杰米?戴蒙表示,他相信疫情終將結(jié)束,美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)反彈可能持續(xù)至少兩年。
“我相信,隨著過(guò)度儲(chǔ)蓄、新的刺激儲(chǔ)蓄、巨額赤字支出、更多量化寬松政策、新的潛在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施法案、成功的疫苗,以及疫情結(jié)束后的興奮情緒,美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)繁榮。”摩根大通(JPMorgan Chase & Co.)首席執(zhí)行官杰米?戴蒙周三在一份寫給股東的年度信函中表示。“這種繁榮可以輕輕松松持續(xù)到2023年。”
戴蒙稱,史無(wú)前例的聯(lián)邦紓困計(jì)劃緩解了失業(yè)問(wèn)題,避免了經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)一步惡化。他表示,銀行在此次危機(jī)中表現(xiàn)強(qiáng)勁,能夠幫助各社會(huì)團(tuán)體渡過(guò)難關(guān)。他說(shuō),貸款機(jī)構(gòu)從美國(guó)刺激計(jì)劃中受益的同時(shí),已就未來(lái)貸款損失撥備緩沖,并在壓力測(cè)試中表現(xiàn)良好。
戴蒙還指出,美國(guó)消費(fèi)者利用刺激支票將債務(wù)降至40年來(lái)的最低水平,他們還將刺激支票存入儲(chǔ)蓄賬戶,一旦封鎖結(jié)束,他們會(huì)像企業(yè)一樣展現(xiàn)出“異乎尋常的”消費(fèi)能力。他說(shuō),最新一輪量化寬松措施將在美國(guó)銀行業(yè)創(chuàng)造超過(guò)3萬(wàn)億美元的存款,其中一部分可以貸出。
戴蒙認(rèn)為,這一切都會(huì)帶來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮,促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)快速且持續(xù)地增長(zhǎng),而通脹則緩慢上升。在此期間,面臨的威脅包括病毒變種以及通脹快速或持續(xù)上升,促使美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)更早加息。
現(xiàn)年65歲的戴蒙是全球銀行業(yè)最杰出的高管,他既是銀行業(yè)的發(fā)言人,又是華爾街和消費(fèi)信貸巨頭的領(lǐng)袖。他從2005年底開(kāi)始掌管這家公司,是唯一一位在帶領(lǐng)一家大型銀行度過(guò)金融危機(jī)后仍掌權(quán)的CEO。
這封長(zhǎng)達(dá)65頁(yè)的信(加上一頁(yè)腳注)是戴蒙繼去年接受緊急心臟手術(shù)返回工作崗位后不到一周發(fā)出一封簡(jiǎn)短信件之后發(fā)出的最長(zhǎng)一封信。一如既往,信中涉及的話題很廣,從中國(guó)金融監(jiān)管制度到不平等和制度性種族主義。
競(jìng)爭(zhēng)威脅
戴蒙打造了美國(guó)歷史上最大、獲利最豐的銀行,他警告股東,銀行業(yè)終將被科技顛覆。影子貸款人一路高歌猛進(jìn)。傳統(tǒng)銀行在金融體系中的作用逐漸減弱。
“無(wú)論從何種角度看,銀行都面臨巨大的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)威脅,”他說(shuō)。“金融科技和科技巨頭都來(lái)了……大時(shí)代已經(jīng)來(lái)臨!”
