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這家美國連鎖藥店迎來女性CEO:普及疫苗是頭等大事

EMMA HINCHLIFFE
2021-03-19

CVS現在有了為上億美國人接種新冠疫苗的機會,這自然也就成了CVS樹立正面形象的一個好時機。

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1991年冬天,凱倫·林奇來到了她的姨媽米莉的病床前。凱倫·林奇家中共有兄弟姐妹四個,她并不是四人中的老大。但自從她母親16年前去世后,28歲的林奇就成了照顧姨媽米莉的主力軍。在牧師為米莉做臨終祈禱的時候,林奇是唯一在場的家庭成員。在舉辦祈禱儀式的時候,醫院的工作人員將林奇請了出去,但由于米莉姨媽激烈抗議,又只得將林奇帶了回來。

在此之前的兩年多時間里,林奇一直和米莉生活在馬薩諸塞州的西部。從林奇12歲時起,米莉就是她的主要監護人。在米莉被診斷出乳腺癌和肺癌后,林奇放棄了在安永會計師事務所波士頓辦事處的公共會計師工作,調到了離家不遠的另一家安永公司辦事處,以便就近照顧生病的姨媽。

米莉參加了Medicare醫療保險,所以林奇操心的并不是醫療費的問題——雖然她并不完全理解那些雪片般飛來的賬單。她更關注的是癌癥本身,她深入研究了癌癥的機理,試圖理解在姨媽身上到底發生了什么。

“所有事情都是陌生的,令人十分困惑,感覺似乎很不合邏輯。”林奇回憶道:“在和醫生談話的時候,我聽不懂那些藥物的術語,也聽不懂出院指南。我也不知道每個處方是干什么用的。我不知道應該問什么問題,也不知道去哪尋求幫助。”

對林奇來說,米莉不僅僅是她的姨媽。林奇的母親艾琳于1975年自殺身亡,從此以后,米莉就承擔了撫養林奇兄妹4人的責任。當時的林奇兄妹實際上與孤兒無異(他們的父親很早就拋棄了他們)。米莉本人也是一個寡婦及單身母親,她自己也有一個孩子,工作是在一家本地工廠生產童裝。米莉將全部精力投入到了這幾個孩子身上,她經常告訴孩子們:“不要讓你過去的經歷決定你的將來。”

1991年,在米莉仍在與病魔抗爭的時候,林奇找到了她在醫療保健行業的第一份工作——在信諾公司(Cigna)做醫保財務報告業務。之所以選擇換一個行業,一定程度上也是想更好地照顧姨媽。林奇說:“我迷失在了這個體系里,我不想讓其他人也陷入一樣的處境。”

30年后,58歲的林奇終于坐到了一個萬眾矚目的位子上,這個位置甚至足以改變那些與米莉有同樣遭遇的人的命運。今年2月1日,林奇接任了CVS Health公司的總裁兼CEO。CVS擁有9900多家連鎖藥店,近幾年正在致力于從一家零售連鎖機構轉型為一家綜合醫療保健公司。該公司表示,這種轉型將有利于提高醫療服務對廣大顧客的透明度和可獲得性。

目前CVS的市值是2690億美元,在“財富500強”企業中名列第五。在新冠肺炎疫情這場百年不遇的公共衛生危機中,CVS離它的轉型目標又近了一步。2018年,CVS收購了安泰保險公司,林奇就是在這個時候加盟CVS的。去年春天,CVS任命林奇為公司的抗疫工作負責人,這項任務也為林奇問鼎CEO一職搭建了跳板。林奇可以說是臨危受命,她也由此成為“財富500強”中排名最高的女性CEO。(在林奇之前,在由女性擔任CEO的美國公司中,規模最大的是瑪麗?巴拉領導的通用汽車公司。)

在萬眾矚目之下,林奇現在擁有了一個獨特的機會,來展示CVS已經具備了足夠的基礎能力,解決美國當前面臨的最大健康挑戰——通過疫苗接種,讓美國實現真正的“集體免疫”。

倉促上馬

雖然在疫情期間,用“好時機”一詞似乎并不恰當,但是CVS現在有了為上億美國人接種新冠疫苗的機會,這自然也就成了CVS樹立正面形象的一個好時機。早在本世紀10年代初,CVS就審視了它的近萬家線下實體店,并且得出了一個結論——公司發展需要新戰略。我們已經進入了一個連牙膏、衛生紙甚至處方藥都可以網購的時代,死守線下實體店顯然已經不合時宜。CVS的解決方案是:從線下實體店向一站式醫療保健提供商轉型。2014年,CVS朝著這個方向邁出了一大步,先是下架所有煙草制品,然后又推出了一個“健康中心”網絡。美國的年均醫療支出大概在3.8萬億美元左右,其中慢性病的醫療支出占了90%。CVS還重新規劃了它的“一分鐘診所”。以前消費者主要在“一分鐘診所”看些小病,現在這里也成了患者控制和調養慢性病的一個地方。

