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揭秘默克爾史詩般的“升職記”

KATI MARTON
2021-10-27

以及她不為人知的另一面。

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安格拉·默克爾(Angela Merkel)到底是誰?這位直言不諱、相貌平平的女性是如何成為世界上最受人尊敬的領導人之一的?

默克爾也許是世界上最注重隱私的公眾人物,圍繞她的謎團隱藏得很深。

在她的帶領下,德國和歐洲渡過了持續已久的重重危機,經歷了全球金融危機、百萬中東難民涌入、另類右派的崛起、特朗普執政、中國崛起,當然還有新冠肺炎疫情。這些現象級的成就說明,有志于在任何領域擔任領導職務的人員,無論男女,都應該學習安格拉·默克爾充滿智慧的成功秘訣。

默克爾其實擁有三重身份——科學家、女性和東德人。她克服重重困難,升任總理并在職十六年。

早年間,她在德國剛統一時的首都波恩擔任政治家。她一邊觀察一邊向前輩們學習,其中包括她最重要的導師——前總理赫爾穆特·科爾(Helmut Kohl)。科爾和其他大多數人都小瞧了她,那時她已經擔任婦女兒童部部長,是一名精明的戰略政治家,甚至還在進行自我改造。作為牧師之女,她學會了如何低調行事。這項品質在她寧靜但殺伐果決的晉升之路上發揮了重要作用。

作為德國歷史上最年輕的部長——時年36歲,而且還是來自東德的女性,默克爾知道所有人都在關注著她。然而,即使對于像默克爾那樣渴望學習新方法的人來說,從東德到西德的道路有時也不好走。

安格拉·默克爾對自己外貌引發的關注感到特別震驚。在東德,可以滿足人們虛榮心的店鋪寥寥無幾。人民百貨公司每季一般只會推出兩款新外套,而“時尚”并不是在售商品。東德人也許衣著寒酸,但大家都習以為常。突然之間,安格拉不入時的發型、平底鞋和不象樣的外套,全都被放到眼前仔細審視了一番。

科爾內閣中“唯二”的另一位東德人,新任科技部長保羅·克魯格(Paul Krüger)回憶說:“我在政治活動中注意到安格拉,她對自己的外表毫不在意,這讓我感到很震驚。她挺引人注目,但很有風度。很難說清楚,但從一開始,我就覺得她與眾不同。她是個有威信的人。”藏而不露(Mehr sein als schein)是安格拉接受的路德宗教義之一。而她的新職業要求重視外表,就對這種處世準則構成了挑戰。德梅齊埃(De Maizière)以及后來的赫爾穆特·科爾都懇請他們的女助手提高默克爾那根本不存在的時尚感。

德梅齊埃回憶稱“安格拉穿得像個學生,涼鞋和寬松的褲子是她的標配”。在他們第一次正式訪問莫斯科前,德梅齊埃曾對自己的辦公室經理說,“請和默克爾博士談一談,如果她仍像那樣打扮,我恐怕無法和她一起去。”當默克爾穿著新衣服去莫斯科時,他試圖鼓勵她,“哇!安格拉,你看起來真不錯!”她非但沒有對這番恭維感到高興,反而“漲得滿臉通紅。整個局面十分尷尬”。對這種情況的疑問可以追溯到20世紀90年代流傳的一個冷笑話:

“默克爾是怎樣處理她的舊衣服的?”

“穿上。”

“對于男士而言,連續一百天穿深藍色套裝都不成問題”,默克爾嘟囔說。“但如果我一件夾克穿了四次,我就會收到市民來信. . .曾經有一名攝影師躺在桌下就為了給我踩彎的鞋跟拍照”。但她一如既往地調整適應。為了不讓自己的外表成為話題,默克爾添置了一衣柜相當于一套男士深色西服的衣服:滿滿一柜都是漢堡一家知名時裝店設計的四四方方的彩色夾克、舒適的黑色褲子和黑色平底鞋。最后,她甚至接受了發型師每日為她打理頭發,作為為工作犧牲的代價。她的老朋友邁克爾·辛德海姆(Michael Schindhelm)緊身連衣裙回憶說,當他在薩爾茨堡音樂節(Salzburg Music Festival)上看到默克爾穿著一條緊身連衣裙(一種褶皺全鑲邊的巴伐利亞民族服飾)時,他感到非常驚訝。“安格拉,這是我第一次看到你穿裙子!”他驚呼,但默克爾卻明顯感到不自在。

然而,當英國外交官保羅·利弗(Paul Lever)稱贊她在奧斯陸歌劇院所穿的華麗晚禮服時,他說:“女士,您看起來棒極了!”默克爾似乎很高興,并談到了一些裙子的細節和它的設計師。但是,媒體對她換下乏味的“制服”裝扮進行了大肆報道,這打消了她再穿裙子的想法。

此外,默克爾在其他公眾形象方面也遭遇了難題。例如,站在講臺面前時手應該如何擺放的問題。她知道她的不安傳達了錯誤的信息。在反復試錯以后,她擺出了“默克爾菱形”,即雙手指尖相觸,這成為了她的標志性手勢。(多年后,她的政黨在政治活動中不僅比出這個手勢,還加上口號“德國的未來掌握在優秀者的手中”。)

盡管有這樣的尷尬,但在上世紀九十年代的波恩,人們普遍認為,這位來自東德的年輕女性躥升得太快了。這倒也是事實,至少說,進入政界不到一年就擔任內閣職務,這是極不尋常的。科爾總理已經開始把她視作門生,此舉讓總理圈子內的其他人以及基民盟的人都惴惴不安,他們認為默克爾不過是個來自東德的插班生,既不受歡迎也不夠格,并沒有贏得她的政治地位。從此以后,喜好在下班時間大談政治的首都各家酒館就經常響起“誰能阻止她”這個話題。

