新冠疫情徹底顛覆了眾多美國雇員的職場,但一項新數據顯示,其中的主力軍為年紀較大的女性,她們借此機會通過在新冠疫情期間退休來躲避風險。
圣路易斯聯邦儲備銀行(St. Louis Federal Reserve)的新報告顯示,嬰兒潮期間出生人口的退休數量超過了美國老年人自然退休的預期數量。2021年10月退休的人數較2020年1月增長了7%,也就是多出了330萬人。
那這些退休者都是誰?事實證明,他們并非只是提前退休那么簡單。在新冠疫情期間退休的人士大體上都是65歲至74歲之間的已婚或喪偶女性,而且從其伴侶那里獲得了一定的財務支持。事實上,65歲至74歲之間的女性在新冠疫情期間退休的概率大約是類似條件男士的11倍。
報告的合著者、圣路易斯聯邦儲備銀行經濟公平研究所(St. Louis Fed’s Institute for Economic Equity)的董事威廉·羅杰斯三世稱:“已婚且擁有這些額外資源的女性宣布退休的可能性更高。”
在年齡65歲及以上的人群中,同樣年齡的黑人和西班牙裔工人退休的可能性要低于白人員工。
——圣路易斯聯邦儲備銀行(@stlouisfed),2022年1月5日
這一點與此前的分析結論存在出入,該分析稱提前退休助長了新冠疫情期間的員工短缺現象。盡管很多嬰兒潮時期出生的人口確實在新冠疫情期間退休了,但圣路易斯聯邦儲備銀行最新的報告在仔細分析了這些人的年齡后發現,很多退休人員年紀較大且出生于嬰兒潮時期,其歲數已經超過了65歲的傳統退休年齡。
羅杰斯對《財富》雜志說:“我原以為會是55歲至64歲的[年齡組],但實際并不是這樣。”他稱這一數據“給出了一個不同的結果”。該數據基于美國人口普查局(Census Bureau)的家庭脈搏調查(Household Pulse Survey)和作者的自我上報退休狀況概率模型,并對比了人口因素、收入和時間。
羅杰斯說,在新冠疫情期間退休的年長女性多在零售、貿易和休閑以及酒店行業工作。這些都是新冠肺炎感染風險最高的行業。這一發現與之前的多項調查不謀而合,這些調查均發現,休閑和酒店行業女性失業數量巨大。
羅杰斯稱:“這些數字逐漸揭示了更多的內容,意味著大量年長女性因為健康原因而離開高風險崗位,她們之所以有能力這樣做是因為自己已經結婚,而且擁有來自其配偶的資源。”
這些年長已婚女性離開工作崗位的另一個原因可能在于,其子女請她們幫忙照看孩子。羅杰斯指出:“這些女性離開可能是為了幫忙照看孩子。”
就種族而言,與同齡白人員工相比,黑人、西班牙裔和美國土著工人退休的可能性更低,但亞洲雇員的退休概率略高于其白人同僚。
意料之中的是,教育在其中也發揮了一定的作用。在這些人當中,非大學學歷人士退休的可能性要高于那些至少接受過一定大學教育的人。考慮到眾多白領工作以及那些通常對體力要求不高的工作,會對文憑或其他認證有要求。
值得注意的是,退休人員的構成——年齡、性別、背景,在新冠疫情期間沒有太大的變化。羅杰斯表示:“某一組群或類型民眾退休的可能性并未發生變化。[退休]人群的構成在新冠疫情前后看起來沒有什么兩樣。”
羅杰斯及其合著者洛厄爾·里基茨稱,很多在新冠疫情期間的退休人員有可能是受到了新冠疫情健康焦慮以及財富歷史收入的驅使。精神健康問題,例如抑郁和倦怠,也起到了推波助瀾的作用。研究人員發現,退休人員的焦慮水平要遠低于同齡上班族。
在新冠疫情期間,很多美國老年人發現其儲蓄有所增加。55歲至69歲人士的平均家庭資產凈值在新冠疫情期間躍升了12%,同時70歲及以上人群的資產凈值則增長了14.8%。
通常來講,退休人員不會完全退出勞動力。在很多情況下,他們會從事第二職業或兼職,因此能夠幫助提振美國可用員工的數量。然而,這一點在新冠疫情期間并未發生,重新進入勞動力的退休人員在數量上出現了下滑。
羅杰斯說,目前,人們對這些在新冠疫情期間退休的員工是否真的會返回崗位存在爭議。其中的主要的爭論焦點在于,人們是否有必要因為財務原因以及持續的安全問題而回歸工作。
他說:“與2021年冬天一樣,接下來的兩個月必然將為春季和今年剩余部分的局勢奠定基調。”(財富中文網)
譯者:馮豐
審校:夏林
新冠疫情徹底顛覆了眾多美國雇員的職場,但一項新數據顯示,其中的主力軍為年紀較大的女性,她們借此機會通過在新冠疫情期間退休來躲避風險。