CVS如果能成功在新冠疫苗的普遍接種中發揮重要作用,或許將加快改變消費者對CVS的看法。比方說,以后消費者不僅可以在CVS購買胰島素,還可以讓CVS的專業醫護人員協助控制自己的糖尿病。伯恩斯坦研究公司的證券分析師蘭斯?威爾克斯表示:“三年前,你可能很難想象有朝一日會到CVS去看醫生。如果你想改變公眾的看法,同時公眾也愿意接受這種服務,那么新冠疫苗的接種將在這種改變中扮演非常重要的一步。”

一家CVS藥店的接種團隊在康涅狄格州某養老院接種第一劑新冠肺炎疫苗。圖片來源:CVS

從美國目前的情況看,CVS顯然會在疫苗接種工作中扮演重要的角色。該公司表示,只要疫苗供應到位,它平均每個月可以保證接種2000萬到2500萬人。從預計情況看,美國的整個藥店零售行業每個月大約能分到9000萬劑疫苗,也就是CVS有能力獨立完成30%的接種。2月11日,CVS已經進入了第一階段的接種工作,它現在正在全美29個州的大約1200個地點為符合條件的人群提供疫苗接種服務。

不過就像新冠病毒從來不按套路出牌一樣,疫苗接種工作也經常面臨計劃沒有變化快的問題。CVS面臨的第一場真正的挑戰,就是履行好它“曲速行動”中的職責。“曲速行動”是特朗普政府搞出來的疫苗計劃。和競爭對手沃爾格林(Walgreens)一樣,CVS在去年10月承擔起了為養老院的老人和工作人員接種疫苗的工作——他們也是此次疫情中重癥率和死亡率最高的高危群體。CVS加入了該計劃,負責為全美7萬多家養老院中的60%提供疫苗接種。為了完成這個任務,CVS開始迅速“擴編”,在已有的5萬名接種人員的基礎上,再次招募了1萬名技術人員(該公司的員工總數將近30萬人),并從12月起正式啟動接種工作。

盡管做了這么多準備工作,但最終的接種情況卻并不令人滿意。《財富》采訪了15名有關人士,包括有關州和地方的官員、醫療機構人員、公共衛生專家、疫苗專家等等,他們都對首批接種過程中暴露出來的企業和政府的官僚主義作風深感不滿。雖然政府和CVS都沒有就何時完成接種工作給出明確的時間表(截至發稿時,這項工作仍在進行),不過所有批評人士一致認為,目前的接種進度太慢了。約翰霍普金斯大學凱瑞商學院的運營管理學副教授戴廷龍認為,鑒于這項任務十分艱巨復雜,將如此多的任務份額分配給一家公司,這本身就是個錯誤。“如果各地的藥店和各個獨立藥店都能參與進來,我們或許可以避免很多死亡和感染病例。”

當然,這種批評并不是單獨針對CVS的,沃爾格林也遇到了很多同樣的問題。有專家認為,由于缺乏首批接種的相關具體數據,因此我們很難衡量某一家公司是否比另一家公司做得更好。有一家養老院在采訪中向《財富》報怨道,他們原本與CVS的一家藥店談好了疫苗接種,但后來對方卻無故取消了。明尼蘇達州奧姆斯特德縣的公共衛生官員格拉漢姆·布里格斯則表示,聯邦的疫苗計劃只報告了州一級的接種數據,所以他并不清楚自己的轄區里誰已經完成了接種。由于缺乏可用的數據,很多批評人士都在質疑,問題究竟出在連鎖藥店的執行環節,還是出在政府最初的決策環節。

CVS則認為,這項工作的難點,在于這本身就是一項史無前例且極為復雜的挑戰。比如接種人員必須要逐屋逐戶上門接種,而且接種對象大都是臥床不起的老人,其中還有一些患有老年癡呆者,他們甚至不明白為什么要戴面具、為什么要打疫苗。CVS宣稱該公司的疫苗接種是“成功的”,并表示從去年12月底到今年2月底,美國各養老院因新冠肺炎死亡的人數下降了84%,第二針疫苗的接種工作已經完成了91%。(沃爾格林則表示,它已經完成了“大部分”的指定接種工作。)截至發稿時,該計劃已經接近尾聲,CVS和沃爾格林兩家公司已經通過這個聯邦計劃接種了740萬劑疫苗。

作為CVS公司抗疫戰略的“總設計師”,可以說,林奇對第一波疫苗接種計劃負有很大責任——雖然她并沒有親自參與與聯邦政府的談判。當然,作為CEO,她必須確保項目的收尾階段比初始階段進行得更加平穩有力。現在,林奇已經開始展望未來了。接下來要做的,是為整個美國接種疫苗。這個挑戰范圍更廣、難度更大,但林奇認為,她和CVS已經為此做好了準備。她說:“讓我們參加這場比賽吧。”

一場耐力游戲

2019年,林奇在荷蘭騎自行車旅行時,不小心摔倒在了一條鵝卵石路上。她的手、臀部和肋骨都受了傷。林奇在丈夫凱文的陪伴下飛回美國做了髖骨手術,術后髖骨必須保持固定。對林奇來說,這段漫長的住院時光也是讓她集中精力思考的一個好機會。其他安泰公司的客戶摔斷了髖骨后,也有一樣的就醫體驗嗎?她怎樣才能讓自己的髖骨斷得更有價值呢?