曾經有一個不被默克爾察覺的事實:早在默克爾從政之前,基民盟黨內有12名前途無量的年輕男性,他們聯手創建了一個“工作小組”,而女性(在基民盟的等級制度中,女性本就是罕見物種)被排除在外。這些男性把自己的工作小組稱為“安第斯條約”(Andes Pact),他們都來自富裕的德國工業州,承諾互相支持彼此發跡。這個工作小組的成立相當于發出了明確的提醒信號:女性在黨內高層不受歡迎。

但默克爾是個非常有智慧的人,她開始構建自己的政治基礎,擺脫強勢男性贊助人的影響。她代表前東德的梅克倫堡-前波美拉尼亞地區(Mecklenburg Vorpommern)參與競選,贏得了德國聯邦議院的一個席位(雖然不是擔任內閣職務的必要條件,但大多數部長都是聯邦議院的議員)。岡瑟·克勞澤(Gunther Krause)也曾為默克爾掃清道路,他是當地著名的政治人物,但因與國家安全部(Stasi)的關系而落馬。盡管默克爾并非來自崎嶇多山的波羅的海地區,但在競選時,她與漁民們一起痛飲當地的杜松子酒,以其簡單的情感和年輕派的樂觀主義贏得了支持。身為競選者,她并沒有以高人一等的態度對待選民,或者假裝知曉所有問題的答案,而是身體力行地去傾聽、表示同情。她用自己特有的樸素風格來表達自己,讓當地人相信,她就是他們中的一員。自1990年以來,默克爾在每次聯邦選舉中都被選民選為代表。

默克爾可能沒有意識到,一個由基民盟男性成員組成的秘密網絡一直試圖壓過她。盡管看起來仍是個睜著大眼睛的無辜者,但她對危險的警惕性越來越高。“如果有人比正常人躥升得快,貪婪和嫉妒很快就會抬頭。”她在1991年如是說。“你會受到嚴密的監視,每一個小錯誤都會被記錄下來,然后就是猛烈的反應。”她很反感科爾給予她特殊待遇的想法,也因為科爾經常提及她是他的“小姑娘”(M?dchen)而出離憤怒。“說得客氣一點,我覺得這很煩人。我們的關系從來沒有‘持續的善意’這回事。科爾一直在小心、嚴格地觀察我的工作。”她堅持這樣認為。

不過,她也承認,正是這位德國總理在1991年帶她前往美國,把默克爾介紹給她的崇拜對象羅納德·里根(Ronald Reagan),從此將她推向世界舞臺。(遺憾的是,這位美國前總統那時已經罹患阿爾茨海默癥,風采大不如前。)她第一次進入當時由老布什(George H. W. Bush)掌權的白宮,“在內閣會議室與總統握手時,她的臉上有一種驚奇的表情。”時任美國駐德國大使羅伯特·金米特(Robert Kimmitt)回憶道。

在那次旅行中,科爾問默克爾,自己在東德人的眼里是什么樣的。默克爾不愿意“耍花腔”,在她看來,這是一種罪過。因此,她并沒有說那些本可以脫口而出的恭維之詞。她承認,經過多年的宣傳,東德人通常把他看作卡通人物——科爾被描繪成梨形身材的資本家,被“山姆大叔”支撐著。*對默克爾來說,真實性相比上下迎合、滿足自我需求更重要。她不太擅長偽造情感,也沒有興趣學習如何偽造。

甚至說,她更感興趣反其道而行之:正因為早年時期經常歷經坎坷,默克爾的定力如鋼鐵般堅強。在1991年春天的一次以色列之行中,默克爾幾乎被東道主忽略了,所有人都覺得她只是一個部長助理罷了。她沮喪地流淚情形被媒體報道出來。她當時對赫林德·科爾布(Herlinde Koelbl)承認:“我必須更強硬一些。”

據默克爾回憶,如果說這次以色列之行是以眼淚開始的,旅程的結局卻是截然不同,因為她參觀了加利利海(Sea of Galilee)旁的一座修道院。

“我們站在那里,俯瞰著鄉間的小山。我們看到了加利利海所在的大地。然后,一位修士說,‘這是耶穌下山的地方,而且,耶穌就在這個湖邊遇到了漁夫彼得。再往前走一點,耶穌喂飽了五千人,然后就是平息風暴的故事了’。我熟讀《圣經》,很熟悉在加利利海發生的事情。但是,當我聽到有人直截了當地斷言,那些事情就發生在這里,仍然是相當令人吃驚的。”

默克爾在迷失方向的無盡變化中尋覓立足點,終于在加利利海收獲了靈感。“盡管我有信仰,但并不總是洞察一切、深信不疑的。是的,我有時也會疑慮。”她承認道。這種表態對政治家來說也是不尋常的。但是,在加利利海邊,在本篤會修士與殘疾青年相互扶持的修道院里,默克爾意外發現,與她交談的修士“盡管工作艱難困苦,卻有我所羨慕的力量來源”。

作為總理的默克爾多次往來于以色列。德國與猶太人之間的關系仍然是個令人擔憂的話題,在她的領導之下,這仍然是政府面臨的核心問題之一,也是現代德國需要解決的基本問題之一。但在此次行程之中,默克爾尋求獲得內在力量。在兩年的時間里,她腳踏的土地已經發生了變化。默克爾做出了改變,就像她的國家改過自新一樣。現在,她需要獲得更強大的凝聚力來支撐心中壯志。由于默克爾的個人信仰以及《圣經》影響之下,她經歷的道路將不會一帆風順。

