蘭登雇傭了一些無證員工,包括一名和他一起工作了將近10年的廚師。
另一方面,據餐廳老板說,也正因為這種移民構成,餐廳或許能更好地在疫情中生存下來。“典型的第一代移民非常節儉。”鄧煒指的是他的老員工。“他們會存錢。”
“我們移民通常會存錢以備不時之需。”身為移民的羅漢文在談到自己員工的經濟狀況時說。“我們不會賺多少花多少,這種習慣會起到很大作用。”
中國美食不會離開
盡管因為生意感到壓力,但這些餐廳老板確實相信美國人仍然喜歡中餐。“我相信中餐的魅力。”布蘭登說。“我知道,無論如何,人們都會喜歡中餐,喜歡中餐的味道。即便是現在,我仍然對中餐有著強烈的信心。”
“即使餐廳遭受經營困難,美國人對中餐的喜愛程度依然沒有降低。”李競說。事實上,盡管自新冠疫情爆發之前,小型中餐廳就一直在艱難經營,但幾年前至今的Grubhub數據也顯示,左宗棠雞名列該應用程序最受歡迎的五大菜肴之一。(財富中文網)
譯者:Biz
The future is a particularly immigrant concern. For any immigrant family, the future is all encompassing. The past has been severed, and the future is a gamble that’s been entirely cashed in on. In the era of the coronavirus pandemic, how to reopen is not a question of, “Will I succeed?” It is a vow: “I must succeed or else.” The steeliness of that hope is what drives one through crisis.
Chinese restaurant owners will need to double down on that resolve: While restaurants nationwide have lost business owing to lockdowns, Chinese restaurants have been among the hardest hit. An April study conducted by the data subscription service Womply found that over half of them had stopped taking debit and credit card transactions during the pandemic, indicating closed operations—more than any other type of establishment (the next most closed being “sandwich and deli concepts” at 23%). According to Yelp data, half of the worst days for Chinese restaurant searches in the U.S. over the past year occurred since the coronavirus broke out. During the pandemic’s peak, most Chinese restaurants in New York City had ceased operations, according to the Chinatown Partnership Local Development Corporation. While small businesses everywhere have struggled to nab SBA loans, many Chinese restaurants aren’t even around anymore to receive such aid.
Even before the shutdowns, Chinese restaurants saw a significant drop in customers. Certainly racism played a part: Some restaurants faced discrimination from consumers wrongfully wary of Chinese food spreading the coronavirus in the U.S. Others have been the subject of racist graffiti and broken windows.
Many restaurants also began to struggle because some Chinese-Americans, who made up the majority of their clientele, started avoiding restaurants in January as they heard about the coronavirus from family in China and became fearful of large gatherings. “Restaurants that had mostly Chinese customers were hit really badly,” Larry La, the owner of Meiwah in Chevy Chase, Md., says, pointing to those in Rockville and Silver Spring, towns with large Chinese populations.
As dining rooms emptied and restaurants pivoted to delivery and takeout models, you might assume mom-and-pop Chinese restaurants would be ahead of the game. Chinese food is frequently synonymous with takeout, after all. But these restaurants in particular have been struggling.
The thing is, Chinese restaurants in America have been vanishing for a while. Yelp data showed in 2019 that the number of Chinese restaurants has been consistently declining in the country’s top 20 cities. From 2014 to 2018, they saw a 7% drop nationwide. Part of it is a generational shift—the kids doing homework behind the counter have grown up and don’t want to, or need to, take over the family business. “The goal is to not come back to the restaurant, because the restaurant is [a] crutch to get [immigrants] through society,” says Wilson Tang, owner of Nom Wah Tea Parlor in New York City’s Chinatown.
Old-school Chinese restaurants—the mom-and-pop shops marked by General Tso’s chicken, happy-face plastic takeout bags, and lazy Susans—have been used to orders placed over the phone, not through the tech-savvy solutions accelerated by social distancing. They may be less used to third-party apps such Grubhub or Uber Eats. They may be less likely to have a major presence on social media.
The blow to Chinese restaurants during the coronavirus pandemic is less of a sudden hit and more the result of years of pummeling.