即便是住院期間,林奇也要把這段經歷當成提升公司業務水平的機會。這也充分表明了她整改公司業務問題的決心。林奇曾先后在信諾、麥哲倫健康服務公司和安泰保險等公司擔任高管,一向以善于解決棘手業務問題而聞名。比如00年代末期,她在信諾的牙科和眼科部門工作期間,只用了三年,就扭轉了12%的虧損率,實現了4%的正增長。她的另一個長處是善于處理危機,因此公司專門讓她來預測危機事件,以及組織各種災害預案演練。據安泰保險的前任首席信息官梅格·麥卡錫稱,在林奇2012年正式加盟安泰保險之前,安泰曾三次向她發出橄欖枝。(林奇自己則說是四次。)

雖然林奇不乏處理急難險重任務的勇氣和手段——不論是自然災害還是其他災難,但毫無疑問,CVS董事會之所以選擇林奇接任CEO,主要還是看中了她身上那些貌似較為“平淡”的技能。她一手操辦了行業內最大的兩次整合,一次是2013到2014年Medicaid和Medicare的承保商考文垂醫保公司(Coventry Health Care)與安泰保險的合并,另一次就是CVS與安泰保險的700億美元天價并購。

企業并購,尤其是醫療行業的并購,向來是一件極為復雜和殘酷的事。在并購考文垂醫保公司之前,安泰保險最近一次大規模并購,是上世紀90年代收購美國醫療(U.S. Healthcare),這筆交易也導致了客戶和醫生的怨聲載道和大面積出走。為了避免再次出現這樣的混亂,林奇全身心地投入到了并購工作中。在并購考文垂醫保期間,她每個工作日早上8點都會召集兩家公司的核心人員開會,這個做法持續了將近2年時間。而在與CVS合并的過程中,她又學到了一些在保險行業中從未遇到過的新業務,比如CVS的零售業務。而這些知識也對她最終問鼎CEO一職至關重要。

在并購過程中,林奇既顧大局也重細節的特質引起了不少人的注意。CVS的董事會成員、前任CEO拉里?梅洛表示:“她能保證運營細節的執行,而且她在促進增長和創新方面也有很出色的成績。”如果你觀察過林奇的事業軌跡,那么你大概率不會為她今天的成就而驚訝。因為以她多年從事企業運營工作,有今天的成績是一件自然而然的事。安泰保險的CFO斯科特?沃克表示:“對她來說,這就是一場耐力的游戲,而她有很好的耐力。”沃克認識林奇已經27了,兩人初識的時候,他還只是普華永道的一名審計師,而林奇已經是他的客戶安泰保險公司的一名高管了。

和林奇待了一天之后,沒有人會質疑她的耐力。這位CEO每天早上4點45分就會起床,5點15分開始騎動感單車,從早上7點開始打電話,然后一直工作到晚上。下班后,她會與丈夫凱文在家附近騎五六英里的自行車。(她現在住在佛羅里達州的科德角,疫情爆發前,她主要住在羅德島的文索基特,那里也是CVS公司的總部所在地。)她的丈夫凱文表示,林奇基本上每天都在工作,“從無例外”。凱文和林奇已經結婚五年了。不過兩人第一見面的時候,還都是十八九歲的年紀。當時兩人都在科德角的一家24小時餐廳里打工,一個是服務員,另一個是廚師,兩人談了一段短暫的夏日戀情。(他們是在2004年重新聯系上的,當時凱文正在為HCA醫院談一份信諾的合同,他發現談判的對手竟然是林奇,于是他給她打了個電話。搞笑的是,林奇竟然讓他先和她的助理一起吃午餐,好審查他為什么要聯系她。)凱文還講了一件趣事,有一次林奇正在一個項目上忙得焦頭爛額,她居然對丈夫說:“你昨天下午跟我待了整整三天。”

“卸下鎧甲”