東西德邊境地帶雖有重甲武裝力量坐陣,但長期以來,德國始終是美國無核化倡導的堅定支持者。20世紀90年代,在科爾總理的領導下,德國在經歷了多年緊張局勢后得以喘息。德國實現統一后,戰后機構網絡給作為其中一員的德國帶來了安全感。在這張網絡之下,德國與美國走到了一起,且從1993年開始,與新建立的歐盟攜手。大西洋聯盟迎來了巔峰時期,德國的赫爾穆特·科爾和美國的比爾·克林頓(Bill Clinton),兩人在天賦和弱點上都極為相似,在兩人擔任各自國家領導人期間,德美兩國進入了蜜月期。科爾的目標是將東德和西德合并成一個名副其實的國家。

1994年7月,在一個萬里無云的日子里,克林頓與科爾一起從西柏林步行至東柏林的勃蘭登堡門,此行似乎給過去五十年的兵荒馬亂畫上了完美的句號——1948年柏林封鎖,為了防止城市落入蘇聯手中,英美為首的西方陣營開展了史上規模最大的空中運輸行動:柏林空運。當時,美國向城中絕望的市民們空投了食物、水和藥品;1961年,修建柏林墻,以及美蘇坦克在查理檢查站對峙;1963年,肯尼迪在德國柏林墻邊演講,“我是一個柏林人”;1987年6月,羅納德·里根發表演講,“戈爾巴喬夫先生,推倒這堵墻!”。在科爾的領導下,德國成為了歐洲最大的國家,且迅速成為歐洲大陸的經濟強國。

在科爾的領導班子中,最著名的東德人便是安格拉·默克爾,她也是科爾統一計劃中的一部分。斯特凡·科內柳斯(Stefan Kornelius)關注默克爾的早期政治生涯,并將其編寫成為傳記。他指出:科爾將默克爾視為德國統一的“一種獎品”。雖然科爾能言善辯,一貫精明,但令他沒有想到的是,這個“獎品”有她自己的計劃和野心,愿意靜候佳機。

默克爾在擔任德國聯邦婦女和青年部部長期間表現平平,但她證明了自己是一位懂得變通、非意識形態的政治家,能夠在有爭議的問題上折中解決。例如,在墮胎方面,她雖然反對墮胎合法化,但卻贊成墮胎非刑事化。她其實是個保守派,但卻通常不表現出來,而是繞過問題。

隨著默克爾展示出勤奮、忠誠和謹慎的能力,不久,在1994年,科爾任命默克爾擔任環境部長。面對如此明顯的一次升遷機會,默克爾沒有不假思索地欣然接受,而是再次要求時間考慮一下。幾周來,她一直秘而不宣,這與波恩自我推銷式的一般政治做法不同。科爾搞不清她是否真的對此職位感興趣。但在默克爾心里,對如此高調的一個職位,她只是想看清前景如何。原因在于,德國是歐洲的工業強國,因此,支持政府出臺新環境保護政策,遠非承擔“女性指標(quota Frau)”責任這么簡單。

長期以來,默克爾一直決心不受任何固定身份的束縛,即:既不是東德佬(Ossi)也不是西德佬(Wessi)(這是西德人的說法)。此外,她還抵制“女士(Frau)”的標簽,因為在她看來,女性身份不言自明。1993年5月,默克爾找到了一種途徑,亮明自己是一位女權主義者,盡管相當隱晦。默克爾受邀為一家德國主流女性雜志撰寫書評,針對蘇珊·法露迪(Susan Faludi)的著作:《反挫——誰與女人為敵》(Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women),她寫道:

在領導崗位、媒體、政黨、利益集團、商業中,但凡沒有女性參與的,在頂級時裝設計師和頂級廚師行列,但凡沒有女性身影的,那么,女性榜樣的塑造者便是男性。如果我結婚了,我晉升領導崗位的機會有多大?我流產的幾率有多大?如果我試圖把事業和家庭結合起來,那將給我的孩子帶來什么問題?這些都是老生常談的話題,為了抑制女性發展,這些話題往往會使用負面實例佐證。而這是男性的陰謀,目的是霸占已有的崗位。我認為,平等意味著女性享有平等的權利,可以塑造自己的生活。

安格拉·默克爾是一位女權主義者,這點毫無掩飾。然而,多年來,她一直飽受外界指責,人們批評她在推進女性權益方面做得不夠,因為她在這方面太低調了。對于拿性別歧視開玩笑的行為,盡管她早已滿心怒火,但卻不會當眾讓講笑話的人難堪。默克爾曾經說:“我憤怒地看了他一眼”,然后解釋了自己的處理方法:“后來,在只有我們兩個人的時候,我跟他說這樣做是不對的。”默克爾堅信,她反對性別歧視最有力的武器是在自己的生活中取得成功,以此起到帶頭作用,給他人以激勵。

默克爾在女權和其他領域的領導方法不是占領輿論高地。(財富中文網)

摘自:《默克爾傳:一場卓越的史詩之旅》,作者:凱蒂·馬頓 ? 凱蒂·馬頓 2021年版權所有。經西蒙與舒斯特出版集團(Simon & Schuster, Inc.)許可轉載。

譯者:傳神

安格拉·默克爾(Angela Merkel)到底是誰?這位直言不諱、相貌平平的女性是如何成為世界上最受人尊敬的領導人之一的?