Let’s get the worst-case scenario out of the way: Chinese restaurants in America won’t go extinct. They’re accustomed to existential threat—in fact, they’ve thrived in the U.S. in direct spite of it. After the Chinese Exclusion Act, a moratorium on immigrant laborers from China, was passed in 1882, one of the few ways Chinese workers could still enter the country was through the “merchant status” of a restaurant owner. Waves of immigrants were diverted to the restaurant business as their only livelihood option. “Chinese restaurants always pop up and survive,” the writer Jennifer 8 Lee says. “They can survive nuclear disasters. If [places] can support life, they can support Chinese restaurants—that’s one school of thought.”
But to survive, they’ll need to adapt.
Preparing to reopen
Nom Wah Tea Parlor is Manhattan’s oldest Chinese restaurant, dating back to 1920. As a tourist destination, it has lost many diners as a result of travel halts. Out of its four locations, only the Nolita site has stayed open during the city’s shutdown and only for takeout. It’s been selling frozen dim sum.
Nom Wah has persisted for a century, and Tang is looking forward to still more years. The restaurant is already preparing to reopen. It has secured infrared thermometers for the front of the house to check customers with. It has stockpiled masks and gloves for staff. Nom Wah is also considering at-home experiences, such as offering tutorials on dumpling wrapping. It is talking with the city’s Department of Transportation to potentially open up Doyers Street, in the heart of Chinatown, so customers can dine outside while socially distanced. Nom Wah is even thinking about providing branded bags for customers to put their face masks in while they dine.
“These are little steps we intend on taking, but none of it is bulletproof,” Tang says. They are hard measures to take, because “a restaurant’s main goal is for people to come together and enjoy,” he notes. These measures are counterintuitive to that.
Brandon Jew, the chef and owner of Mister Jiu’s in San Francisco, feels the same. “We’ll need to limit interactions but also be hospitable. It’s a real fine line. The restaurants good at that in-between will probably be successful,” he says. “I don’t think people should expect great hospitality until this is sorted. Until we can give recommendations, tell them about the food from farms, or tell them that this pairing will be great, everything is going to be a very orchestrated, very planned experience.”
Mister Jiu’s is expecting half occupancy. It will go from a restaurant that seats 100 and a lounge that seats 65 to a restaurant that seats 45 people and a lounge that “is up in the air,” says Jew.
The restaurants that manage to reopen will need to rely on technology. Mister Jiu’s is going to try contactless payment and will allow food to be ordered ahead of time. The restaurant is currently using Tock, a reservation platform. For delivery, La says Meiwah, which has been around in various locations for 20 years, now uses Grubhub, Uber Eats, and DoorDash. “So we don’t have to prepare a lot. Just make sure the computer is working, the phone is working, that’s it,” he says.
Restaurants will need to be handy with digital payments and social-savvy to thrive during socially distanced reopenings. Many Chinese restaurants that fit that bill are owned and operated not by immigrants but their children, as is the case with Tang and Jew. They’re not run out of financial necessity but rather an abiding love for food and heritage. Many of them trend toward regional foods or push the envelope on culinary creativity. Some of them, like the Michelin-starred Mister Jiu’s, which blazed onto San Francisco’s dining scene a handful of years ago, are considered fine dining in a way their predecessors never were.
These businesses seem as if they’d be fine, but even Mister Jiu’s isn’t in the clear. “The amount of restaurants that are going to be able to survive after this—it’s going to really surprise people, unfortunately in a bad way,” says Jew. “There’s going to be a lot of closures.”
Says La: “It will take a long time to get back to where we were. Maybe three, four months? We don’t know. An unpredictable second wave could kill a lot of business.”
Even if they get the green light to fully reopen, the restaurateurs Fortune spoke with say their restaurants might not. “It depends on the comfort of the staff,” Tang says. Many of his staff are elderly, but many of the younger folks also live in multigenerational households, with parents or grandparents, and are hesitant to go into work. “Bringing the virus back home is a concern.
“Customers still wouldn’t have full confidence in dining out, lockdown or not,” he continues. “We’ve got to weather the storm for the next year and half or two years, when a new vaccine comes out. It’s cloudy for the foreseeable future. We can only take it one day at a time and hope for the best.”
Tang thinks Nom Wah can afford to keep its locations closed for another few months. He says they’re lucky because the spaces themselves are family-owned, so they don’t need to worry about rent.
