“市場先生”是傳奇價值投資人本杰明·格雷厄姆創作的一個著名虛擬人物,自然也有著股票市場經常出現的反常、非理性和精神錯亂的行為。
格雷厄姆和他的門徒沃倫·巴菲特時常會津津樂道地談起“市場先生”,比如他的情緒是如何從瘋狂迷戀轉變成無謂恐懼的,即從抬高股票定價,到最終突然暴跌。他們認為,在熱情和暴怒這兩種情緒之間,“市場先生”能夠表現出良好的判斷力。
當然,“市場先生”對于股票的估值,更多體現在他對未來收益的看法。過去七周,在新型冠狀病毒的影響下,“市場先生”突然經歷了最近一段時間以來最極端的情緒波動,可以看出他對利潤預期做出了大幅調整。
自從“市場先生”的前景變得更加樂觀以來,他就一直在兜售合理或者更高的基準收益率。但當新冠疫情來臨,他還能否接受下行市場中的收益率水平?
只要我們能判斷出“市場先生”相去甚遠的精神狀態中,哪一種狀態對于收益率水平而言是最合理的,我們就能確定股票的合理估值。
我們用標普500指數來代表“市場先生”。2月19日,標普指數漲至史上最高點3386點,根據四個季度的往績利潤計算,每股收益為139.47美元。“市場先生”洋洋自得,盡管這種心態沒有任何道理。市盈率為24.3倍,比近1/4世紀約20倍的平均市盈率還高出22%。每股收益達到歷史最高點,但由于收入在其中所占的超高比例,因此它同時也處于近似泡沫化的水平。
不久后,新冠疫情的爆發使“市場先生”陷入了恐慌。3月23日,標普指數下跌至2237點,跌幅高達33.9%。當時“市場先生”是如何看待利潤前景的?他的觀點正確嗎?
“市場先生”在二月中旬使用的溢價倍數,表明了當時市場正處在一種自我滿足的狀態。但疫情的爆發動搖了“市場先生”對于未來的信心。為了表達這種焦慮的心情,他采用了更低的市盈率,相當于近幾十年來的標準水平,即20倍左右。按照這個市盈率計算,在3月23日的低點,標普500指數的每股收益穩定在111.18美元。
3月23日之后,“市場先生”擺脫了恐懼,變得“情緒高漲”。截至4月9日收盤時,標普指數已經收復了近半失地,暴漲557點至2794點,漲幅25%,成為該指數史上六次最大三周漲幅之一。
“市場先生”對于每股收益的態度,也自然而然地從沮喪突然變得無所不知。當市盈率達到20倍,標普指數在2794點時,每股收益為139.70美元。深呼吸吧“市場先生”,這與今年早些時候標普指數處在歷史高點時的每股收益139.47美元相差無幾。就連華爾街的幻想家們也不敢這樣癡心妄想。
診斷:“市場先生”可能瘋了。
市場跌至低谷時的111美元每股收益看起來相當合理,這與經濟學家羅伯特·席勒的周期調整后市盈率水平相當。CAPE使用十年平均水平,消除了利潤異常波動帶來的影響。換言之,CAPE把“市場先生”扮演成了一位性情溫和的紳士。
“市場先生”對于市盈率的情緒波動告訴我們,2237點最低點與今天的2794點相比,前者的股票價格才是更公允的估值。路孚特調查時發現,華爾街分析師預測第2季度的每股收益將比去年同期下降19.4%。但今年晚些時候或者2021年,每股收益會出現反彈。對于股市而言,重要的不是它們會如何反彈,而是在反彈開始之后,它們將穩定在什么水平。
每股收益111美元雖然比歷史最高點減少了五分之一,卻是比較合理的估算。但這個數字也值得警醒。假如標普指數繼續將60%的收益用于發放股息和回購,并將另外40%進行再投資用于企業發展,每股收益將在111美元基礎上每年增長約5%。這需要四年半時間才能重新達到此前每股140美元的最高點。
在三月末跌入低谷的時候,“市場先生”其實非常理智。只是他自己不知道而已。(財富中文網)
譯者:Biz
“市場先生”是傳奇價值投資人本杰明·格雷厄姆創作的一個著名虛擬人物,自然也有著股票市場經常出現的反常、非理性和精神錯亂的行為。
格雷厄姆和他的門徒沃倫·巴菲特時常會津津樂道地談起“市場先生”,比如他的情緒是如何從瘋狂迷戀轉變成無謂恐懼的,即從抬高股票定價,到最終突然暴跌。他們認為,在熱情和暴怒這兩種情緒之間,“市場先生”能夠表現出良好的判斷力。
當然,“市場先生”對于股票的估值,更多體現在他對未來收益的看法。過去七周,在新型冠狀病毒的影響下,“市場先生”突然經歷了最近一段時間以來最極端的情緒波動,可以看出他對利潤預期做出了大幅調整。
自從“市場先生”的前景變得更加樂觀以來,他就一直在兜售合理或者更高的基準收益率。但當新冠疫情來臨,他還能否接受下行市場中的收益率水平?