默克爾也許是世界上最注重隱私的公眾人物,圍繞她的謎團隱藏得很深。

在她的帶領下,德國和歐洲渡過了持續已久的重重危機,經歷了全球金融危機、百萬中東難民涌入、另類右派的崛起、特朗普執政、中國崛起,當然還有新冠肺炎疫情。這些現象級的成就說明,有志于在任何領域擔任領導職務的人員,無論男女,都應該學習安格拉·默克爾充滿智慧的成功秘訣。

默克爾其實是一個擁有三重身份——科學家、女性和東德人。她克服重重困難,升任總理并在職十六年。

早年間,她在德國剛統一時的首都波恩擔任政治家。她一邊觀察一邊向前輩們學習,其中包括她最重要的導師——前總理赫爾穆特·科爾(Helmut Kohl)。科爾和其他大多數人都小瞧了她,那時她已經擔任婦女兒童部部長,是一名精明的戰略政治家,甚至還在進行自我改造。作為牧師之女,她學會了如何低調行事。這項品質在她寧靜但殺伐果決的晉升之路上發揮了重要作用。

作為德國歷史上最年輕的部長——時年36歲,而且還是來自東德的女性,默克爾知道所有人都在關注著她。然而,即使對于像默克爾那樣渴望學習新方法的人來說,從東德到西德的道路有時也不好走。

安格拉·默克爾對自己外貌引發的關注感到特別震驚。在東德,可以滿足人們虛榮心的店鋪寥寥無幾。人民百貨公司每季一般只會推出兩款新外套,而“時尚”并不是在售商品。東德人也許衣著寒酸,但大家都習以為常。突然之間,安格拉不入時的發型、平底鞋和不象樣的外套,全都被放到眼前仔細審視了一番。

科爾內閣中“唯二”的另一位東德人,新任科技部長保羅·克魯格(Paul Krüger)回憶說:“我在政治活動中注意到安格拉,她對自己的外表毫不在意,這讓我感到很震驚。她挺引人注目,但很有風度。很難說清楚,但從一開始,我就覺得她與眾不同。她是個有威信的人。”藏而不露(Mehr sein als schein)是安格拉接受的路德宗教義之一。而她的新職業要求重視外表,就對這種處世準則構成了挑戰。德梅齊埃(De Maizière)以及后來的赫爾穆特·科爾都懇請他們的女助手提高默克爾那根本不存在的時尚感。

德梅齊埃回憶稱“安格拉穿得像個學生,涼鞋和寬松的褲子是她的標配”。在他們第一次正式訪問莫斯科前,德梅齊埃曾對自己的辦公室經理說:請和默克爾博士談一談,如果她仍像那樣打扮,我恐怕無法和她一起去。”當默克爾穿著新衣服去莫斯科時,他試圖鼓勵她,“哇!安格拉,你看起來真不錯!”她非但沒有對這番恭維感到高興,反而“漲得滿臉通紅。整個局面十分尷尬”。對這種情況的疑問可以追溯到20世紀90年代流傳的一個冷笑話:

“默克爾是怎樣處理她的舊衣服的?”

“穿上。”

“對于男士而言,連續一百天穿深藍色套裝都不成問題”,默克爾嘟囔說。“但如果我一件夾克穿了四次,我就會收到市民來信......曾經有一名攝影師躺在桌下就為了給我踩彎的鞋跟拍照”。但她一如既往地調整適應。為了不讓自己的外表成為話題,默克爾添置了一衣柜相當于一套男士深色西服的衣服:滿滿一柜都是漢堡一家知名時裝店設計的四四方方的彩色夾克、舒適的黑色褲子和黑色平底鞋。最后,她甚至接受了發型師每日為她打理頭發,作為為工作犧牲的代價。她的老朋友邁克爾·辛德海姆(Michael Schindhelm)回憶說,當他在薩爾茨堡音樂節(Salzburg Music Festival)上看到默克爾穿著一條緊身連衣裙(一種褶皺全鑲邊的巴伐利亞民族服飾)時,他感到非常驚訝。“安格拉,這是我第一次看到你穿裙子!”他驚呼,但默克爾卻明顯感到不自在。

然而,當英國外交官保羅·利弗(Paul Lever)稱贊她在奧斯陸歌劇院所穿的華麗晚禮服時,他說:“女士,您看起來棒極了!”默克爾似乎很高興,并談到了一些裙子的細節和它的設計師。但是,媒體對她換下乏味的“制服”裝扮進行了大肆報道,這打消了她再穿裙子的想法。

此外,默克爾在其他公眾形象方面也遭遇了難題。例如,站在講臺面前時手應該如何擺放的問題。她知道她的不安傳達了錯誤的信息。在反復試錯以后,她擺出了“默克爾菱形”,即雙手指尖相觸,這成為了她的標志性手勢。(多年后,她的政黨在政治活動中不僅比出這個手勢,還加上口號“德國的未來掌握在優秀者的手中”。)

盡管有這樣的尷尬,但在上世紀九十年代的波恩,人們普遍認為,這位來自東德的年輕女性躥升得太快了。這倒也是事實,至少說,進入政界不到一年就擔任內閣職務,這是極不尋常的。科爾總理已經開始把她視作門生,此舉讓總理圈子內的其他人以及基民盟的人都惴惴不安,他們認為默克爾不過是個來自東德的插班生,既不受歡迎也不夠格,并沒有贏得她的政治地位。從此以后,喜好在下班時間大談政治的首都各家酒館就經常響起“誰能阻止她”這個話題。

曾經有一個不被默克爾察覺的事實:早在默克爾從政之前,基民盟黨內有12名前途無量的年輕男性,他們聯手創建了一個“工作小組”,而女性(在基民盟的等級制度中,女性本就是罕見物種)被排除在外。這些男性把自己的工作小組稱為“安第斯條約”(Andes Pact),他們都來自富裕的德國工業州,承諾互相支持彼此發跡。這個工作小組的成立相當于發出了明確的提醒信號:女性在黨內高層不受歡迎。

