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幾十年來(lái)一直有人在說(shuō)，消除種族貧富差距的關(guān)鍵不是系統(tǒng)性改革，而在于美國(guó)黑人本身要辛勤工作并付出更多努力。4月初，《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》/輿觀（The Economist/YouGov）的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，40%的白人認(rèn)為只要更加努力，黑人就有可能過上和白人一樣好的生活。

我和杜克大學(xué)教授威廉·達(dá)里蒂、紐約新學(xué)院大學(xué)教授達(dá)里克·漢密爾頓共同撰寫了一篇新報(bào)告，名為《在消除種族貧富差距問題上我們錯(cuò)在哪里》（What We Get Wrong About Closing the Racial Wealth Gap）。我們?cè)趫?bào)告中指出，付出更多努力，模仿“成功的”少數(shù)族裔群體或者我們提到的其他一系列“神話”將解決貧富差距不斷擴(kuò)大的問題是錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)。我們還通過研究成果系統(tǒng)性地說(shuō)明，把種族貧富差距歸結(jié)為黑人自身缺陷的所有說(shuō)法都是謬論。

下面這些例子是在種族貧富差距問題上流傳最廣而且最有破壞性的錯(cuò)誤看法：

黑人只是需要更好的工作和教育

平均來(lái)說(shuō)，一家之主擁有大學(xué)本科學(xué)歷的黑人家庭的富裕程度比不上家中主導(dǎo)人物甚至沒有高中文憑的白人家庭。這在一定程度上是因?yàn)楹谌藢W(xué)生使用學(xué)生貸款的可能性較大，學(xué)生貸款數(shù)量較多，而且更有可能因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)問題從大學(xué)退學(xué)。

有些人相信，如果更好的教育不是解決種族貧富差距問題的萬(wàn)能鑰匙，那么辛勤工作就一定能消除這個(gè)差距。然而，在一家之主有工作的情況下，白人家庭的富裕水平是情況類似的黑人家庭的10倍以上。此外，一家之主沒有工作的白人家庭的凈值也高于一家之主從事全職工作的黑人家庭。

我們得開始向黑人提供銀行服務(wù)

以現(xiàn)有基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施而言，黑人擁有的銀行無(wú)力讓黑人的財(cái)富全面大幅增長(zhǎng)。就算這些銀行的資產(chǎn)規(guī)模翻兩番，它們也不會(huì)成為美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的主要力量，更不用說(shuō)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)了。同時(shí)，由于黑人財(cái)富的起點(diǎn)是如此之低，以至于現(xiàn)有黑人消費(fèi)群體能支撐起黑人版摩根大通的說(shuō)法無(wú)異于天方夜譚。

不存在差距

對(duì)于黑人名人不斷增多表明種族財(cái)富差距正在縮小的說(shuō)法，我們同樣持否定態(tài)度。實(shí)際上，奧普拉·溫弗瑞、Jay-Z和勒布朗·詹姆斯的巨額財(cái)富只是掩蓋黑人貧困局面的“墮落面紗”，對(duì)幫助廣大美國(guó)黑人消除種族貧富差距幾乎毫無(wú)作用。

此外，在企業(yè)中，黑人名人基本上一直是人們想象出來(lái)的黑人權(quán)力的代表。許多最富有的美國(guó)黑人的財(cái)富都來(lái)自某個(gè)娛樂領(lǐng)域，他們則頻繁地被刻畫成企業(yè)的主要擁有者，但并沒有人說(shuō)明他們?cè)谀臣夜居卸嗌俟煞莼蚨嗌倏刂茩?quán)。當(dāng)媒體聚攏起來(lái)的幾位非洲裔黑人成為企業(yè)界巨大黑人力量的代表時(shí)，就更難證明有必要通過政策來(lái)消除種族財(cái)富差距了。

我們能做什么？

針對(duì)種族貧富差距問題的解決方案可能需要出臺(tái)重大再分配措施，或者通過其他公共政策的干預(yù)來(lái)幫助美國(guó)黑人積累財(cái)富。其形式可能是針對(duì)黑人的政策，比如高額補(bǔ)償，或者是為所有美國(guó)人消除貧富差距不斷擴(kuò)大的社會(huì)破壞性——由于美國(guó)黑人的富裕程度格外低，這樣的措施將讓他們更多地受益。

