美國(guó)民主制度的問(wèn)題日益嚴(yán)重,而2022年的中期選舉可能成為民主制度徹底崩潰的時(shí)刻。
專家、政府官員甚至一位行業(yè)大亨都發(fā)出警告,他們擔(dān)憂隨著選民對(duì)美國(guó)的選舉制度和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的法定權(quán)力失去信任,美國(guó)面臨爆發(fā)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的威脅。
億萬(wàn)富翁、全球最大的對(duì)沖基金橋水聯(lián)合基金(Bridgewater)的創(chuàng)始人雷·達(dá)利歐在LinkedIn上警告稱,在即將開始的選舉中,兩黨中的溫和派將失去席位,極端主義者和民粹主義者的比例會(huì)增多。
他寫道:“希望我們能遵守現(xiàn)行的選舉規(guī)則順利完成本次大選,不要因?yàn)檫x舉規(guī)則發(fā)生爭(zhēng)吵,但沒(méi)有人能夠保證。”
但大選順利完成的可能性越來(lái)越低。
據(jù)紐約大學(xué)(New York University)布倫南司法中心(Brennan Center for Justice)統(tǒng)計(jì),2021年的立法會(huì)議期間,49個(gè)州創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄地通過(guò)了440多項(xiàng)限制投票機(jī)會(huì)的法案。這些法案的內(nèi)容包括限制任何美國(guó)公民進(jìn)行新的選舉稽查、對(duì)非故意出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤的選舉官員進(jìn)行刑事處罰等。僅在今年前兩周,有12個(gè)州又提出和預(yù)先提交了96項(xiàng)將增加投票難度的法案,與去年同期相比增加了39%。
布倫南司法中心主席邁克爾·沃爾德曼在一篇報(bào)告中寫道:“同樣令人擔(dān)憂的是,立法者計(jì)劃增加黨派對(duì)選舉管理的干預(yù)。13個(gè)州的立法者預(yù)先提交或提出了41項(xiàng)與此有關(guān)的法案。有些法案將授予州立法機(jī)關(guān)否決選舉結(jié)果的最高權(quán)力。有些法案則以民事或刑事處罰威脅選舉官員,或者由黨派人員主持計(jì)票工作。”
ABC News/Ipsos近期的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),只有20%的民眾對(duì)美國(guó)選舉制度的公正性非常有信心。在調(diào)查結(jié)果公布一年前,即2021年1月6日,美國(guó)爆發(fā)騷亂,時(shí)任美國(guó)總統(tǒng)唐納德·特朗普的支持者沖進(jìn)國(guó)會(huì)大廈,試圖推翻總統(tǒng)大選的結(jié)果,造成五人死亡和數(shù)人受傷。雖然民主黨人(30%)對(duì)選舉制度更有信心的比例高于共和黨人(13%),但兩黨的比例都明顯較低。
2013年,美國(guó)最高法院取消了司法部(Justice Department)民權(quán)司(Civil Rights Division)審查擬定投票權(quán)變動(dòng)以及修正各州可能壓制或稀釋少數(shù)族裔投票的選舉法律和改劃的國(guó)會(huì)選區(qū)的權(quán)力,削弱了該部門的權(quán)限。本周,保守派占多數(shù)的最高法院以5票贊同4票反對(duì),恢復(fù)了阿拉巴馬州擅自改劃的國(guó)會(huì)選區(qū)地圖,否決了地方法院終止使用該地圖的裁定。這份選區(qū)地圖只有一個(gè)預(yù)計(jì)將選出非洲裔代表的選區(qū)。這意味著,這份地圖將被用于該州即將舉行的初選,由于訴訟沒(méi)有結(jié)果,2022年的整個(gè)選舉周期都可能使用這份地圖。
達(dá)利歐表示,對(duì)選舉結(jié)果的信任,對(duì)于維持民主政治的正常運(yùn)行至關(guān)重要,假設(shè)選舉制度是誠(chéng)實(shí)的并且接受領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,這是美國(guó)政府與國(guó)民之間的契約的關(guān)鍵支柱。
他寫道:“如果在選舉中只關(guān)注勝利,不道德的選戰(zhàn)將以自我強(qiáng)化的方式逐漸變得更有影響力。當(dāng)所有人都為了自己的事情各自為戰(zhàn),無(wú)法達(dá)成任何共識(shí)的時(shí)候,這個(gè)制度將瀕臨爆發(fā)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)/革命。”
雖然有人可能認(rèn)為內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的概念非常極端,但冷內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的說(shuō)法在主流媒體中已經(jīng)變得非常普遍。去年晚些時(shí)候,有三位美國(guó)退役將軍在《華盛頓郵報(bào)》發(fā)表了一篇專欄文章,警告稱如果去年1月6日試圖推翻選舉結(jié)果的事情再次發(fā)生,“可能引發(fā)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)”。