但默克爾是個非常有智慧的人,她開始構建自己的政治基礎,擺脫強勢男性贊助人的影響。她代表前東德的梅克倫堡-前波美拉尼亞地區(Mecklenburg Vorpommern)參與競選,贏得了德國聯邦議院的一個席位(雖然不是擔任內閣職務的必要條件,但大多數部長都是聯邦議院的議員)。岡瑟·克勞澤(Gunther Krause)也曾為默克爾掃清道路,他是當地著名的政治人物,但因與國家安全部(Stasi)的關系而落馬。盡管默克爾并非來自崎嶇多山的波羅的海地區,但在競選時,她與漁民們一起痛飲當地的杜松子酒,以其簡單的情感和年輕派的樂觀主義贏得了支持。身為競選者,她并沒有以高人一等的態度對待選民,或者假裝知曉所有問題的答案,而是身體力行地去傾聽、表示同情。她用自己特有的樸素風格來表達自己,讓當地人相信,她就是他們中的一員。自1990年以來,默克爾在每次聯邦選舉中都被選民選為代表。

默克爾可能沒有意識到,一個由基民盟男性成員組成的秘密網絡一直試圖壓過她。盡管看起來仍是個睜著大眼睛的無辜者,但她對危險的警惕性越來越高。“如果有人比正常人躥升得快,貪婪和嫉妒很快就會抬頭。”她在1991年如是說。“你會受到嚴密的監視,每一個小錯誤都會被記錄下來,然后就是猛烈的反應。”她很反感科爾給予她特殊待遇的想法,也因為科爾經常提及她是他的“小姑娘”(M?dchen)而出離憤怒。“說得客氣一點,我覺得這很煩人。我們的關系從來沒有‘持續的善意’這回事。科爾一直在小心、嚴格地觀察我的工作。”她堅持這樣認為。

不過,她也承認,正是這位德國總理在1991年帶她前往美國,把默克爾介紹給她的崇拜對象羅納德·里根(Ronald Reagan),從此將她推向世界舞臺。(遺憾的是,這位美國前總統那時已經罹患阿爾茨海默癥,風采大不如前。)她第一次進入當時由老布什(George H. W. Bush)掌權的白宮,“在內閣會議室與總統握手時,她的臉上有一種驚奇的表情。”時任美國駐德國大使羅伯特·金米特(Robert Kimmitt)回憶道。

在那次旅行中,科爾問默克爾,自己在東德人的眼里是什么樣的。默克爾不愿意“耍花腔”,在她看來,這是一種罪過。因此,她并沒有說那些本可以脫口而出的恭維之詞。她承認,經過多年的宣傳,東德人通常把他看作卡通人物——科爾被描繪成梨形身材的資本家,被“山姆大叔”支撐著。*對默克爾來說,真實性相比上下迎合、滿足自我需求更重要。她不太擅長偽造情感,也沒有興趣學習如何偽造。

甚至說,她更感興趣反其道而行之:正因為早年時期經常歷經坎坷,默克爾的定力如鋼鐵般堅強。在1991年春天的一次以色列之行中,默克爾幾乎被東道主忽略了,所有人都覺得她只是一個部長助理罷了。她沮喪地流淚情形被媒體報道出來。她當時對赫林德·科爾布(Herlinde Koelbl)承認:“我必須更強硬一些。”

據默克爾回憶,如果說這次以色列之行是以眼淚開始的,旅程的結局卻是截然不同,因為她參觀了加利利海(Sea of Galilee)旁的一座修道院。

“我們站在那里,俯瞰著鄉間的小山。我們看到了加利利海所在的大地。然后,一位修士說:‘這是耶穌下山的地方,而且,耶穌就在這個湖邊遇到了漁夫彼得。再往前走一點,耶穌喂飽了五千人,然后就是平息風暴的故事了。’我熟讀《圣經》,很熟悉在加利利海發生的事情。但是,當我聽到有人直截了當地斷言,那些事情就發生在這里,仍然是相當令人吃驚的。”

默克爾在迷失方向的無盡變化中尋覓立足點,終于在加利利海收獲了靈感。“盡管我有信仰,但并不總是洞察一切、深信不疑的。是的,我有時也會疑慮。”她承認道。這種表態對政治家來說也是不尋常的。但是,在加利利海邊,在本篤會修士與殘疾青年相互扶持的修道院里,默克爾意外發現,與她交談的修士“盡管工作艱難困苦,卻有我所羨慕的力量來源”。

作為總理的默克爾多次往來于以色列。德國與猶太人之間的關系仍然是個令人擔憂的話題,在她的領導之下,這仍然是政府面臨的核心問題之一,也是現代德國需要解決的基本問題之一。但在此次行程之中,默克爾尋求獲得內在力量。在兩年的時間里,她腳踏的土地已經發生了變化。默克爾做出了改變,就像她的國家改過自新一樣。現在,她需要獲得更強大的凝聚力來支撐心中壯志。由于默克爾的個人信仰以及《圣經》影響之下,她經歷的道路將不會一帆風順。

東西德邊境地帶雖有重甲武裝力量坐陣,但長期以來,德國始終是美國無核化倡導的堅定支持者。20世紀90年代,在科爾總理的領導下,德國在經歷了多年緊張局勢后得以喘息。德國實現統一后,戰后機構網絡給作為其中一員的德國帶來了安全感。在這張網絡之下,德國與美國走到了一起,且從1993年開始,與新建立的歐盟攜手。大西洋聯盟迎來了巔峰時期,德國的赫爾穆特·科爾和美國的比爾·克林頓(Bill Clinton),兩人在天賦和弱點上都極為相似,在兩人擔任各自國家領導人期間,德美兩國進入了蜜月期。科爾的目標是將東德和西德合并成一個名副其實的國家。

1994年7月,在一個萬里無云的日子里,克林頓與科爾一起從西柏林步行至東柏林的勃蘭登堡門,此行似乎給過去五十年的兵荒馬亂畫上了完美的句號——1948年柏林封鎖,為了防止城市落入蘇聯手中,英美為首的西方陣營開展了史上規模最大的空中運輸行動:柏林空運。當時,美國向城中絕望的市民們空投了食物、水和藥品;1961年,修建柏林墻,以及美蘇坦克在查理檢查站對峙;1963年,肯尼迪在德國柏林墻邊演講,“我是一個柏林人”;1987年6月,羅納德·里根發表演講,“戈爾巴喬夫先生,推倒這堵墻!”。在科爾的領導下,德國成為了歐洲最大的國家,且迅速成為歐洲大陸的經濟強國。