但是,那些很早就與林奇共事的人,除了了解她的職業道德和她永不疲倦的工作狀態之外,對她本人卻并不十分了解。(林奇有一個助理已經跟了她7年了,有一次凱文向助理提到林奇有三個兄弟姐妹,這個助理竟然還是頭一次聽說自己的老板有兄弟姐妹。)在麥哲倫健康服務公司工作期間,林奇的員工甚至不知道她的母親艾琳早已死于自殺。林奇表示:“我很尷尬,我覺得人們可能會為此對我評頭論足,他們可能已經這樣做了。”

凱倫·林奇,CVS Health公司CEO。圖片來源:Jesse Burke

這種情況直到2015年才有所改變,這一年,林奇當上了安泰保險的總裁。她表示,直到坐上這個位子,她的看法才真正有所改變。她終于擁有了足夠高的地位,可以卸下自我防護了。“我覺得自己就像卸下了鎧甲,”林奇回憶道:“我做回了真正的自己,我不再隱瞞任何事了。”

雖然林奇認為,自己當初之所以選擇了醫療行業,很大程度是由于姨媽米莉的病,但在她童年時期,她曾多次目睹母親受精神疾病折磨的樣子,這段經歷也很大程度影響了她的工作方式。這么多年來,林奇一直不愿談論母親的死——不僅在公眾面前,就是私下里也是如此。她擔心別人對她評頭論足,認為她是一個沒有父母、“一事無成”的孩子。早在12歲的時候,林奇就對美國醫療體系的失敗有了切膚之痛。母親在去世前,曾與精神疾病做了多年的斗爭,但她并非總能及時接受所需的治療。由于母親去世時林奇的年紀還小,所以這件事并未像姨媽米莉去世前的經歷一樣,讓她深刻改變對美國醫療體系的看法。但當她開始在醫療行業嶄露頭角時,當她開始思考美國醫療制度哪些最迫切地需要改革時,母親的形象就又會在她心頭浮現。

以前,與林奇共過事的人大都認為林奇是一個善解人意、愿意傾聽的人。不過他們也表示,林奇看起來很有防備感,似乎不愿意過多說自己的事。但現在不同了。現在林奇比美國企業界的任何高管都愿意談論那些最艱難的話題。她愿意將母親患有精神疾的經歷說出來。(“她有病”,林奇在談及母親時說:“我并不真正了解她。”)她也愿意討論為工作做出的犧牲,并提到了之前離婚和失去朋友的經歷。(“友誼、愛情都需要時間去陪伴,如果你的工作像我一樣忙碌,那么我要告訴你,我可能已經在這個過程中失去了一些東西。”)她也愿意談論自己為什么決定不要孩子,一方面是因為她全心全意投身于自己的事業,另一方面則是因為自己在孩提時代失去了唯一的父母,由此帶來了終身的心理創傷。(“我自己經歷過那種痛苦,我不想讓別人也要經歷同樣的痛苦。”)

喬納森?梅休是CVS公司負責企業轉型的高級副總裁,他與林奇相識已經20年了,當時兩人都在信諾公司工作。他表示:“這段經歷使她變得堅強和剛硬——包括她對自己的預期。但對其他人來說,這段經歷也使她變得更有同情心,更以人為本、以消費者為中心。”

出于以上原因,林奇一直高度關注醫保公司(現在是醫保服務提供商和各大藥店)對精神病患者的做法。她講述了發生在麥哲倫健康服務公司的一個故事:有一位大學生患有飲食失調癥,2010年,麥哲倫公司曾為是否要報銷他的治療費用而發生過分歧,但林奇最終還是拍板報銷,并親自給這個學生打了電話,鼓勵他接受治療。(林奇表示,這個學生已經康復了,現在是一名教師。)可以想象,林奇在打這通電話時,心里肯定想到了自己那位長期沒有受到應有治療的母親。

扎根于地方

林奇之所以要講出自己的故事,也是為了與員工建立信任。隨著CVS在疫苗接種大戰中扮演愈發重要的角色,公司也迫切需要與顧客群體建立同樣的信任感。

“藥劑師可以提供重要的慰藉和信心。” 前陸軍藥劑師約翰·格拉本斯坦上校說。格拉本斯坦1996年編寫了美國藥劑師協會的免疫培訓項目教材,該項目至今仍在培訓藥劑師如何接種疫苗。

在90年代中期以前,美國的藥劑師并不會定期給病人接種任何疫苗,因為這通常是醫生和護士的工作。1994年,華盛頓州率先在美國開展了藥劑師接種疫苗的培訓。兩年后,格拉本斯坦寫了他的培訓手冊,指導藥劑師任務從正確的位置、角度、深度下針,通過上臂注射,完成疫苗接種任務。從2000年開始,在藥店里接種疫苗,尤其是流感疫苗,已經是一件司空見慣的事了。現如今,有3500萬美國人會在藥店里接種流感疫苗。