周二,伊利諾伊州共和黨眾議院議員亞當(dāng)·金辛格在CNN表示,認(rèn)為美國(guó)不會(huì)爆發(fā)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)是一種天真的想法。就連美國(guó)總統(tǒng)拜登也隱晦地提到了美國(guó)內(nèi)部的緊張對(duì)立。今年1月,拜登在國(guó)會(huì)大廈雕像廳說(shuō)道:“現(xiàn)在,我們必須作出決定。我們將變成一個(gè)怎樣的國(guó)家?我們是否要成為一個(gè)接受政治暴力成為常態(tài)的國(guó)家?”去年1月6日,騷亂者一度沖入了雕像廳。
最新哈佛青年(Harvard Youth)民調(diào)對(duì)18至29歲的美國(guó)人調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),52%的受訪者認(rèn)為美國(guó)的民主制度“出現(xiàn)了問(wèn)題”或者“失靈”。有35%的受訪者預(yù)測(cè)他們有生之年將見證美國(guó)爆發(fā)第二次內(nèi)戰(zhàn),25%的受訪者認(rèn)為至少有一個(gè)州會(huì)脫離美國(guó)獨(dú)立。
加州大學(xué)圣地亞哥分校(University of California, San Diego)政治學(xué)教授、專門從事內(nèi)戰(zhàn)研究的芭芭拉·沃爾特在最近出版的《內(nèi)戰(zhàn)如何爆發(fā)》(How Civil War Starts)一書中寫道:“沒(méi)有人愿意相信他們所熱愛(ài)的民主支付正在衰落或者將走向戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。如果你是一名外國(guó)的分析師,像分析發(fā)生在烏克蘭、象牙海岸科特迪瓦或委內(nèi)瑞拉的事件一樣,研究美國(guó)所發(fā)生的事件,你會(huì)列出一個(gè)核對(duì)清單,評(píng)估可能導(dǎo)致內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)的每一種情況。然后你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),兩個(gè)多世紀(jì)前建立的美國(guó)民主制度已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了非常危險(xiǎn)的境地。”(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:劉進(jìn)龍
審校:汪皓
美國(guó)民主制度的問(wèn)題日益嚴(yán)重,而2022年的中期選舉可能成為民主制度徹底崩潰的時(shí)刻。
專家、政府官員甚至一位行業(yè)大亨都發(fā)出警告,他們擔(dān)憂隨著選民對(duì)美國(guó)的選舉制度和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的法定權(quán)力失去信任,美國(guó)面臨爆發(fā)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的威脅。
億萬(wàn)富翁、全球最大的對(duì)沖基金橋水聯(lián)合基金(Bridgewater)的創(chuàng)始人雷·達(dá)利歐在LinkedIn上警告稱,在即將開始的選舉中,兩黨中的溫和派將失去席位,極端主義者和民粹主義者的比例會(huì)增多。
他寫道:“希望我們能遵守現(xiàn)行的選舉規(guī)則順利完成本次大選,不要因?yàn)檫x舉規(guī)則發(fā)生爭(zhēng)吵,但沒(méi)有人能夠保證。”
但大選順利完成的可能性越來(lái)越低。
據(jù)紐約大學(xué)(New York University)布倫南司法中心(Brennan Center for Justice)統(tǒng)計(jì),2021年的立法會(huì)議期間,49個(gè)州創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄地通過(guò)了440多項(xiàng)限制投票機(jī)會(huì)的法案。這些法案的內(nèi)容包括限制任何美國(guó)公民進(jìn)行新的選舉稽查、對(duì)非故意出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤的選舉官員進(jìn)行刑事處罰等。僅在今年前兩周,有12個(gè)州又提出和預(yù)先提交了96項(xiàng)將增加投票難度的法案,與去年同期相比增加了39%。
布倫南司法中心主席邁克爾·沃爾德曼在一篇報(bào)告中寫道:“同樣令人擔(dān)憂的是,立法者計(jì)劃增加黨派對(duì)選舉管理的干預(yù)。13個(gè)州的立法者預(yù)先提交或提出了41項(xiàng)與此有關(guān)的法案。有些法案將授予州立法機(jī)關(guān)否決選舉結(jié)果的最高權(quán)力。有些法案則以民事或刑事處罰威脅選舉官員,或者由黨派人員主持計(jì)票工作。”
ABC News/Ipsos近期的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),只有20%的民眾對(duì)美國(guó)選舉制度的公正性非常有信心。在調(diào)查結(jié)果公布一年前,即2021年1月6日,美國(guó)爆發(fā)騷亂,時(shí)任美國(guó)總統(tǒng)唐納德·特朗普的支持者沖進(jìn)國(guó)會(huì)大廈,試圖推翻總統(tǒng)大選的結(jié)果,造成五人死亡和數(shù)人受傷。雖然民主黨人(30%)對(duì)選舉制度更有信心的比例高于共和黨人(13%),但兩黨的比例都明顯較低。