La also thinks another few months are manageable—though he originally thought Meiwah would need to be closed for only two weeks. But any longer than that, especially if restaurants need to close through September in the event of a second wave of outbreaks? “That’s just unthinkable right now.”
If even the relatively wealthy restaurants are stumbling, then the mom-and-pop shops, many of which are immigrant-owned and operate cash only, are really in danger. The ones that are run by and serve low-income communities are the most vulnerable.
Running as cash-only businesses, as a lot of old-school Chinese restaurants do, hinders these small businesses from taking advantage of aid as part of the federal stimulus package. “That’s the problem,” Tang says. “A lot of places will fail because they can’t get PPP or FDA loans, because all through the years they’ve been operating under the radar.”
For a PPP (Paycheck Protection Program) loan, a business must have good documentation, enough employees, and a relationship with a bank. “Everything about that program is tricky for mom-and-pop Chinese restaurants,” writer Jennifer 8 Lee says. For example, many Chinese restaurants provide housing and food through costs that aren’t reflected in employee salaries. “It hurts them in a really big way.”
The coronavirus-induced shrinkage of small Chinese restaurants is exacerbated by a broader problem. “Chinese restaurants are a function of Chinese immigration,” Lee notes. The Trump administration’s severe stance on immigrants, including those from China, may squeeze the flow of immigrants opening up new restaurants: “It’s not the best time to be an immigrant from China or an immigrant in general.”
Anti-Chinese discrimination
The coronavirus pandemic casts a double shadow over Chinese restaurants: the specter of losing business and the fear of anti-Chinese discrimination.
“Because of the President’s comments, and what some people believe about what they hear, I think the Chinese community as a whole and Chinese cuisine have another layer of complications or hurdles to try to get over,” Jew says. “I just…It kinda pisses me off because it’s just not needed. There’s so much already.”
The majority of Nom Wah’s employees live in the Sunset Park and Bensonhurst areas of Brooklyn. It takes them over an hour to commute to Chinatown. Tang says Nom Wah’s staff fear going into work because of the virus, along with the potential racism they might experience on the subway. He cites reports of verbal abuse, harassment, and even assault that occurred during the peak of the pandemic. “There’s a chat group for cooks in Chinatown,” Tang says, where his employees share news. Some of the information may be exaggerated or misleading, but the news of racist attacks has “added to the stress, for better or for worse.”
Tang expects anti-Chinese discrimination to continue after lockdown, which low-income immigrants are most vulnerable to. “It’s taken us so long as a culture to move forward. This one pandemic really set us back as a culture,” he says.
“People might get upset about what happened, that they had to stay home, and they might blame it on the Chinese. They might carry that into Chinese restaurants or Chinese food too,” La says. “So the future of Chinese restaurants in general is going to be very tough.”
Jew sees it as a rally for reopening. “It’s something I’m concerned with, but it’s also part of what’s motivating me to reopen,” he says. “If people are really not going to come out to Chinatown, I want to experience that so I can tell people this is bullshit.”
Many Chinese restaurants employ an all- or majority-immigrant staff. For a Chinese restaurant to struggle—and shut down—is for an entire community of immigrants to face financial precarity at once. Jew employs some undocumented workers, including a prep cook who’s worked with him for almost 10 years.
On the other hand, that immigrant makeup may be the very reason why a restaurant may better survive the pandemic, according to restaurateurs. “Typical for first-generation immigrants, they are very frugal,” Tang says, referring to his older employees. “They save money.”
“Immigrants, we usually save money for the rainy day,” La, an immigrant himself, says about his staff’s well-being. “We don’t just use all the pennies we make, so I think that’s helped too.”
Chinese cuisine isn’t going anywhere
Though stressed about their businesses, these restaurateurs do expect Americans will still have an appetite for Chinese food. “I believe in Chinese cuisine,” Jew says. “I know, no matter what, people will crave this food and its flavors, and I still feel strongly about this cuisine as a whole.”
“Even as restaurants suffer, the American taste for Chinese food is not on the decline,” Lee says. Indeed, even though small Chinese restaurants have been struggling since before the pandemic, Grubhub data from a few years ago also revealed General Tso’s chicken to be among the app’s top five most ordered dishes.