很多美國人一年才會去看一次醫生,但每周都要去當地藥店好幾次,更不用說周末和逢年過節。雖然新冠疫苗已經以創紀錄的速度研發出來了,但越是這樣,很多美國人越是心存疑慮,不敢或不愿到藥店接種。據CVS統計,美國養老院里約有60%的工作人員拒絕接種新冠疫苗。格拉本斯坦表示:“有些人對接種疫苗的倡議根本不做任何反應。而藥劑師則可以問同一個人兩次、三次甚至四次,直到他們最終同意。”

2021年2月12日,東波士頓的一名CVS藥店技術人員萊斯利·卡內喬(左)在接種新冠疫苗后,與當地護士克萊爾·卡拉斯交談。據CVS公司證實,根據公司與聯邦政府最新達成的協議,從2月12日起,一些CVS藥店已經開始在羅德島和馬薩諸塞州的部分指定地點,為符合條件的人接種新冠疫苗。圖片來源:Erin Clark—《波士頓環球報》/Getty Images

普通人的生活離不開一家當地的藥房,這也是很多專家對CVS的大規模接種能力有信心的原因。顧客的定期造訪,意味著藥房可以拿到顧客的信息,從而使他們找到高優先級的接種對象。“藥劑師知道哪些人有慢性病,他們能列出本地的糖尿病和心臟病患者的名單,因為他們知道哪些人買過胰島素、二甲雙胍和地高辛。” 格拉本斯坦說。憑借數字化的基礎設施,CVS還能讓患者開展在線預約,并且與患者持續保持聯系。任何一個CVS的顧客只要收到了短信提醒,就知道自己該去扎第二針了。

但新冠病毒畢竟不是流感病毒,新冠疫苗也不是流感疫苗。CVS必須在藥店里設置一個專門空間,對剛接種完疫苗的顧客進行15分鐘的醫學觀察。這也是新冠疫苗的特殊要求,因為美國的新冠疫苗確實出現了少量過敏反應。如果接種需求量還像前幾個月那么高,CVS還要確保在線預約功能正常運轉,并且確保顧客能夠預約到位子。藥劑師也必須妥善做好安排計劃,這樣才不會浪費額外的疫苗,或者導致對溫度極為敏感的新冠疫苗發生變質。

對CVS公司來說,大規模接種新冠疫苗,既給公司帶來了機遇,也帶來了風險。如果由于某種原因,它的疫苗大規模接種沒有順暢推進下去,那么這種負面印象將會伴隨消費者很多年。

美國企業界最受關注女性

通常來說,作為CVS公司的CEO,林奇不會在一項疫苗計劃上花費太多時間,但新冠疫苗就不同了。林奇認為,這次疫苗接種工作預計將耗費她的大量精力。CVS公司的首席醫官特羅因·布倫南是該公司疫苗接種計劃的負責人,在過去一年里,林奇與布倫南一直在并肩工作,并且把她豐富的運營知識運用到了公司的抗疫戰略里。除了向公眾開放接種,他們還要保護CVS的零售員工的健康和安全。另外,他們還要設立4800個新冠病毒檢測點,解決檢測結果周轉過慢等問題,同時還要確保其他藥品和必要醫療器材的充足供應。

CVS健康股票價格

不過像我們中的很多人一樣,林奇已經把眼光投向了疫情以后。她已經喊出了“進軍100”的口號——即將公司股價從去年的65美元提高到100美元。(CVS的股價在2018年并購安泰時遭遇重創,理由是華爾街認為它的收購價過高。不過從那時起,CVS的股價已經緩慢回升。)林奇還計劃推進CVS醫療服務的數字化,以及推出專家數字掛號等服務,這些都超過了疫情的范疇。她還打算加快推進“替代醫療點”計劃,也就是用CVS的門店取代醫院的一部分職能。而在這個過程中,她必須鞏固CSV在消費者和投資者眼中的新形象。林奇表示:“當人們想到健康問題時,我希望他們想到的是CVS Health。”

林奇也是當前美國商界最受關注的女性之一。對這一點最有感觸的,當屬CVS價值910億美元的零售藥店部門負責人、曾于2017年至2019年擔任家居品牌Crate & Barrel首席執行官的尼拉?蒙哥馬利。她表示:“地位最高的女性——在任何一個時間段,總會有這么一個人吧?在我事業的早期階段,我常常以為,自己只是開始承擔起另一項重要工作,跟別人沒什么區別。但隨著時間的推移,你會發現并非如此。如果你是‘第一人’,你就要承擔更多的壓力,受到更多的審視。”

但林奇并不孤單。就在她正式就任CEO之前的幾天,CVS的主要競爭對手沃博聯宣布,前沃爾瑪和星巴克高管羅莎琳德·布魯爾將擔任其下任CEO。沃博聯的當前市值為1400億美元,在“財富500強”排名第19位。(布魯爾也將成為目前“財富500強”企業中唯二的黑人女性CEO之一。)