這封信詳述了戴蒙多年來(lái)提出的預(yù)測(cè),只是這一次指出,各種威脅已經(jīng)到來(lái)。他說(shuō),金融科技公司發(fā)展日益迅猛,能夠提供使用快速、便捷的智能化產(chǎn)品。影子銀行(包括向企業(yè)和消費(fèi)者提供融資的投資基金以及在線平臺(tái))也在不斷贏得市場(chǎng)份額。
隨著監(jiān)管放松,這些公司的增長(zhǎng)速度在某些方面甚至超過(guò)了銀行。他說(shuō),他們還通過(guò)靈活的網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái),在“解決客戶痛點(diǎn)方面做得非常出色”。
“雖然我仍然相信摩根大通能夠在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中實(shí)現(xiàn)增長(zhǎng),并為股東帶來(lái)了豐厚的回報(bào),但競(jìng)爭(zhēng)將會(huì)十分激烈,我們必須更快、更有創(chuàng)意地參與競(jìng)爭(zhēng),”這位首席執(zhí)行官在信中寫道。“今后,我們要推行并購(gòu)策略,與此同時(shí),也要投資金融科技領(lǐng)域。”
他還談到了摩根大通今后對(duì)房地產(chǎn)的需求,遠(yuǎn)程辦公可能比疫情持續(xù)時(shí)間更長(zhǎng),預(yù)計(jì)房地產(chǎn)需求將大幅下降。他說(shuō),由于一些員工采用混合辦公模式,摩根大通可能需為60%的員工準(zhǔn)備辦公空間。他補(bǔ)充稱,摩根大通仍然打算在紐約建立新總部。
盡管參議院少數(shù)黨領(lǐng)袖米奇?麥康奈爾兩天前發(fā)出警告,要求企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人應(yīng)盡量避免就政治分裂問(wèn)題表明立場(chǎng),但戴蒙還是在信中涉足了移民、醫(yī)療和教育等領(lǐng)域。
“我們所面臨的問(wèn)題并非由民主黨人或共和黨人獨(dú)有,解決方案也是如此,”戴蒙在信中寫道。“相反,黨派政治正在阻礙合作政策的設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)施,特別是在聯(lián)邦層面。”
‘大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)’
盡管經(jīng)濟(jì)前景十分光明,但戴蒙仍然察覺(jué)到了讓民眾極其不滿的原因。
此次疫情將嚴(yán)重不平等及其破壞性影響推到了聚光燈下。他說(shuō),民眾對(duì)政府解決醫(yī)療和移民等問(wèn)題的能力失去了信心。
“美國(guó)人都知道有些事情已經(jīng)大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò),他們將其歸咎于國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層,包括政府、商界和公民社會(huì)的精英、權(quán)貴和決策者,”他在信中寫道。“他們有這樣的反應(yīng)很自然,要不然還有誰(shuí)應(yīng)該為此承擔(dān)責(zé)任?”
他表示,這助長(zhǎng)了左右兩派的民粹主義。“但民粹主義并非政策,我們不能讓其再次催生不完善計(jì)劃和無(wú)能領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,這只會(huì)讓我們國(guó)家的情況變得更糟。”
這位CEO甚至用經(jīng)濟(jì)術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)解釋:他估計(jì),大范圍發(fā)生的“功能失調(diào)”已經(jīng)使美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率下降了一個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。他建議借鑒國(guó)外的解決方案,如德國(guó)的學(xué)徒計(jì)劃、新加坡的醫(yī)療體系以及香港的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。
