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商標侵權之爭——都是熊貓惹的禍

如果想拿某個詞或術語注冊商標,一定要確保自己不會被他人詬病為漠視文化或濫用文化標簽。

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在2001年將“Panda”(熊貓)一詞注冊商標的中餐館“熊貓快餐” (Panda Express)向亞洲墨西哥風味餐館 “自由熊貓”(Panda Libre)餐廳發起商標侵權訴訟。圖片來源:SUSANA GONZALEZ/BLOOMBERG—GETTY IMAGES

保爾與尼克爾?范在美國鳳凰城的郊區開了一家融合了亞洲菜和墨西哥菜風味的餐館。起店名時,他們想把中國標志性的動物熊貓和西班牙語里的“自由”結合起來,這樣客人就能知道他們做的什么類型的菜,于是,他們選擇了“自由熊貓” (“Panda Libre”)這個名字。

但這個決定竟然給他們帶來了大麻煩。中餐外賣連鎖店“熊貓快餐” (Panda Express)在上月將他們告上了聯邦法院,稱這家餐館侵犯了其商標權。

這起訴訟顯示,現在餐飲文化不斷演變,但卻跟商標法起了沖突。做亞洲菜或“亞洲口味”的餐館通常會選擇一個能馬上讓客人聯想到亞洲文化的名字,但為這個新名稱注冊商標可能會鬧出爭端,被個體乃至公眾指責為侵權或濫用文化標志。比如,近些年來,像夏威夷語里表示“你好”的 “aloha” ,或當地代表性美食----夏威夷生魚蓋飯的“poke”,很多餐館或快餐車都想用,但卻產生了大量侵權爭議。

紐約營銷商IW Group的特里?王表示,泰餐、印度餐或夏威夷生魚蓋飯等廣受歡迎,做這些菜的快餐店也快速增長,每家店都希望自己能代表飲食背后文化的一部分。他說,對于吸引那些在即刻間就要決定去哪兒吃的消費者來說,擁有一個能夠彰顯菜品是否地道的名稱至關重要。

“有時候你需要這種文化簡稱來傳達這一信息,否則,你就得向人們解釋:‘哦,我們店燒的是中國南方菜。’”特里說。

“熊貓快餐”的母公司是位于加州的“熊貓餐飲集團” (Panda Restaurant Group),其稱,集團自2001年便擁有了提供中餐服務的“熊貓” (“Panda”)商標。這家連鎖餐飲店希望法庭發布禁令,要求“自由熊貓”餐廳銷毀帶有“熊貓”字樣的標識、社交媒體貼文和其他材料。

“那樣的話相當于開一家新公司,光這些我們就已經花了幾十萬美元。 ” 尼克爾?范說,“真要打這場官司,我們會破產的。”

“熊貓快餐”去年銷售額達到了20億美元,盡管如此,他們還是要向“自由熊貓”餐廳索取其去年開業之后的所有利潤,以及懲罰性損失和法律費用。

“通常,為了引起被告的重視,我們會夸大索賠額,” 曾替多家餐廳打官司的芝加哥知識產權律師查爾斯?弗勞卡斯說,“但‘熊貓快餐’不會坐等自己的收益白白從銀行賬戶流失。”

專家說,“熊貓快餐”有權為餐館和食品注冊“Panda”商標。

“如果你拿著‘熊貓’店名來賣熊貓,這樣做可能是行不通的,因為這個名字完全表明了你的經營范圍。”費城前知識產權律師馬克?辛普森說,“這就像你可以注冊為‘全食’超市(注:亞馬遜旗下的超市‘Whole Food‘),但不能‘把‘超市’一詞注冊為商標。”

“熊貓快餐”由程正昌和妻子蔣佩琪于1983年設立,是其熊貓餐飲集團的分支,在全美擁有1900個店面。公司稱,自己有“法律義務來始終如一地保護店面餐館”,但也希望能協商解決問題。

“我們認為可以找到一種辦法,既可以讓這家小企業繼續經營,又可以尊重我們的知識產權,我們依然愿意與相關方面開展對話。”公司郵件回應到。

尼克爾?范說,沒有哪個客人到了“自由熊貓”餐廳后,會以為這里是“熊貓快餐”。她指向了餐廳的標志形象,那是一個穿戴著墨西哥摔跤選手披風和面具的熊貓,跟“熊貓快餐”的標志熊貓截然不同,而且,也有其他餐館在名稱中用了“熊貓”一詞。