在科爾的領導班子中,最著名的東德人便是安格拉·默克爾,她也是科爾統一計劃中的一部分。斯特凡·科內柳斯(Stefan Kornelius)關注默克爾的早期政治生涯,并將其編寫成為傳記。他指出:科爾將默克爾視為德國統一的“一種獎品”。雖然科爾能言善辯,一貫精明,但令他沒有想到的是,這個“獎品”有她自己的計劃和野心,愿意靜候佳機。

默克爾在擔任德國聯邦婦女和青年部部長期間表現平平,但她證明了自己是一位懂得變通、非意識形態的政治家,能夠在有爭議的問題上折中解決。例如,在墮胎方面,她雖然反對墮胎合法化,但卻贊成墮胎非刑事化。她其實是個保守派,但卻通常不表現出來,而是繞過問題。

隨著默克爾展示出勤奮、忠誠和謹慎的能力,不久,在1994年,科爾任命默克爾擔任環境部長。面對如此明顯的一次升遷機會,默克爾沒有不假思索地欣然接受,而是再次要求給時間考慮一下。幾周來,她一直秘而不宣,這與波恩自我推銷式的一般政治做法不同。科爾搞不清她是否真的對此職位感興趣。但在默克爾心里,對如此高調的一個職位,她只是想看清前景如何。原因在于,德國是歐洲的工業強國,因此,支持政府出臺新環境保護政策,遠非承擔“女性指標(quota Frau)”責任這么簡單。

長期以來,默克爾一直決心不受任何固定身份的束縛,即:既不是東德佬(Ossi)也不是西德佬(Wessi)(這是西德人的說法)。此外,她還抵制“女士(Frau)”的標簽,因為在她看來,女性身份不言自明。1993年5月,默克爾找到了一種途徑,亮明自己是一位女權主義者,盡管相當隱晦。默克爾受邀為一家德國主流女性雜志撰寫書評,針對蘇珊·法露迪(Susan Faludi)的著作:《反挫——誰與女人為敵》(Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women),她寫道:

在領導崗位、媒體、政黨、利益集團、商業中,但凡沒有女性參與的,在頂級時裝設計師和頂級廚師行列,但凡沒有女性身影的,那么,女性榜樣的塑造者便是男性。如果我結婚了,我晉升領導崗位的機會有多大?我流產的幾率有多大?如果我試圖把事業和家庭結合起來,那將給我的孩子帶來什么問題?這些都是老生常談的話題,為了抑制女性發展,這些話題往往會使用負面實例佐證。而這是男性的陰謀,目的是霸占已有的崗位。我認為,平等意味著女性享有平等的權利,可以塑造自己的生活。

安格拉·默克爾是一位女權主義者,這點毫無掩飾。然而,多年來,她一直飽受外界指責,人們批評她在推進女性權益方面做得不夠,因為她在這方面太低調了。對于拿性別歧視開玩笑的行為,盡管她早已滿心怒火,但卻不會當眾讓講笑話的人難堪。默克爾曾經說:“我憤怒地看了他一眼”,然后解釋了自己的處理方法:“后來,在只有我們兩個人的時候,我跟他說這樣做是不對的。”默克爾堅信,她反對性別歧視最有力的武器是在自己的生活中取得成功,以此起到帶頭作用,給他人以激勵。

默克爾在女權和其他領域的領導方法不是占領輿論高地。(財富中文網)

摘自:《默克爾傳:一場卓越的史詩之旅》,作者:凱蒂·馬頓 ? 凱蒂·馬頓 2021年版權所有。經西蒙與舒斯特出版集團(Simon & Schuster, Inc.)許可轉載。

譯者:傳神

Just who is Angela Merkel, and how did this plainspoken, uncharismatic woman become the world’s most respected leader?

The mystery surrounding Merkel is deep; she may be the most private public figure in the world. Yet study her life and career we must if we are to understand our era. Her phenomenal achievements in navigating Germany and Europe through rolling crises—from the global financial meltdown to the arrival of one million Middle Eastern refugees, the rise of the alt-right, the Trump presidency, China’s ascendancy and, of course, COVID—mean that men and women aspiring to leadership in any field would do well to learn from Angela Merkel’s subtle formula for success.

In this excerpt, I explore how Merkel overcame liabilities as a triple outsider—a scientist, a woman, and an East German—to ascend to the chancellery, where she’d hold on for power for sixteen long years.

Here, we see her in her early days as a politician in Bonn, the capital of a newly unified Germany, as she observes and learns from her elders—including her most important mentor, Chancellor Helmut Kohl. Underestimated by Kohl and by most others, she is already in her years as Minister for Woman and Youth a canny and strategic politician, even as she is reinventing herself. As a pastor’s daughter growing up in atheist, communist East Germany, she learned not to call attention to herself, a skill that would serve her well in her quiet but relentless ascent.

As Germany’s youngest minister in history at the age of just 36—and a woman from the East, to boot—Merkel knew that all eyes were on her. But even for someone as avid to learn new ways as Merkel, the passage from East to West Germany was sometimes rough.