戴蒙還再次呼吁美國(guó)制定馬歇爾計(jì)劃,即美國(guó)在二戰(zhàn)后幫助西歐恢復(fù)經(jīng)濟(jì)的計(jì)劃,以應(yīng)對(duì)美國(guó)種族和經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)背后的結(jié)構(gòu)性挑戰(zhàn)。
“解決美國(guó)面臨的問(wèn)題需要付出艱辛的努力。但如果我們對(duì)這些問(wèn)題進(jìn)行分類,我們就會(huì)找到許多可行的解決方案,”他說(shuō)。“只要進(jìn)行細(xì)致周到的分析、了解常識(shí)并且務(wù)實(shí),我們就有希望。”(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
翻譯:郝秀
審校:汪皓
杰米?戴蒙表示,他相信疫情終將結(jié)束,美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)反彈可能持續(xù)至少兩年。
“我相信,隨著過(guò)度儲(chǔ)蓄、新的刺激儲(chǔ)蓄、巨額赤字支出、更多量化寬松政策、新的潛在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施法案、成功的疫苗,以及疫情結(jié)束后的興奮情緒,美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)繁榮。”摩根大通(JPMorgan Chase & Co.)首席執(zhí)行官杰米?戴蒙周三在一份寫給股東的年度信函中表示。“這種繁榮可以輕輕松松持續(xù)到2023年。”
戴蒙稱,史無(wú)前例的聯(lián)邦紓困計(jì)劃緩解了失業(yè)問(wèn)題,避免了經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)一步惡化。他表示,銀行在此次危機(jī)中表現(xiàn)強(qiáng)勁,能夠幫助各社會(huì)團(tuán)體渡過(guò)難關(guān)。他說(shuō),貸款機(jī)構(gòu)從美國(guó)刺激計(jì)劃中受益的同時(shí),已就未來(lái)貸款損失撥備緩沖,并在壓力測(cè)試中表現(xiàn)良好。
戴蒙還指出,美國(guó)消費(fèi)者利用刺激支票將債務(wù)降至40年來(lái)的最低水平,他們還將刺激支票存入儲(chǔ)蓄賬戶,一旦封鎖結(jié)束,他們會(huì)像企業(yè)一樣展現(xiàn)出“異乎尋常的”消費(fèi)能力。他說(shuō),最新一輪量化寬松措施將在美國(guó)銀行業(yè)創(chuàng)造超過(guò)3萬(wàn)億美元的存款,其中一部分可以貸出。
戴蒙認(rèn)為,這一切都會(huì)帶來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮,促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)快速且持續(xù)地增長(zhǎng),而通脹則緩慢上升。在此期間,面臨的威脅包括病毒變種以及通脹快速或持續(xù)上升,促使美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)更早加息。
現(xiàn)年65歲的戴蒙是全球銀行業(yè)最杰出的高管,他既是銀行業(yè)的發(fā)言人,又是華爾街和消費(fèi)信貸巨頭的領(lǐng)袖。他從2005年底開(kāi)始掌管這家公司,是唯一一位在帶領(lǐng)一家大型銀行度過(guò)金融危機(jī)后仍掌權(quán)的CEO。
這封長(zhǎng)達(dá)65頁(yè)的信(加上一頁(yè)腳注)是戴蒙繼去年接受緊急心臟手術(shù)返回工作崗位后不到一周發(fā)出一封簡(jiǎn)短信件之后發(fā)出的最長(zhǎng)一封信。一如既往,信中涉及的話題很廣,從中國(guó)金融監(jiān)管制度到不平等和制度性種族主義。
競(jìng)爭(zhēng)威脅
戴蒙打造了美國(guó)歷史上最大、獲利最豐的銀行,他警告股東,銀行業(yè)終將被科技顛覆。影子貸款人一路高歌猛進(jìn)。傳統(tǒng)銀行在金融體系中的作用逐漸減弱。
“無(wú)論從何種角度看,銀行都面臨巨大的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)威脅,”他說(shuō)。“金融科技和科技巨頭都來(lái)了……大時(shí)代已經(jīng)來(lái)臨!”