達(dá)里蒂和漢密爾頓開創(chuàng)性地提出了“嬰兒債券”概念，按照這個(gè)制度，美國(guó)政府將在所有美國(guó)人出生時(shí)基于其家庭富裕程度在他們的賬戶中存一筆錢，這些孩子到了18歲就可以使用這筆資金。

消除美國(guó)種族貧富差距所需的想象力要求我們敢于走出“神話”。在這個(gè)問題上，帶給我們答案的并不是這些神話，而是實(shí)實(shí)在在的國(guó)家政策。（財(cái)富中文網(wǎng)）

安東尼奧·穆爾是一位在洛杉磯辦公的律師，也是艾美獎(jiǎng)提名紀(jì)錄片《高速公路：體制裂縫》（Freeway: Crack in the System）的制片人之一。他是《赫芬頓郵報(bào)》、新聞網(wǎng)站Newsmax、The Grio和Inequality.org撰稿人，所寫文章涉及種族、入獄人數(shù)激增和經(jīng)濟(jì)問題。在推特和YouTube上也能尋覓到他的蹤跡。

譯者：Charlie

審校：夏林

For decades we have been told that hard work and greater effort on the part of black Americans, not systemic reform, is the key to closing the racial wealth gap. Earlier April a poll from The Economist/YouGov found that 40% of whites think that blacks could be just as well off as whites if they only tried harder.

In a new report I co-authored with William Darity of Duke University and Darrick Hamilton of the New School, “What We Get Wrong About Closing the Racial Wealth Gap,” we state it to be false that trying harder, mimicking “successful” ethnic groups, or a number of other myths we address will correct the issue of growing wealth disparity. In our findings we systematically demonstrate that the narrative that places the onus of the racial wealth gap on black defectiveness is false in all of its permutations.

Here are a few examples of the most widespread and damaging myths about the racial wealth gap:

Blacks just need better jobs and education

On average, a black household with a college-educated head has less wealth than a white family whose head did not even obtain a high school diploma. This is in part because black students are more likely to borrow student loans and take on higher student loan debt, and are more likely than white students to drop out of university because of finances.

Some believe that if higher education is not the panacea for the racial wealth gap, then hard work can close the difference. Yet white households with an employed head have more than 10 times higher wealth than similar black households. Furthermore, white households with an unemployed head have a higher net worth than black households with a head who is working full time.

We need to start banking black

The existing infrastructure of black-owned banks lacks the capacity to produce wide and substantial increases in black wealth. Even if they were to quadruple their assets, black banks would not be major players on the American economic landscape, never mind the global landscape. Moreover, since black wealth is so low in the first place, it is a fantasy to anticipate that the existing black consumer base could build a black-owned equivalent of JPMorgan Chase.

There’s no gap

We also dismiss the suggestion that the growing numbers of black celebrities prove that the racial wealth gap is closing. In reality, the multimillion-dollar fortunes of Oprah Winfrey, Jay-Z, and LeBron James has only covered black poverty with a decadent veil, doing little to help close the racial wealth gap for a broader black America.

In addition, black celebrity has largely been placed at the vanguard of an imagined black power in the corporate world. While many of the wealthiest black Americans derive their fortunes from some form of entertainment, they frequently are portrayed as major corporate owners, without it being made clear how much stake or control they have in a given company. When a handful of African Americans are held up in the media as evidence of significant black corporate power, the necessity of adopting policies to eliminate the racial wealth gap becomes harder to establish.

What can be done?

Solutions for confronting the racial wealth gap will likely require a major redistributive effort or other public policy intervention to build black American wealth. This could take the form of a race-specific initiative like a dramatic reparations program, or a program that addresses the social destructiveness of growing wealth inequality for the entire American population—which would disproportionately benefit black Americans due to their exceptionally low levels of wealth.

The groundbreaking idea of “Baby Bonds,” created by Darity and Hamilton, is a system whereby the government would put money into an account for all children in the U.S. at birth based on their familial wealth level. Those funds would become accessible to them when they turned 18.

The imagination required to move toward closing the racial wealth gap in America requires a daring that moves us beyond mythology. Real national programs, not myths, will move us toward answers for closing the gap in wealth between the races.

Antonio Moore is an attorney based in Los Angeles and one of the producers of the Emmy-nominated documentary Freeway: Crack in the System. He has contributed pieces to Huffington Post, Newsmax, The Grio, and Inequality.org on the topics of race, mass incarceration, and economics. Follow him on Twitter and YouTube.