熊貓餐飲集團稱,公司是根據“個例”來采取法律行動的,其還稱,公司去年在沒有開展訴訟的情況下和解了多起商標侵權問題。

另外還有一些餐飲企業,因為把代表文化的詞語注冊為商標,遭到了網民的強烈抵制。

2009年,洛杉磯大廚崔洛伊的韓式墨西哥卷餅快餐車(Kogi Korean taco truck)的忠實粉絲們在網上控訴德州墨西哥餐飲連鎖店Tex Mex旗下的Baja Fresh餐廳竊取其理念。崔洛伊的快餐車的名稱“Kogi” 里,用了“gogi”(韓語“肉”)與“K”(意為韓國燒烤)的組合,而Baja Fresh為自家的韓式墨西哥卷餅和商品也注冊了“Kogi”商標。

僅一天之后,Baja Fresh公司就搶注Kogi一事公開道歉,他們稱公司將使用gogi名稱,同時放棄注冊Kogi商標。

2018年,芝加哥的“阿羅哈生魚蓋飯集團” (“Aloha Poke Co.”)為其店名注冊了商標,并向店名中帶有“阿羅哈”(“aloha”)或“阿羅哈生魚蓋飯”(“aloha poke”)字樣的餐廳發出了禁用通知函。在生魚蓋飯誕生的夏威夷,當地人譴責有一位“大陸人”將當地社區的語言據為己有,隨后引發了一場社交媒體風暴。

杰夫?桑普森在火奴魯魯的 “阿羅哈生魚蓋飯店”( “Aloha Poke Shop”)便是對這場官司深感憂慮的眾多餐館之一。不過后來,阿羅哈生魚蓋飯集團律師發函給他說,由于地理位置的關系,公司“允許”他使用這一名稱。

“他們對‘阿羅哈’和‘生魚蓋飯’注冊商標簡直糟糕透頂了。”桑普森說,“夏威夷生魚蓋飯已經有數百年的歷史了,這就像芝士漢堡一樣,你是沒法拿芝士漢堡來注冊商標的。”

特里建議,如果想拿某個詞或術語注冊商標,不管是食品還是時裝,一定要確保自己不會被他人詬病為漠視文化或濫用文化標簽。

“今天的消費者見識更廣,文化意識也更強。” 特里說,“能提供地道的體驗確實是很好的商業操作。”

尼克爾?范稱,她和丈夫將努力捍衛自己的權益,并堅持使用“自由熊貓”名稱,他們此前已經順利對這一名稱注冊了商標。

但現在,她說,他們沒有做錯事,卻陷入了窘境。(財富中文網)

譯者:馮豐

審校:夏林

責編:雨晨

保爾與尼克爾?范在美國鳳凰城的郊區開了一家融合了亞洲菜和墨西哥菜風味的餐館。起店名時,他們想把中國標志性的動物熊貓和西班牙語里的“自由”結合起來,這樣客人就能知道他們做的什么類型的菜,于是,他們選擇了“自由熊貓” (“Panda Libre”)這個名字。

但這個決定竟然給他們帶來了大麻煩。中餐外賣連鎖店“熊貓快餐” (Panda Express)在上月將他們告上了聯邦法院,稱這家餐館侵犯了其商標權。

這起訴訟顯示,現在餐飲文化不斷演變,但卻跟商標法起了沖突。做亞洲菜或“亞洲口味”的餐館通常會選擇一個能馬上讓客人聯想到亞洲文化的名字,但為這個新名稱注冊商標可能會鬧出爭端,被個體乃至公眾指責為侵權或濫用文化標志。比如,近些年來,像夏威夷語里表示“你好”的 “aloha” ,或當地代表性美食----夏威夷生魚蓋飯的“poke”,很多餐館或快餐車都想用,但卻產生了大量侵權爭議。

紐約營銷商IW Group的特里?王表示,泰餐、印度餐或夏威夷生魚蓋飯等廣受歡迎,做這些菜的快餐店也快速增長,每家店都希望自己能代表飲食背后文化的一部分。他說,對于吸引那些在即刻間就要決定去哪兒吃的消費者來說,擁有一個能夠彰顯菜品是否地道的名稱至關重要。

“有時候你需要這種文化簡稱來傳達這一信息,否則,你就得向人們解釋:‘哦,我們店燒的是中國南方菜。’”特里說。

“熊貓快餐”的母公司是位于加州的“熊貓餐飲集團” (Panda Restaurant Group),其稱,集團自2001年便擁有了提供中餐服務的“熊貓” (“Panda”)商標。這家連鎖餐飲店希望法庭發布禁令,要求“自由熊貓”餐廳銷毀帶有“熊貓”字樣的標識、社交媒體貼文和其他材料。

“那樣的話相當于開一家新公司,光這些我們就已經花了幾十萬美元。 ” 尼克爾?范說,“真要打這場官司,我們會破產的。”