只要我們能判斷出“市場先生”相去甚遠的精神狀態中,哪一種狀態對于收益率水平而言是最合理的,我們就能確定股票的合理估值。
我們用標普500指數來代表“市場先生”。2月19日,標普指數漲至史上最高點3386點,根據四個季度的往績利潤計算,每股收益為139.47美元。“市場先生”洋洋自得,盡管這種心態沒有任何道理。市盈率為24.3倍,比近1/4世紀約20倍的平均市盈率還高出22%。每股收益達到歷史最高點,但由于收入在其中所占的超高比例,因此它同時也處于近似泡沫化的水平。
不久后,新冠疫情的爆發使“市場先生”陷入了恐慌。3月23日,標普指數下跌至2237點,跌幅高達33.9%。當時“市場先生”是如何看待利潤前景的?他的觀點正確嗎?
“市場先生”在二月中旬使用的溢價倍數,表明了當時市場正處在一種自我滿足的狀態。但疫情的爆發動搖了“市場先生”對于未來的信心。為了表達這種焦慮的心情,他采用了更低的市盈率,相當于近幾十年來的標準水平,即20倍左右。按照這個市盈率計算,在3月23日的低點,標普500指數的每股收益穩定在111.18美元。
3月23日之后,“市場先生”擺脫了恐懼,變得“情緒高漲”。截至4月9日收盤時,標普指數已經收復了近半失地,暴漲557點至2794點,漲幅25%,成為該指數史上六次最大三周漲幅之一。
“市場先生”對于每股收益的態度,也自然而然地從沮喪突然變得無所不知。當市盈率達到20倍,標普指數在2794點時,每股收益為139.70美元。深呼吸吧“市場先生”,這與今年早些時候標普指數處在歷史高點時的每股收益139.47美元相差無幾。就連華爾街的幻想家們也不敢這樣癡心妄想。
診斷:“市場先生”可能瘋了。
市場跌至低谷時的111美元每股收益看起來相當合理,這與經濟學家羅伯特·席勒的周期調整后市盈率水平相當。CAPE使用十年平均水平,消除了利潤異常波動帶來的影響。換言之,CAPE把“市場先生”扮演成了一位性情溫和的紳士。
“市場先生”對于市盈率的情緒波動告訴我們,2237點最低點與今天的2794點相比,前者的股票價格才是更公允的估值。路孚特調查時發現,華爾街分析師預測第2季度的每股收益將比去年同期下降19.4%。但今年晚些時候或者2021年,每股收益會出現反彈。對于股市而言,重要的不是它們會如何反彈,而是在反彈開始之后,它們將穩定在什么水平。
每股收益111美元雖然比歷史最高點減少了五分之一,卻是比較合理的估算。但這個數字也值得警醒。假如標普指數繼續將60%的收益用于發放股息和回購,并將另外40%進行再投資用于企業發展,每股收益將在111美元基礎上每年增長約5%。這需要四年半時間才能重新達到此前每股140美元的最高點。
在三月末跌入低谷的時候,“市場先生”其實非常理智。只是他自己不知道而已。(財富中文網)
譯者:Biz
Mister Market is a renowned character created by legendary value investor Benjamin Graham to embody the often erratic, irrational, and unhinged behavior of the overall stock market.