圣路易斯聯邦儲備銀行(St. Louis Federal Reserve)的新報告顯示,嬰兒潮期間出生人口的退休數量超過了美國老年人自然退休的預期數量。2021年10月退休的人數較2020年1月增長了7%,也就是多出了330萬人。
那這些退休者都是誰?事實證明,他們并非只是提前退休那么簡單。在新冠疫情期間退休的人士大體上都是65歲至74歲之間的已婚或喪偶女性,而且從其伴侶那里獲得了一定的財務支持。事實上,65歲至74歲之間的女性在新冠疫情期間退休的概率大約是類似條件男士的11倍。
報告的合著者、圣路易斯聯邦儲備銀行經濟公平研究所(St. Louis Fed’s Institute for Economic Equity)的董事威廉·羅杰斯三世稱:“已婚且擁有這些額外資源的女性宣布退休的可能性更高。”
在年齡65歲及以上的人群中,同樣年齡的黑人和西班牙裔工人退休的可能性要低于白人員工。
——圣路易斯聯邦儲備銀行(@stlouisfed),2022年1月5日
這一點與此前的分析結論存在出入,該分析稱提前退休助長了新冠疫情期間的員工短缺現象。盡管很多嬰兒潮時期出生的人口確實在新冠疫情期間退休了,但圣路易斯聯邦儲備銀行最新的報告在仔細分析了這些人的年齡后發現,很多退休人員年紀較大且出生于嬰兒潮時期,其歲數已經超過了65歲的傳統退休年齡。
羅杰斯對《財富》雜志說:“我原以為會是55歲至64歲的[年齡組],但實際并不是這樣。”他稱這一數據“給出了一個不同的結果”。該數據基于美國人口普查局(Census Bureau)的家庭脈搏調查(Household Pulse Survey)和作者的自我上報退休狀況概率模型,并對比了人口因素、收入和時間。
羅杰斯說,在新冠疫情期間退休的年長女性多在零售、貿易和休閑以及酒店行業工作。這些都是新冠肺炎感染風險最高的行業。這一發現與之前的多項調查不謀而合,這些調查均發現,休閑和酒店行業女性失業數量巨大。
羅杰斯稱:“這些數字逐漸揭示了更多的內容,意味著大量年長女性因為健康原因而離開高風險崗位,她們之所以有能力這樣做是因為自己已經結婚,而且擁有來自其配偶的資源。”
這些年長已婚女性離開工作崗位的另一個原因可能在于,其子女請她們幫忙照看孩子。羅杰斯指出:“這些女性離開可能是為了幫忙照看孩子。”
就種族而言,與同齡白人員工相比,黑人、西班牙裔和美國土著工人退休的可能性更低,但亞洲雇員的退休概率略高于其白人同僚。
意料之中的是,教育在其中也發揮了一定的作用。在這些人當中,非大學學歷人士退休的可能性要高于那些至少接受過一定大學教育的人。考慮到眾多白領工作以及那些通常對體力要求不高的工作,會對文憑或其他認證有要求。
值得注意的是,退休人員的構成——年齡、性別、背景,在新冠疫情期間沒有太大的變化。羅杰斯表示:“某一組群或類型民眾退休的可能性并未發生變化。[退休]人群的構成在新冠疫情前后看起來沒有什么兩樣。”
羅杰斯及其合著者洛厄爾·里基茨稱,很多在新冠疫情期間的退休人員有可能是受到了新冠疫情健康焦慮以及財富歷史收入的驅使。精神健康問題,例如抑郁和倦怠,也起到了推波助瀾的作用。研究人員發現,退休人員的焦慮水平要遠低于同齡上班族。
在新冠疫情期間,很多美國老年人發現其儲蓄有所增加。55歲至69歲人士的平均家庭資產凈值在新冠疫情期間躍升了12%,同時70歲及以上人群的資產凈值則增長了14.8%。
通常來講,退休人員不會完全退出勞動力。在很多情況下,他們會從事第二職業或兼職,因此能夠幫助提振美國可用員工的數量。然而,這一點在新冠疫情期間并未發生,重新進入勞動力的退休人員在數量上出現了下滑。
羅杰斯說,目前,人們對這些在新冠疫情期間退休的員工是否真的會返回崗位存在爭議。其中的主要的爭論焦點在于,人們是否有必要因為財務原因以及持續的安全問題而回歸工作。
他說:“與2021年冬天一樣,接下來的兩個月必然將為春季和今年剩余部分的局勢奠定基調。”(財富中文網)
譯者:馮豐
審校:夏林
COVID-19 completely upended the workplace for many U.S. employees, but new data shows that it was largely older women who took the opportunity to escape by retiring during the pandemic.