Angela was particularly shocked at the attention focused on her appearance. In East Germany, there were few outlets for vanity. “Fashion” was not really on offer in the Peoples’ Department stores, which generally featured two new styles of coats per season. The population may have been shabby, but they were uniformly so. Suddenly Angela’s unfashionable hair- cuts, flat shoes, and shapeless coats were all scrutinized. The only other East German in Kohl’s Cabinet, Paul Krüger, the new minister of research and technology, recalled, “I had noticed Angela at political events and was struck by how little she cared about her appearance. That was striking. And yet she had presence. It’s hard to explain this, but from the outset, I had the feeling that she was different. She had an authority.” Mehr sein als schein— to be more than to be seen to be—was one of Angela’s Lutheran edicts; now that was being challenged by the demands of her new profession, which put a premium on appearance. De Maizière and, later, Helmut Kohl, pleaded with their female assistants (and, in Kohl’s case, his wife) to work on Merkel’s nonexistent fashion sense. “Angela dressed like a student in those days: sandals, baggy pants,” de Maizière recalled. Before their first official trip to Moscow, he asked his office manager, “Please talk to Dr. Merkel. I can’t travel with her if she looks like that.” When Merkel showed up in a new outfit for the trip, he attempted to encourage her, saying, “Wow! You look great, Angela!” Instead of seeming pleased by the compliment, “She turned beet red. The entire situation was very embarrassing for her.” The challenges of the situation were summed up in a lame joke that made the rounds back in the 1990s:

“What does Merkel do with her old clothes?”

“She wears them.”

“For a man, it’s no problem at all to wear a dark-blue suit a hundred days in a row,” Merkel grumbled. “But if I wear the same jacket four times, I receive letters from citizens. . . . I once had a photographer lying under the table to take a picture of my crooked heels.” But, as always, she adapted. Merkel made her appearance a nonstory by building a wardrobe that was her equivalent of a man’s dark suit: a closetful of boxy, colorful jackets designed by a reputable Hamburg fashion house, comfortable black pants, and black flats. Eventually she even accepted the daily intervention of a hair stylist as part of the price of doing her job. Her old friend Michael Schindhelm recalled his surprise at once seeing Merkel wearing a dirndl—the frilly, full-skirted Bavarian folk costume—at the Salzburg Music Festival. “Angela, that’s the first time I’ve ever seen you in a dress!” he exclaimed, to Merkel’s visible discomfort.

Nevertheless, when British diplomat Paul Lever complimented her on the glamorous evening gown she wore to the Oslo Opera House, saying, “Madame Chancellor, you look great!” Merkel seemed pleased, and went into some detail regarding the dress and its designer. However, the media’s excited coverage of her departure from her predictable “uniform” discouraged her from ever wearing the dress again.

Merkel also struggled with other aspects of public presentation; what to do with her hands when she stood at a lectern, for instance. She under- stood that her fidgeting sent the wrong message. After trial and error, she landed on the “Merkel rhombus”: fingertips pressed together in what has since become her signature. (Years later, her party would use the emoticon in political campaigns, along with the slogan “Germany’s future in good hands.”)

Despite such awkwardness, there was a widespread feeling in Bonn in the nineties that the young woman from the East was rising too fast—in- deed, a Cabinet post within a year of entering politics was unusual, to say the least. Chancellor Kohl had begun treating her as a protégé, which disturbed others in his circle as well as those in the CDU who regarded her as an unwelcome and unqualified interloper from the East who had not earned her political stripes. Who would stop her was a topic of after-hours conversations in the capital’s political watering holes. Merkel was oblivious to the fact that twelve promising young men in her party had created a “working group” from which women (a rare species in the CDU hierarchy) were excluded. Called the Andes Pact, the men—all from rich, industrial German L?nder (states)—pledged to support one another’s rise, a pointed reminder that women were unwelcome in the party’s higher echelons.

Wise enough to build her own base independent of powerful male patrons, she campaigned for and won a seat in the Bundestag, the German federal parliament (though not a requirement for a cabinet position, most ministers are members of the Bundestag), representing the formerly East German region of Mecklenburg Vorpommern. The path had been cleared for her by Gunther Krause, a prominent local politician who also fell from grace as a result of his Stasi connections. Though Merkel wasn’t from the rugged Baltic region, while campaigning, she gamely knocked back shots of the local schnapps with fishermen and won support with her simple affect and youthful optimism. As a campaigner, she did not patronize or pretend to have all the answers, but mostly listened, sympathized, and expressed herself in her characteristic plain style, convincing locals that she was one of them. They reelected her their representative in every federal election since 1990.

Merkel may not have been aware of a secret network of CDU men seeking to outshine her and may have appeared to be the wide-eyed innocent, but she was increasingly alert to the danger. “[I]f someone rises faster than normal, greed and envy soon rear their heads,” she noted in 1991. “You are under close scrutiny, and every little mistake will be registered and followed by a sharp reaction.” She resented the idea that Kohl gave her special treatment and bridled at the frequent references to her as his M?dchen, or young lady. “I find it annoying, to put it mildly. Our relationship . . . is not characterized by continuous goodwill. Kohl carefully and critically observes my work,” she insisted.

She did admit, however, that it was the German chancellor who launched her on the world stage by taking her to America in 1991, where he introduced Merkel to her hero Ronald Reagan. (By then, sadly, the former president was much diminished by Alzheimer’s disease.) Her first time in the White House, then occupied by George H. W. Bush, “there was a look of wonderment on her face when she shook hands with the president in the Cabinet Room,” recalled Robert Kimmitt, the US ambassador to Germany at the time.

On that trip, Kohl asked Merkel how he was regarded by East Germans. Not willing to be “inauthentic”—a sin by her lights—Merkel resisted the easy appeal of flattery. She admitted that, after years of propaganda, they generally saw him as a cartoonish figure—depicted as a pear-shaped capitalist with Uncle Sam propping him up.* Authenticity was more important to her than stroking needy egos. She wasn’t much good at faking emotions, nor interested in learning how.