Graham and his disciple, Warren Buffett, relished invoking how Mister Market careens from crazy infatuation that make equities incredibly overpriced to senseless dread that yields bargains to be pounced upon. Between the passions and tantrums, they allowed, Mister Market could show good judgment.
Of course, the way Mister Market values stocks mostly reflects his view of where earnings are headed. Over the past seven weeks, the coronavirus crisis has sent Mister Market lurching through his most extreme mood swings in his recent history, tracing his wildly shifting prognosis for profits.
Is the level of earnings we'll see coming out of the coronavirus downturn the number Mister Market embraced when he was throwing a fit, or the much higher benchmark he's been touting since his outlook suddenly turned sunnier?
Once we judge which of Mister Market's far-apart mindsets make the most sense on earnings, we can establish a reasonable valuation for the stocks.
We'll use the S&P 500 as our proxy for Mister Market. When the S&P hit its all-time high of 3386 on February 19, earnings-per-share, based on four quarters of trailing reported profits, stood at $139.47. Mister Market was jaunty, unreasonably so. The PE ratio was 24.3, 22% higher than the quarter century average of around 20, and earnings were both at historic peak, and near bubble based their super-high share of revenue.
Spooked by the coronavirus outbreak, Mister Market sent the S&P reeling to 2237 on March 23, a rout of 33.9%. At that point, what was Mister Market's outlook on profits, and was he right?
The premium multiple that Mister Market bestowed in mid-February showed serene contentment. The outbreak has made Mister Market less confident about the future. To express that new anxiety, he's applying a lower PE, the norm over recent decades of roughly 20. In that case, at the lows on March 23, Mister Market saw S&P 500 profits stabilizing at $111.18.
After the March 23 bottom, Mister Market shook off his funk, and turned positively euphoric. By the close on April 9, the S&P had recouped half its losses, surging 557 points to 2794, a gain of 25% that ranks as one of the half-dozen largest three-week jumps in history.
Naturally, Mister Market suddenly had turned from despondent to feeling his beans about profits. At our PE of 20, the S&P at 2794 would be earnings $139.70 a share. Take a breath, Mister Market! That's almost identical to the $139.47 stocks garnered at their heights early this year. That's a fantasy that even the Wall Street fantasists aren't selling.
Conclusion: Mister Market may be off his meds.
The $111 number when the market hit the lows looks pretty reasonable. It's similar to the level for economist Robert Shiller's Cyclically Adjusted Price-Earnings ratio, or CAPE, that smooths the erratic swings in profits by using a ten-year average––in other words, casting Mister Market as an even-tempered gentleman.
Mister Market's swings from low to high spirits on earnings tells us that stock prices were more fairly valued at the depths of 2237 than today's 2794. In a poll conducted by Refinitiv, Wall Street analysts forecast a 19.4% drop in Q2 profits versus the same quarter last year. But profits will bounce back, whether the rebound begins in late this year or 2021. What's important for stocks isn't how they jump around, but where they settle when the comeback begins.
Starting at $111, one-fifth off the old highs, is a pretty good estimate. But it's a sobering number. Assuming that the S&P continues to distribute 60% of its profits in dividends and buybacks, and reinvest 40% to grow the business, EPS would rise around 5% a year from that base of $111. From there, it would take four-and-a-half years to rescale the the old pinnacle of $140 per share.
At the point where he plumbed the deep valley in late March, Mister Market was looking sensible. He just didn't know it.