“熊貓快餐”去年銷售額達到了20億美元,盡管如此,他們還是要向“自由熊貓”餐廳索取其去年開業之后的所有利潤,以及懲罰性損失和法律費用。

“通常,為了引起被告的重視,我們會夸大索賠額,” 曾替多家餐廳打官司的芝加哥知識產權律師查爾斯?弗勞卡斯說,“但‘熊貓快餐’不會坐等自己的收益白白從銀行賬戶流失。”

專家說,“熊貓快餐”有權為餐館和食品注冊“Panda”商標。

“如果你拿著‘熊貓’店名來賣熊貓,這樣做可能是行不通的,因為這個名字完全表明了你的經營范圍。”費城前知識產權律師馬克?辛普森說,“這就像你可以注冊為‘全食’超市(注:亞馬遜旗下的超市‘Whole Food‘),但不能‘把‘超市’一詞注冊為商標。”

“熊貓快餐”由程正昌和妻子蔣佩琪于1983年設立,是其熊貓餐飲集團的分支,在全美擁有1900個店面。公司稱,自己有“法律義務來始終如一地保護店面餐館”,但也希望能協商解決問題。

“我們認為可以找到一種辦法,既可以讓這家小企業繼續經營,又可以尊重我們的知識產權,我們依然愿意與相關方面開展對話。”公司郵件回應到。

尼克爾?范說,沒有哪個客人到了“自由熊貓”餐廳后,會以為這里是“熊貓快餐”。她指向了餐廳的標志形象,那是一個穿戴著墨西哥摔跤選手披風和面具的熊貓,跟“熊貓快餐”的標志熊貓截然不同,而且,也有其他餐館在名稱中用了“熊貓”一詞。

熊貓餐飲集團稱,公司是根據“個例”來采取法律行動的,其還稱,公司去年在沒有開展訴訟的情況下和解了多起商標侵權問題。

另外還有一些餐飲企業,因為把代表文化的詞語注冊為商標,遭到了網民的強烈抵制。

2009年,洛杉磯大廚崔洛伊的韓式墨西哥卷餅快餐車(Kogi Korean taco truck)的忠實粉絲們在網上控訴德州墨西哥餐飲連鎖店Tex Mex旗下的Baja Fresh餐廳竊取其理念。崔洛伊的快餐車的名稱“Kogi” 里,用了“gogi”(韓語“肉”)與“K”(意為韓國燒烤)的組合,而Baja Fresh為自家的韓式墨西哥卷餅和商品也注冊了“Kogi”商標。

僅一天之后,Baja Fresh公司就搶注Kogi一事公開道歉,他們稱公司將使用gogi名稱,同時放棄注冊Kogi商標。

2018年,芝加哥的“阿羅哈生魚蓋飯集團” (“Aloha Poke Co.”)為其店名注冊了商標,并向店名中帶有“阿羅哈”(“aloha”)或“阿羅哈生魚蓋飯”(“aloha poke”)字樣的餐廳發出了禁用通知函。在生魚蓋飯誕生的夏威夷,當地人譴責有一位“大陸人”將當地社區的語言據為己有,隨后引發了一場社交媒體風暴。

杰夫?桑普森在火奴魯魯的 “阿羅哈生魚蓋飯店”( “Aloha Poke Shop”)便是對這場官司深感憂慮的眾多餐館之一。不過后來,阿羅哈生魚蓋飯集團律師發函給他說,由于地理位置的關系,公司“允許”他使用這一名稱。

“他們對‘阿羅哈’和‘生魚蓋飯’注冊商標簡直糟糕透頂了。”桑普森說,“夏威夷生魚蓋飯已經有數百年的歷史了,這就像芝士漢堡一樣,你是沒法拿芝士漢堡來注冊商標的。”

特里建議,如果想拿某個詞或術語注冊商標,不管是食品還是時裝,一定要確保自己不會被他人詬病為漠視文化或濫用文化標簽。

“今天的消費者見識更廣,文化意識也更強。” 特里說,“能提供地道的體驗確實是很好的商業操作。”

尼克爾?范稱,她和丈夫將努力捍衛自己的權益,并堅持使用“自由熊貓”名稱,他們此前已經順利對這一名稱注冊了商標。

但現在,她說,他們沒有做錯事,卻陷入了窘境。(財富中文網)

譯者:馮豐

審校:夏林

責編:雨晨

When picking a name for their Asian-Mexican fusion restaurant in suburban Phoenix, Paul and Nicole Fan settled on “Panda Libre,” hoping the mix of China's iconic bear and the Spanish word for “free" would signal to customers the type of cuisine it offered.

That decision could cost them dearly. Chinese takeout chain Panda Express sued them in federal court last month alleging trademark infringement.