2013年,美國(guó)最高法院取消了司法部(Justice Department)民權(quán)司(Civil Rights Division)審查擬定投票權(quán)變動(dòng)以及修正各州可能壓制或稀釋少數(shù)族裔投票的選舉法律和改劃的國(guó)會(huì)選區(qū)的權(quán)力,削弱了該部門的權(quán)限。本周,保守派占多數(shù)的最高法院以5票贊同4票反對(duì),恢復(fù)了阿拉巴馬州擅自改劃的國(guó)會(huì)選區(qū)地圖,否決了地方法院終止使用該地圖的裁定。這份選區(qū)地圖只有一個(gè)預(yù)計(jì)將選出非洲裔代表的選區(qū)。這意味著,這份地圖將被用于該州即將舉行的初選,由于訴訟沒(méi)有結(jié)果,2022年的整個(gè)選舉周期都可能使用這份地圖。
達(dá)利歐表示,對(duì)選舉結(jié)果的信任,對(duì)于維持民主政治的正常運(yùn)行至關(guān)重要,假設(shè)選舉制度是誠(chéng)實(shí)的并且接受領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,這是美國(guó)政府與國(guó)民之間的契約的關(guān)鍵支柱。
他寫道:“如果在選舉中只關(guān)注勝利,不道德的選戰(zhàn)將以自我強(qiáng)化的方式逐漸變得更有影響力。當(dāng)所有人都為了自己的事情各自為戰(zhàn),無(wú)法達(dá)成任何共識(shí)的時(shí)候,這個(gè)制度將瀕臨爆發(fā)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)/革命。”
雖然有人可能認(rèn)為內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的概念非常極端,但冷內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的說(shuō)法在主流媒體中已經(jīng)變得非常普遍。去年晚些時(shí)候,有三位美國(guó)退役將軍在《華盛頓郵報(bào)》發(fā)表了一篇專欄文章,警告稱如果去年1月6日試圖推翻選舉結(jié)果的事情再次發(fā)生,“可能引發(fā)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)”。
周二,伊利諾伊州共和黨眾議院議員亞當(dāng)·金辛格在CNN表示,認(rèn)為美國(guó)不會(huì)爆發(fā)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)是一種天真的想法。就連美國(guó)總統(tǒng)拜登也隱晦地提到了美國(guó)內(nèi)部的緊張對(duì)立。今年1月,拜登在國(guó)會(huì)大廈雕像廳說(shuō)道:“現(xiàn)在,我們必須作出決定。我們將變成一個(gè)怎樣的國(guó)家?我們是否要成為一個(gè)接受政治暴力成為常態(tài)的國(guó)家?”去年1月6日,騷亂者一度沖入了雕像廳。
最新哈佛青年(Harvard Youth)民調(diào)對(duì)18至29歲的美國(guó)人調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),52%的受訪者認(rèn)為美國(guó)的民主制度“出現(xiàn)了問(wèn)題”或者“失靈”。有35%的受訪者預(yù)測(cè)他們有生之年將見證美國(guó)爆發(fā)第二次內(nèi)戰(zhàn),25%的受訪者認(rèn)為至少有一個(gè)州會(huì)脫離美國(guó)獨(dú)立。
加州大學(xué)圣地亞哥分校(University of California, San Diego)政治學(xué)教授、專門從事內(nèi)戰(zhàn)研究的芭芭拉·沃爾特在最近出版的《內(nèi)戰(zhàn)如何爆發(fā)》(How Civil War Starts)一書中寫道:“沒(méi)有人愿意相信他們所熱愛(ài)的民主支付正在衰落或者將走向戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。如果你是一名外國(guó)的分析師,像分析發(fā)生在烏克蘭、象牙海岸科特迪瓦或委內(nèi)瑞拉的事件一樣,研究美國(guó)所發(fā)生的事件,你會(huì)列出一個(gè)核對(duì)清單,評(píng)估可能導(dǎo)致內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)的每一種情況。然后你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),兩個(gè)多世紀(jì)前建立的美國(guó)民主制度已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了非常危險(xiǎn)的境地。”(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:劉進(jìn)龍
審校:汪皓
America has a growing democracy problem, and the 2022 midterm elections could be the moment where it all collapses.