The number of baby boomers who are retiring exceeds the expected number of older Americans set to naturally retire, according to a new report from the St. Louis Federal Reserve. About 7% more people retired in the month of October 2021 compared with January 2020, around 3.3 million.
So who are these retirees? It turns out they’re not just taking early retirement. On the whole, people who retired during the pandemic were women ages 65 to 74 who were married or widowed, and had some financial support from their partner. In fact, women between the ages of 65 and 74 were approximately 11 times as likely as similarly situated men to retire during the pandemic.
“Women have a higher likelihood of announcing they’re retiring and also being married and having these additional resources,” says William M. Rodgers III, a coauthor of the report and director of the St. Louis Fed’s Institute for Economic Equity.
Among people age 65 and older, Black and Hispanic workers were less likely to be retired than their white peers of similar ages https://t.co/pMCWSZfIXy pic.twitter.com/iqnOY5Q0j9
— St. Louis Fed (@stlouisfed) January 5, 2022
That runs contrary to different, earlier analyses that argued the pandemic worker shortage was fueled by early retirements. And while it’s true that many baby boomers did retire during the pandemic, the St. Louis Fed’s latest report drilled down into the ages of those people to find that many of the retirees were older boomers past the traditional retirement age of 65.
“I thought it was going to be the 55 to 64 [age group]. But it really isn’t, Rodgers tells Fortune. He says the data, based on the Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey and the authors’ probability model of self-reported retirement status comparing demographic factors, income, and time, “paints a different picture.”
A larger share of the older women retiring during the pandemic worked in retail, trade, and leisure and hospitality—industries with highest COVID exposure, according to Rodgers. That parallels earlier studies that also found outsize job losses among women in the leisure and hospitality sector.
“These numbers start to tell you a little bit more, suggesting that you had a whole host of older women who for health reasons were getting out of high-exposure occupations—and they’re able to do that because they’re married and have resources from their spouse,” Rodgers says.
Many of these older, married women may also have left the workforce because they were asked to help take care of children, Rodgers says. “These are women who potentially left to go assist with childcare,” he notes.
When it comes to race, Black, Hispanic, and Native American workers were less likely to retire than their white peers of similar ages. But Asian employees retired at slightly higher rates than their white counterparts.
Education, unsurprisingly, also played a role. Those without a college degree were more likely to retire than those with at least some college education. That makes sense considering that many white-collar, and typically less physically demanding jobs, require a diploma or other certification.
It’s worth noting that the composition of retirees—age, gender, background—didn’t change drastically during the pandemic, according to Rodgers: “The odds of certain groups or types of people retiring haven’t changed. The composition of people [retiring] looks very similar pre- versus sort of post-pandemic.”
Rodgers and his coauthor, Lowell Ricketts, report that many of the pandemic retirements were likely driven by anxiety over the health effects of COVID, as well as historic gains in wealth. Mental health issues, such as depression and burnout, also played a role. The researchers found that retirees’ anxiety levels were significantly lower compared with rates among those still employed at similar ages.
During the pandemic, many older Americans have seen a boost to their savings. The average net worth for U.S. households run by those ages 55 to 69 jumped 12% during the pandemic, while net worth rose 14.8% for those 70 and older.
Typically retirees don’t exit the workforce completely. In many cases, they take on second careers or part-time work, which can help bolster the number of available U.S. workers. Yet that hasn’t been the case during the pandemic—the number of retirees reentering the workforce is on the decline.
For now, it’s still up for debate on whether these pandemic retirees will ever return, Rodgers says. Much of it comes down to whether people need to return to work for financial reasons, as well as ongoing issues of safety.
“The next two months will, like last winter, really set the tone for this for the spring and the rest of the year,” he notes.