就像林奇反復強調的那樣,醫療是一件很私人的事。在我就她失去兩名親人的事發問之前,我提到我26歲時也失去了父母。在采訪結束后,林奇匆匆趕往下一個活動,這時她已經遲到了——她很討厭遲到。但她還是在電話里對我說:“20多歲的時候失去父母,我理解這種感覺——如果你愿意談談的話。”

早在28歲的時候,還在從事財務工作的林奇就樹立了一個雄心勃勃的目標,要從內部改革美國的醫療體系。直到今天,這依然是她的目標,而且她依然雄心不減。但如果真的有人能實現這個目標,那么這個領導者肯定是一個了解什么東西才真正重要的人。

“我們每一天有機會影響人們的生活,我不會對此等閑視之,”林奇說:“畢竟我經歷過,對吧?”(財富中文網)

譯者:樸成奎

1991年冬天,凱倫·林奇來到了她的姨媽米莉的病床前。凱倫·林奇家中共有兄弟姐妹四個,她并不是四人中的老大。但自從她母親16年前去世后,28歲的林奇就成了照顧姨媽米莉的主力軍。在牧師為米莉做臨終祈禱的時候,林奇是唯一在場的家庭成員。在舉辦祈禱儀式的時候,醫院的工作人員將林奇請了出去,但由于米莉姨媽激烈抗議,又只得將林奇帶了回來。

在此之前的兩年多時間里,林奇一直和米莉生活在馬薩諸塞州的西部。從林奇12歲時起,米莉就是她的主要監護人。在米莉被診斷出乳腺癌和肺癌后,林奇放棄了在安永會計師事務所波士頓辦事處的公共會計師工作,調到了離家不遠的另一家安永公司辦事處,以便就近照顧生病的姨媽。

米莉參加了Medicare醫療保險,所以林奇操心的并不是醫療費的問題——雖然她并不完全理解那些雪片般飛來的賬單。她更關注的是癌癥本身,她深入研究了癌癥的機理,試圖理解在姨媽身上到底發生了什么。

“所有事情都是陌生的,令人十分困惑,感覺似乎很不合邏輯。”林奇回憶道:“在和醫生談話的時候,我聽不懂那些藥物的術語,也聽不懂出院指南。我也不知道每個處方是干什么用的。我不知道應該問什么問題,也不知道去哪尋求幫助。”

對林奇來說,米莉不僅僅是她的姨媽。林奇的母親艾琳于1975年自殺身亡,從此以后,米莉就承擔了撫養林奇兄妹4人的責任。當時的林奇兄妹實際上與孤兒無異(他們的父親很早就拋棄了他們)。米莉本人也是一個寡婦及單身母親,她自己也有一個孩子,工作是在一家本地工廠生產童裝。米莉將全部精力投入到了這幾個孩子身上,她經常告訴孩子們:“不要讓你過去的經歷決定你的將來。”

1991年,在米莉仍在與病魔抗爭的時候,林奇找到了她在醫療保健行業的第一份工作——在信諾公司(Cigna)做醫保財務報告業務。之所以選擇換一個行業,一定程度上也是想更好地照顧姨媽。林奇說:“我迷失在了這個體系里,我不想讓其他人也陷入一樣的處境。”

30年后,58歲的林奇終于坐到了一個萬眾矚目的位子上,這個位置甚至足以改變那些與米莉有同樣遭遇的人的命運。今年2月1日,林奇接任了CVS Health公司的總裁兼CEO。CVS擁有9900多家連鎖藥店,近幾年正在致力于從一家零售連鎖機構轉型為一家綜合醫療保健公司。該公司表示,這種轉型將有利于提高醫療服務對廣大顧客的透明度和可獲得性。

目前CVS的市值是2690億美元,在“財富500強”企業中名列第五。在新冠肺炎疫情這場百年不遇的公共衛生危機中,CVS離它的轉型目標又近了一步。2018年,CVS收購了安泰保險公司,林奇就是在這個時候加盟CVS的。去年春天,CVS任命林奇為公司的抗疫工作負責人,這項任務也為林奇問鼎CEO一職搭建了跳板。林奇可以說是臨危受命,她也由此成為“財富500強”中排名最高的女性CEO。(在林奇之前,在由女性擔任CEO的美國公司中,規模最大的是瑪麗?巴拉領導的通用汽車公司。)

在萬眾矚目之下,林奇現在擁有了一個獨特的機會,來展示CVS已經具備了足夠的基礎能力,解決美國當前面臨的最大健康挑戰——通過疫苗接種,讓美國實現真正的“集體免疫”。