The lawsuit showcases how trademark law can collide with an evolving dining landscape, where restaurateurs peddling Asian or Asian “inspired” foods often pick a name that instantly invokes a connection to that culture. But getting a trademark for the new name can lead to ugly and sometimes public clashes over ownership and cultural appropriation. In recent years, businesses have butted heads over whether a restaurant or food truck can legally own the right to use words rooted in Asian American Pacific Islander cultures like “aloha" and “poke.”

The growing popularity of fast-casual restaurants like Thai, Indian, or poke—diced and marinated raw fish—has led to a rush for ownership of certain aspects of that culture, said Telly Wong of IW Group marketing agency in New York City. Having a name that conveys authenticity is crucial when consumers make snap judgments, he said.

“Sometimes you need that cultural shorthand to convey that message," Wong said. “Otherwise, you're explaining to people, 'Oh, at Jack's, we sell southern Chinese food.'”

Panda Express' parent company, Rosemead, Calif.-based Panda Restaurant Group, says it has owned the trademark for “Panda” for Chinese food services since 2001. The chain wants a court injunction and for Panda Libre to destroy signs, social media posts, and other materials with the name.

“It would be like starting a new company. That alone there is hundreds of thousands of dollars in this restaurant,” Nicole Fan said. “Going through this whole ordeal, the lawsuit, will bankrupt us.”

On top of punitive damages and legal fees, Panda Express, which generated $2 billion in sales last year, is asking for all of Panda Libre's profits since it opened last year in Gilbert, about 20 miles (32 kilometers) east of Phoenix.

“Oftentimes it’s overstated—the damages—to get the attention of the defendant,” said Charles Valauskas, a Chicago intellectual property attorney who has represented restaurants. “It's not like (Panda Express is) going to sit there and wait till every last penny is drained from a bank account.”

Experts say Panda Express is within its right to trademark “Panda” for restaurant and food products.

“If you were selling pandas under the name ‘Panda,' you probably wouldn't be able to do that because it’s describing literally what you’re doing,” said Mark Simpson, a veteran intellectual property lawyer in Philadelphia. “It's like trying to trademark the words ‘grocery store.' You could trademark ‘Whole Foods' the grocery store.”

Panda Express, which Andrew and Peggy Cherng launched in 1983 as an offshoot of their Panda Inn restaurants, has more than 1,900 locations nationwide. The company says it has a “legal obligation to consistently protect them" but is hopeful for a resolution.

“We believe there is a path forward that allows for this small business to operate while respecting our intellectual property rights, and we remain open to a conversation with those involved,” the company said in an email.

Nicole Fan says nobody has entered Panda Libre thinking it was a Panda Express. She points to the logo—a panda dressed in a cape and mask like a Mexican wrestler—and the fact that there are other eateries that use “panda.”

Panda Restaurant Group said it takes legal action on a “case-by-case basis." It also says it settled several trademark infringement issues without litigation last year.

Other efforts to trademark cultural words have been met with fierce online backlash.

In 2009, loyalists to chef Roy Choi's Kogi Korean taco truck went online to accuse Tex Mex chain Baja Fresh of stealing his concept. The Los Angeles-based truck's name came from a combination of “gogi,” the Korean word for meat, and “K” for Korean BBQ. Baja Fresh had applied to trademark “Kogi” for its own line of Korean tacos and merchandise.

Within a day, the company publicly apologized for appearing to hijack Kogi. Baja Fresh said it would instead use gogi. It also dropped the trademark pursuit.

In 2018, Chicago-based Aloha Poke Co. trademarked its name and sent cease-and-desist letters to poke restaurants?with “aloha” or “aloha poke” in their names. In Hawaii, the birthplace of the raw fish dish, locals decried a “mainlander” dictating how their community used their own language. A social media firestorm followed.

Jeff Sampson's Aloha Poke Shop in Honolulu was among those worried about a lawsuit. But he got a letter from Aloha Poke Co. attorneys that said he was “allowed” to use the term because of the geographic location.

“That was the worst business decision they made to go after ‘aloha' and ‘poke,'” Sampson said. “Hawaiian poke has been around for hundreds of hundreds of years. It's like a cheeseburger. You can't trademark cheeseburger.”

Wong would advise anyone trying to trademark a word or term—be it for a food or a fashion line—to make sure you're not going to be seen as culturally insensitive or appropriating.

“Consumers are just more informed and culturally aware now,” Wong said. “It's just good business practice to be authentic.”

Nicole Fan says she and her husband will try to fight the lawsuit and hang on to the Panda Libre name, which they had trademarked without problems.

But now, they are at risk for “doing the right thing," she said.

財富中文網所刊載內容之知識產權為財富媒體知識產權有限公司及/或相關權利人專屬所有或持有。未經許可,禁止進行轉載、摘編、復制及建立鏡像等任何使用。
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