She was interested, however, in doing the opposite: it was during those sometimes rocky early years that Merkel mastered steely composure. On a trip to Israel in the spring of 1991, she was all but ignored by her hosts, who assumed she was a ministerial assistant. Some in the media reported on her tears of frustration. “I have to be tougher,” she acknowledged to Herlinde Koelbl at the time.

If the trip to Israel started with tears, Merkel recalled how differently it ended, with a visit to a monastery on the Sea of Galilee:

“We stood overlooking the countryside with its hills. We saw the ground where the Sea of Galilee is located. Then a monk said, ‘This is where Jesus came down the hill, and, at this lake, Jesus met Peter, the fisherman. . . . And a bit farther, he fed the five thousand, and then he had the experience with the storm.’ I am familiar with the Bible and with what happened at the Sea of Galilee. But to hear someone simply assert that this is what happened, right here, was something quite startling.”

Searching for grounding amid disorienting change, Merkel found inspiration at the Sea of Galilee. “I am not always clear and sure in my faith. I sometimes have doubts,” she admitted, unusual for a politician. But there, by the Sea of Galilee, in a monastery where Benedictine brothers worked with youth with disabilities, she found the monk she was speaking with “had a source of strength in his difficult work that I envied.”

As chancellor, Merkel would return many times to Israel, making the still-fraught topic of the German-Jewish relationship one of the core issues of her administration—and one of the foundations of modern Germany. But on this first trip, it was inner strength she sought. In the space of two years, the ground had shifted beneath her. She had transformed herself—as her country had been transformed. Now her ambition needed a stronger anchor. Her private faith, and the Bible, would steady her sometimes rocky path.

Germany, the heavily armed frontier between East and West, had long stood at the epicenter of America’s effort to avert nuclear Armageddon. In the 1990s, under Chancellor Kohl, the country enjoyed a breathing spell after years of high tension. With unification achieved, Germany felt safe as part of a network of postwar institutions that bound it to the United States and, beginning in 1993, to the new European Union. The Atlantic alliance enjoyed its peak years, embodied by the warm friendship between Helmut Kohl and Bill Clinton—two men of remarkably similar gifts and vulnerabilities. Kohl’s goal was the merger of East and West Germany into a single nation—in more than name. When Clinton and Kohl walked together through the Brandenburg Gate from West to East Berlin on a cloud- less day in July 1994, it seemed the perfect finale to the high drama of the last fifty years: the Berlin Airlift in 1948, when the United States airlifted food, water, and medicine to the desperate citizens of the besieged city in response to a Soviet blockade; the building of the wall, and the confrontation between American and Soviet tanks at Checkpoint Charlie in 1961; President Kennedy’s “Ich bin ein Berliner” address in 1963; and Ronald Reagan’s plea “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” in June 1987. Under Kohl, Germany became Europe’s largest country and soon the Continent’s economic powerhouse.

Angela Merkel, the most prominent East German in Kohl’s government, was part of the chancellor’s plan to merge the two parts into a whole. Stefan Kornelius, the author of an early political biography of Merkel, noted that Kohl treated her as “a kind of trophy” of German unification. What the garrulous and normally shrewd Kohl did not calculate was that his “trophy” had plans and ambitions of her own and was willing to bide her time to realize them.

As minister for women and youth, Merkel broke no ground, but she proved a supple, nonideological politician able to compromise on controversial matters. For instance, regarding abortion, she opposed legalizing it, but was in favor of decriminalizing it. She often kept her own rather conservative views to herself and basically punted on the issue.

With Merkel having demonstrated her capacity for hard word, loyalty, and discretion, Kohl soon offered her the more prestigious environment portfolio in 1994. Instead of an immediate, enthusiastic “Yes!” for this obvious promotion, Angela once again requested time to think it over. For several weeks, she kept the news to herself—a departure from Bonn’s general political custom of self-promotion. Kohl wondered if she was actually even interested. But Merkel was merely attempting to get a feel for what lay ahead for her in such a high-profile position. Championing the government’s relatively new environmental protection policies in the industrial powerhouse of Europe was far from a “quota Frau” responsibility.

Merkel had long been determined not to be pigeonholed into any fixed identity: neither Ossi nor Wessi (as Germans from the West are known). She also resisted the “Frau” label, as she felt that aspect of her identity was self-evident. In May 1993 she found a way to make clear that she was fundamentally, if quietly, a feminist. In a book review of Susan Faludi’s Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women for a mainstream German woman’s journal, she wrote:

As long as women aren’t represented in leadership positions, in the media, in political parties, in interest groups, in business, as long as they don’t belong to the ranks of top fashion designers, and top chefs, role models for women will be determined by men. . . . What are my chances of getting married if I’m in a leadership position? What are my chances of having a miscarriage? How will my children suffer if I try to combine career and family? These questions are discussed time and again using negative examples that discourage women. It’s the attempt by men to keep positions they currently occupy. . . . In my opinion, equality means the equal right for women to shape their own lives.

There is nothing ambiguous about this: Angela Merkel was a feminist. Nevertheless, she would face criticism over the years from those who felt she was insufficiently committed to the advancement of women—that she was too low-key in her advocacy. Though she bristles at sexist humor, she would not embarrass the joke teller in public. “I give him an angry look, and, later, when we are alone, I’ll tell him that was not okay,” she once said, explaining her strategy. She insisted that her most powerful weapon against sexism was achieving success in her own life, as a spur for others to follow.

Her approach to leadership—in this and other areas—does not lean heavily on the bully pulpit.

From The Chancellor: The Remarkable Odyssey of Angela Merkel by Kati Marton. Copyright ? 2021 by Kati Marton. Reprinted by permission of Simon & Schuster, Inc.

財富中文網所刊載內容之知識產權為財富媒體知識產權有限公司及/或相關權利人專屬所有或持有。未經許可,禁止進行轉載、摘編、復制及建立鏡像等任何使用。
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