倉促上馬

雖然在疫情期間,用“好時機”一詞似乎并不恰當,但是CVS現在有了為上億美國人接種新冠疫苗的機會,這自然也就成了CVS樹立正面形象的一個好時機。早在本世紀10年代初,CVS就審視了它的近萬家線下實體店,并且得出了一個結論——公司發展需要新戰略。我們已經進入了一個連牙膏、衛生紙甚至處方藥都可以網購的時代,死守線下實體店顯然已經不合時宜。CVS的解決方案是:從線下實體店向一站式醫療保健提供商轉型。2014年,CVS朝著這個方向邁出了一大步,先是下架所有煙草制品,然后又推出了一個“健康中心”網絡。美國的年均醫療支出大概在3.8萬億美元左右,其中慢性病的醫療支出占了90%。CVS還重新規劃了它的“一分鐘診所”。以前消費者主要在“一分鐘診所”看些小病,現在這里也成了患者控制和調養慢性病的一個地方。

CVS如果能成功在新冠疫苗的普遍接種中發揮重要作用,或許將加快改變消費者對CVS的看法。比方說,以后消費者不僅可以在CVS購買胰島素,還可以讓CVS的專業醫護人員協助控制自己的糖尿病。伯恩斯坦研究公司的證券分析師蘭斯?威爾克斯表示:“三年前,你可能很難想象有朝一日會到CVS去看醫生。如果你想改變公眾的看法,同時公眾也愿意接受這種服務,那么新冠疫苗的接種將在這種改變中扮演非常重要的一步。”

從美國目前的情況看,CVS顯然會在疫苗接種工作中扮演重要的角色。該公司表示,只要疫苗供應到位,它平均每個月可以保證接種2000萬到2500萬人。從預計情況看,美國的整個藥店零售行業每個月大約能分到9000萬劑疫苗,也就是CVS有能力獨立完成30%的接種。2月11日,CVS已經進入了第一階段的接種工作,它現在正在全美29個州的大約1200個地點為符合條件的人群提供疫苗接種服務。

不過就像新冠病毒從來不按套路出牌一樣,疫苗接種工作也經常面臨計劃沒有變化快的問題。CVS面臨的第一場真正的挑戰,就是履行好它“曲速行動”中的職責。“曲速行動”是特朗普政府搞出來的疫苗計劃。和競爭對手沃爾格林(Walgreens)一樣,CVS在去年10月承擔起了為養老院的老人和工作人員接種疫苗的工作——他們也是此次疫情中重癥率和死亡率最高的高危群體。CVS加入了該計劃,負責為全美7萬多家養老院中的60%提供疫苗接種。為了完成這個任務,CVS開始迅速“擴編”,在已有的5萬名接種人員的基礎上,再次招募了1萬名技術人員(該公司的員工總數將近30萬人),并從12月起正式啟動接種工作。

盡管做了這么多準備工作,但最終的接種情況卻并不令人滿意。《財富》采訪了15名有關人士,包括有關州和地方的官員、醫療機構人員、公共衛生專家、疫苗專家等等,他們都對首批接種過程中暴露出來的企業和政府的官僚主義作風深感不滿。雖然政府和CVS都沒有就何時完成接種工作給出明確的時間表(截至發稿時,這項工作仍在進行),不過所有批評人士一致認為,目前的接種進度太慢了。約翰霍普金斯大學凱瑞商學院的運營管理學副教授戴廷龍認為,鑒于這項任務十分艱巨復雜,將如此多的任務份額分配給一家公司,這本身就是個錯誤。“如果各地的藥店和各個獨立藥店都能參與進來,我們或許可以避免很多死亡和感染病例。”

當然,這種批評并不是單獨針對CVS的,沃爾格林也遇到了很多同樣的問題。有專家認為,由于缺乏首批接種的相關具體數據,因此我們很難衡量某一家公司是否比另一家公司做得更好。有一家養老院在采訪中向《財富》報怨道,他們原本與CVS的一家藥店談好了疫苗接種,但后來對方卻無故取消了。明尼蘇達州奧姆斯特德縣的公共衛生官員格拉漢姆·布里格斯則表示,聯邦的疫苗計劃只報告了州一級的接種數據,所以他并不清楚自己的轄區里誰已經完成了接種。由于缺乏可用的數據,很多批評人士都在質疑,問題究竟出在連鎖藥店的執行環節,還是出在政府最初的決策環節。

CVS則認為,這項工作的難點,在于這本身就是一項史無前例且極為復雜的挑戰。比如接種人員必須要逐屋逐戶上門接種,而且接種對象大都是臥床不起的老人,其中還有一些患有老年癡呆者,他們甚至不明白為什么要戴面具、為什么要打疫苗。CVS宣稱該公司的疫苗接種是“成功的”,并表示從去年12月底到今年2月底,美國各養老院因新冠肺炎死亡的人數下降了84%,第二針疫苗的接種工作已經完成了91%。(沃爾格林則表示,它已經完成了“大部分”的指定接種工作。)截至發稿時,該計劃已經接近尾聲,CVS和沃爾格林兩家公司已經通過這個聯邦計劃接種了740萬劑疫苗。