Experts, elected officials, and even a titan of industry have been ringing the alarm bells about what they see as a real threat of civil war as voters lose faith in America’s electoral system and, subsequently, the legal authority of their leaders.
Billionaire Ray Dalio, founder of Bridgewater, the world's biggest hedge fund, took to LinkedIn to warn that moderates would lose seats while extremists and populists in both parties will gain them in the upcoming election.
“Hopefully, but not certainly, we will get through this election with the election rules prevailing without a fight over them,” he wrote.
But that seems increasingly unlikely.
A record-breaking 440-plus bills with provisions that restrict voting access were introduced in 49 states in the 2021 legislative sessions, according to New York University’s Brennan Center for Justice. The bills range from allowing any citizen to conduct new election audits to imposing criminal penalties on election officials for making unintended errors. During the first two weeks of this year alone, another 96 bills have been introduced and pre-filed that would make it harder to vote in 12 states, a 39% increase from this time last year.
“Equally worrying, lawmakers also aim to increase partisan interference in election administration. Legislators in 13 states have pre-filed or introduced 41 such bills,” Michael Waldman, president of the Brennan Center, wrote in the report. “Some would give the state legislature the ultimate power to reject election results. Others threaten election officials with civil or criminal penalties or place partisan actors in charge of vote counting.”
A recent ABC News/Ipsos poll found that just 20% of the public is very confident about the U.S. election system's integrity. The poll was released one year after the Jan. 6, 2021, insurrection, when supporters of President Donald Trump stormed the U.S. Capitol in an attempt to overturn the outcome of the presidential election, resulting in the deaths of five people and numerous injuries. And while more Democrats, 30%, say they’re very confident in the election system overall than Republicans at 13%, the numbers are remarkably low for both parties.
The Justice Department's Civil Rights Division, meanwhile, lost much of its power in 2013 when the Supreme Court ended its ability to vet proposed voting changes and to correct state election laws and redrawn congressional maps that could suppress or dilute minority votes. This week, the Supreme Court, with a conservative majority, ruled 5-4 to reinstate a gerrymandered Alabama congressional map that created only one district that is expected to elect a Black representative, overruling a lower court ruling to suspend it. This means that the map will be used for the state's upcoming primary, and likely for the whole 2022 election cycle as the legal challenge continues.
Trust in election outcomes is vital to retaining a functioning democracy, the assumption of an honest voting system and an acceptance of leadership is the key pillar of the compact made between the U.S. government and its citizens, said Dalio.
“When winning becomes the only thing that matters, unethical fighting becomes progressively more forceful in self-reinforcing ways. When everyone has causes that they are fighting for and no one can agree on anything, the system is on the brink of civil war/revolution,” he wrote.
And while the concept of a civil war may feel extreme to some, talk of a cold civil war has become common in mainstream media. Late last year three retired U.S. generals wrote a Washington Post column warning that another effort to overturn election results like the one on Jan. 6 “could lead to civil war.”
Rep. Adam Kinzinger (R-Il.), said on CNN Tuesday that it would be naive to think a civil war is not possible. Even President Biden has alluded to the growing tensions between Americans. “At this moment, we must decide,” Biden said this January in the Capitol's Statuary Hall, which the Jan. 6 rioters had stormed the previous year. “What kind of nation are we going to be? Are we going to be a nation that accepts political violence as a norm?”
A recent Harvard Youth poll of Americans 18 to 29 found that 52% believe that democracy is either “in trouble” or “failing.” This concern is echoed in the fact that 35% of respondents anticipate a second civil war during their lifetimes, and 25% believe that at least one state will secede.
“No one wants to believe that their beloved democracy is in decline, or headed toward war,” wrote Barbara Walter, a political science professor at the University of California, San Diego, who specialized in civil wars, wrote in her recent book, How Civil War Starts. “If you were an analyst in a foreign country looking at events in America—the same way you’d look at events in Ukraine or the Ivory Coast or Venezuela—you would go down a checklist, assessing each of the conditions that make civil war likely. And what you would find is that the United States, a democracy founded more than two centuries ago, has entered very dangerous territory.”