這封信詳述了戴蒙多年來(lái)提出的預(yù)測(cè),只是這一次指出,各種威脅已經(jīng)到來(lái)。他說(shuō),金融科技公司發(fā)展日益迅猛,能夠提供使用快速、便捷的智能化產(chǎn)品。影子銀行(包括向企業(yè)和消費(fèi)者提供融資的投資基金以及在線平臺(tái))也在不斷贏得市場(chǎng)份額。
隨著監(jiān)管放松,這些公司的增長(zhǎng)速度在某些方面甚至超過(guò)了銀行。他說(shuō),他們還通過(guò)靈活的網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái),在“解決客戶痛點(diǎn)方面做得非常出色”。
“雖然我仍然相信摩根大通能夠在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中實(shí)現(xiàn)增長(zhǎng),并為股東帶來(lái)了豐厚的回報(bào),但競(jìng)爭(zhēng)將會(huì)十分激烈,我們必須更快、更有創(chuàng)意地參與競(jìng)爭(zhēng),”這位首席執(zhí)行官在信中寫道。“今后,我們要推行并購(gòu)策略,與此同時(shí),也要投資金融科技領(lǐng)域。”
他還談到了摩根大通今后對(duì)房地產(chǎn)的需求,遠(yuǎn)程辦公可能比疫情持續(xù)時(shí)間更長(zhǎng),預(yù)計(jì)房地產(chǎn)需求將大幅下降。他說(shuō),由于一些員工采用混合辦公模式,摩根大通可能需為60%的員工準(zhǔn)備辦公空間。他補(bǔ)充稱,摩根大通仍然打算在紐約建立新總部。
盡管參議院少數(shù)黨領(lǐng)袖米奇?麥康奈爾兩天前發(fā)出警告,要求企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人應(yīng)盡量避免就政治分裂問(wèn)題表明立場(chǎng),但戴蒙還是在信中涉足了移民、醫(yī)療和教育等領(lǐng)域。
“我們所面臨的問(wèn)題并非由民主黨人或共和黨人獨(dú)有,解決方案也是如此,”戴蒙在信中寫道。“相反,黨派政治正在阻礙合作政策的設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)施,特別是在聯(lián)邦層面。”
‘大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)’
盡管經(jīng)濟(jì)前景十分光明,但戴蒙仍然察覺(jué)到了讓民眾極其不滿的原因。
此次疫情將嚴(yán)重不平等及其破壞性影響推到了聚光燈下。他說(shuō),民眾對(duì)政府解決醫(yī)療和移民等問(wèn)題的能力失去了信心。
“美國(guó)人都知道有些事情已經(jīng)大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò),他們將其歸咎于國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層,包括政府、商界和公民社會(huì)的精英、權(quán)貴和決策者,”他在信中寫道。“他們有這樣的反應(yīng)很自然,要不然還有誰(shuí)應(yīng)該為此承擔(dān)責(zé)任?”
他表示,這助長(zhǎng)了左右兩派的民粹主義。“但民粹主義并非政策,我們不能讓其再次催生不完善計(jì)劃和無(wú)能領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,這只會(huì)讓我們國(guó)家的情況變得更糟。”
這位CEO甚至用經(jīng)濟(jì)術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)解釋:他估計(jì),大范圍發(fā)生的“功能失調(diào)”已經(jīng)使美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率下降了一個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。他建議借鑒國(guó)外的解決方案,如德國(guó)的學(xué)徒計(jì)劃、新加坡的醫(yī)療體系以及香港的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。
戴蒙還再次呼吁美國(guó)制定馬歇爾計(jì)劃,即美國(guó)在二戰(zhàn)后幫助西歐恢復(fù)經(jīng)濟(jì)的計(jì)劃,以應(yīng)對(duì)美國(guó)種族和經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)背后的結(jié)構(gòu)性挑戰(zhàn)。
“解決美國(guó)面臨的問(wèn)題需要付出艱辛的努力。但如果我們對(duì)這些問(wèn)題進(jìn)行分類,我們就會(huì)找到許多可行的解決方案,”他說(shuō)。“只要進(jìn)行細(xì)致周到的分析、了解常識(shí)并且務(wù)實(shí),我們就有希望。”(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
翻譯:郝秀
審校:汪皓
Jamie Dimon said he’s optimistic the pandemic will end with a U.S. economic rebound that could last at least two years.
“I have little doubt that with excess savings, new stimulus savings, huge deficit spending, more QE, a new potential infrastructure bill, a successful vaccine and euphoria around the end of the pandemic, the U.S. economy will likely boom,” the JPMorgan Chase & Co. chief executive officer said Wednesday in his annual letter to shareholders. “This boom could easily run into 2023.”
Unprecedented federal rescue programs have blunted unemployment and averted further economic deterioration, according to Dimon, who said banks entered the crisis strong and able to help communities weather the storm. While lenders also benefited from U.S. stimulus, they built up buffers against future loan losses and performed well in stress tests, he said.
