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美國(guó)前總統(tǒng)富蘭克林·羅斯福在1933年曾向國(guó)家宣布：“我們唯一值得恐懼的是恐懼本身?！彼窃诿绹?guó)大蕭條期間失業(yè)潮肆虐時(shí)發(fā)表的這番講話。然而，人們?nèi)缃裼窒萑肓送瑯拥氖I(yè)恐懼當(dāng)中。

美國(guó)商務(wù)部前任部長(zhǎng)佩妮·普利茨克稱，超過(guò)75%的美國(guó)家庭對(duì)自動(dòng)化、人工智能和全球化引發(fā)的工作崗位消失感到擔(dān)憂。普利茨克上周一在科羅拉多州阿斯彭市舉辦的《財(cái)富》科技頭腦風(fēng)暴大會(huì)上講話時(shí)指出，這種恐懼是不健康的，而且美國(guó)應(yīng)開展更多的工作，幫助美國(guó)人應(yīng)對(duì)工作環(huán)境的變化。

普利茨克說(shuō)：“在美國(guó)，教育和職業(yè)培訓(xùn)之間存在摩擦。我們應(yīng)提供更多的便利，幫助人們獲取相關(guān)技能。”外交關(guān)系委員會(huì)的一個(gè)工作組最近圍繞該議題發(fā)布了一篇重要報(bào)道，該工作組的負(fù)責(zé)人便是普利茨克。

她還指出，美國(guó)應(yīng)效仿德國(guó)和瑞士的做法，為美國(guó)民眾提供更多實(shí)用的實(shí)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)。普利茨克還強(qiáng)調(diào)，美國(guó)家庭應(yīng)看到，孩子們從十年級(jí)開始便有一條直通職場(chǎng)的道路，而且在未來(lái)職場(chǎng)中，機(jī)器人和機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)將發(fā)揮越來(lái)越大的作用。

美國(guó)不應(yīng)耗費(fèi)過(guò)多的時(shí)間去恐懼自動(dòng)化，而是應(yīng)該投入更多的精力為現(xiàn)狀做準(zhǔn)備，這一觀點(diǎn)也得到了布拉德利·塔斯克的首肯。布拉德利運(yùn)營(yíng)著風(fēng)投資本公司Tusk Ventures。他列舉了自動(dòng)化卡車運(yùn)輸這個(gè)案例，雖然它導(dǎo)致了一些工作的消亡，但也催生出了一些新工作。

普利茨克和塔斯克還發(fā)現(xiàn)，移民是美國(guó)勞動(dòng)力的另一個(gè)痛點(diǎn)。

塔斯克表示：“如果看看民調(diào)，并剔除其中的政治因素，我們就會(huì)知道，美國(guó)民眾希望這些合法移民能夠很好地工作?！彼€指出，移民是眾多頗具爭(zhēng)議的話題之一，這一點(diǎn)大多數(shù)國(guó)家都有同感。他表示，問(wèn)題的源頭在于當(dāng)前的政治體系，其中，激進(jìn)的初選民眾處于統(tǒng)治地位，而反對(duì)者則不斷妥協(xié)并與其達(dá)成共識(shí)。

塔斯克上周一在科技頭腦風(fēng)暴大會(huì)的演講中指出，美國(guó)應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)化其投票系統(tǒng)，從而讓其民眾可以通過(guò)其智能手機(jī)投票。他表示，此舉將提升選民的參與度，同時(shí)選出更多能夠圍繞移民和其他問(wèn)題，推出中間方案的政客。

解決移民僵局可能對(duì)于美國(guó)未來(lái)勞動(dòng)力的健康度至關(guān)重要。普利茨克稱，移民正在推動(dòng)多倫多這類城市的增長(zhǎng)，而美國(guó)奉行的政策，包括配偶簽證限制，加大了美國(guó)吸引人才的難度。

她說(shuō)：“你拿到了H1-b簽證，但你的配偶卻不能工作，這一點(diǎn)聽起來(lái)真的是不可思議?！?

普利茨克和塔斯克都曾表示，如今，美國(guó)政府可能無(wú)法攬獲足夠的政治意愿，來(lái)解決職業(yè)培訓(xùn)和移民這類難題。然而，他們說(shuō)，最有可能出現(xiàn)的改革可能會(huì)源于州或當(dāng)?shù)氐恼?。（?cái)富中文網(wǎng)）

“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself,” President Franklin Roosevelt told the country in 1933. His message came amid the epic unemployment of the Great Depression, but the same fear over jobs is very much alive today.

More than 75% of U.S. households are anxious about job loss related to automation, artificial intelligence, and globalization, according to former U.S. Secretary of Commerce, Penny Pritzker. Speaking at Fortune’s Brainstorm Tech conference in Aspen, Colo., on last Monday, Pritzker said this fear is unhealthy and that the country has to do more to prepare Americans for a changing workplace.

“In the U.S., there’s a friction between education and being ready for work. We need to make it easier for people to get skills,” said Pritzker, who led a task force by the Council on Foreign Relations that recently issued a major report on the issue.

She added that the U.S. should emulate the likes of Germany and Switzerland, and boost the amount of practical apprenticeships available to Americans. Pritzker also stressed that American families need to see a career path from the tenth grade into a workplace in which robots and machine learning will have a bigger and bigger place.

This notion that the country must spend less time fearing automation, and more time preparing for it is shared by Bradley Tusk, who runs the venture capital firm Tusk Ventures. He cited the example of automated trucking, which will eliminate jobs but also give rise to new ones.

Pritzker and Tusk also identified immigration as another pain point in the U.S. workforce.

“If you look at the polling, and get the politics out of it, you see Americans want legal immigration to work well,” said Tusk, who says immigration is among many controversial topics on which most of the country agrees. The trouble, he added, is the current political system, in which activist primary voters hold sway, thwarts compromise and consensus.

Tusk said on stage at Brainstorm Tech on last Monday that the country needs a simpler voting system, in which citizens could cast ballots with their smartphones. He claimed this would increase voter participation and elect more politicians who would enact middle-of-the-road solutions on immigration and other issues.

Solving the immigration impasse may also be critical to the future health of the American workforce. According to Pritzker, immigration is driving growth in foreign cities like Toronto, while the U.S. is pursuing policies, including restrictions on spousal visas, that make it harder to attract talent.

“It’s crazy to say you get an H1-b visa but your spouse can’t work,” she said.

Both Pritzker and Tusk said, for now, the U.S. government may not be able to muster the political will to solve the hard questions over training and immigration. Instead, they said the best chance for reform may come from state and local politicians.