Dimon also pointed to U.S. consumers, who used stimulus checks to reduce debt to the lowest level in 40 years and stashed them in savings, giving them—like corporations—an “extraordinary” amount of spending power once lockdowns end. The latest round of quantitative easing measures will have created more than $3 trillion in deposits at U.S. banks, a portion of which can be lent out, he said.
It could all add up to a Goldilocks moment, according to Dimon, where growth is fast and sustained while inflation ticks up gently. Threats to that outcome include virus variants and a rapid or sustained jump in inflation that prompts rates to rise sooner.
At 65, Dimon is the most prominent executive in global banking, serving as a spokesman for the industry while leading a titan of both Wall Street and consumer lending. He’s run the company since the end of 2005, and is the only CEO still at the helm after steering a major bank through the financial crisis.
The 65-page letter (plus a page of footnotes) is Dimon’s longest yet, following last year’s abbreviated one that came less than a week after he returned to work from emergency heart surgery. As always, it is wide-ranging, touching on topics from financial regulation to China to inequality and institutional racism.
Competitive threats
Dimon, who built the biggest and most profitable U.S. bank in history, also warned shareholders that his industry’s disruption by technology is finally at hand. Shadow lenders are gaining ground. Traditional banks are being consigned to a shrinking role in the financial system.
“Banks have enormous competitive threats—from virtually every angle,” he said. “Fintech and Big Tech are here… big time!”
The letter expands on predictions Dimon has offered for years, this time declaring many of those threats have now arrived. Financial-technology firms are more formidable, offering easy-to-use, fast and smart products, he said. Shadow banks—a group that includes investment funds and online platforms offering financing to companies and consumers—are winning market share too.
Those groups have outpaced the growth of banks by some measures, often thanks to less regulation. They have also done “a terrific job in easing customers’ pain points” with slick online platforms, he said.
“While I am still confident that JPMorgan Chase can grow and earn a good return for its shareholders, the competition will be intense, and we must get faster and be more creative,” the CEO wrote. “Acquisitions are in our future, and fintech is an area where some of that cash could be put to work.”
He also touched on the bank’s future need for real estate, expecting it to drop significantly as remote working outlasts the pandemic. The bank could require some 60 seats for every 100 employees as some staff work under a hybrid model, he said. The lender still intends to build its new headquarters in New York City, he added.
Despite a warning just two days ago from Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell that corporate leaders should refrain from taking stances on divisive political issues, Dimon wades into areas including immigration, health care and education.
“Our problems are neither Democratic nor Republican—nor are the solutions,” Dimon wrote. “Unfortunately, however, partisan politics is preventing collaborative policy from being designed and implemented, particularly at the federal level.”
‘Terribly wrong’
For all the brightness in his economic outlook, Dimon found cause for far darker laments.
The pandemic has thrust profound inequities and their devastating effects into the spotlight. On issues such as health care and immigration, people have lost faith in the government’s ability to solve problems, he said.
“Americans know that something has gone terribly wrong, and they blame this country’s leadership: the elite, the powerful, the decision makers—in government, in business and in civic society,” he wrote. “This is completely appropriate, for who else should take the blame?”
That fuels populism on the right and left, he said. “But populism is not policy, and we cannot let it drive another round of poor planning and bad leadership that will simply make our country’s situation worse.”
The CEO even put it in economic terms: He estimates wide-ranging “dysfunction” has cut a percentage point off the U.S. growth rate. He suggested studying solutions abroad, pointing to apprenticeship programs in Germany, health care in Singapore and infrastructure in Hong Kong.
Dimon also reiterated a call for a national Marshall Plan, referring to the U.S. effort to help Western Europe recover from World War II, to address the structural challenges behind the country’s racial and economic crises.
“Fixing America’s problems is going to take hard work. But if we divide them into their component parts, we will find many viable solutions,” he said. “With thoughtful analysis, common sense and pragmatism, there is hope.”