作為CVS公司抗疫戰略的“總設計師”,可以說,林奇對第一波疫苗接種計劃負有很大責任——雖然她并沒有親自參與與聯邦政府的談判。當然,作為CEO,她必須確保項目的收尾階段比初始階段進行得更加平穩有力。現在,林奇已經開始展望未來了。接下來要做的,是為整個美國接種疫苗。這個挑戰范圍更廣、難度更大,但林奇認為,她和CVS已經為此做好了準備。她說:“讓我們參加這場比賽吧。”

一場耐力游戲

2019年,林奇在荷蘭騎自行車旅行時,不小心摔倒在了一條鵝卵石路上。她的手、臀部和肋骨都受了傷。林奇在丈夫凱文的陪伴下飛回美國做了髖骨手術,術后髖骨必須保持固定。對林奇來說,這段漫長的住院時光也是讓她集中精力思考的一個好機會。其他安泰公司的客戶摔斷了髖骨后,也有一樣的就醫體驗嗎?她怎樣才能讓自己的髖骨斷得更有價值呢?

即便是住院期間,林奇也要把這段經歷當成提升公司業務水平的機會。這也充分表明了她整改公司業務問題的決心。林奇曾先后在信諾、麥哲倫健康服務公司和安泰保險等公司擔任高管,一向以善于解決棘手業務問題而聞名。比如00年代末期,她在信諾的牙科和眼科部門工作期間,只用了三年,就扭轉了12%的虧損率,實現了4%的正增長。她的另一個長處是善于處理危機,因此公司專門讓她來預測危機事件,以及組織各種災害預案演練。據安泰保險的前任首席信息官梅格·麥卡錫稱,在林奇2012年正式加盟安泰保險之前,安泰曾三次向她發出橄欖枝。(林奇自己則說是四次。)

雖然林奇不乏處理急難險重任務的勇氣和手段——不論是自然災害還是其他災難,但毫無疑問,CVS董事會之所以選擇林奇接任CEO,主要還是看中了她身上那些貌似較為“平淡”的技能。她一手操辦了行業內最大的兩次整合,一次是2013到2014年Medicaid和Medicare的承保商考文垂醫保公司(Coventry Health Care)與安泰保險的合并,另一次就是CVS與安泰保險的700億美元天價并購。

企業并購,尤其是醫療行業的并購,向來是一件極為復雜和殘酷的事。在并購考文垂醫保公司之前,安泰保險最近一次大規模并購,是上世紀90年代收購美國醫療(U.S. Healthcare),這筆交易也導致了客戶和醫生的怨聲載道和大面積出走。為了避免再次出現這樣的混亂,林奇全身心地投入到了并購工作中。在并購考文垂醫保期間,她每個工作日早上8點都會召集兩家公司的核心人員開會,這個做法持續了將近2年時間。而在與CVS合并的過程中,她又學到了一些在保險行業中從未遇到過的新業務,比如CVS的零售業務。而這些知識也對她最終問鼎CEO一職至關重要。

在并購過程中,林奇既顧大局也重細節的特質引起了不少人的注意。CVS的董事會成員、前任CEO拉里?梅洛表示:“她能保證運營細節的執行,而且她在促進增長和創新方面也有很出色的成績。”如果你觀察過林奇的事業軌跡,那么你大概率不會為她今天的成就而驚訝。因為以她多年從事企業運營工作,有今天的成績是一件自然而然的事。安泰保險的CFO斯科特?沃克表示:“對她來說,這就是一場耐力的游戲,而她有很好的耐力。”沃克認識林奇已經27了,兩人初識的時候,他還只是普華永道的一名審計師,而林奇已經是他的客戶安泰保險公司的一名高管了。

和林奇待了一天之后,沒有人會質疑她的耐力。這位CEO每天早上4點45分就會起床,5點15分開始騎動感單車,從早上7點開始打電話,然后一直工作到晚上。下班后,她會與丈夫凱文在家附近騎五六英里的自行車。(她現在住在佛羅里達州的科德角,疫情爆發前,她主要住在羅德島的文索基特,那里也是CVS公司的總部所在地。)她的丈夫凱文表示,林奇基本上每天都在工作,“從無例外”。凱文和林奇已經結婚五年了。不過兩人第一見面的時候,還都是十八九歲的年紀。當時兩人都在科德角的一家24小時餐廳里打工,一個是服務員,另一個是廚師,兩人談了一段短暫的夏日戀情。(他們是在2004年重新聯系上的,當時凱文正在為HCA醫院談一份信諾的合同,他發現談判的對手竟然是林奇,于是他給她打了個電話。搞笑的是,林奇竟然讓他先和她的助理一起吃午餐,好審查他為什么要聯系她。)凱文還講了一件趣事,有一次林奇正在一個項目上忙得焦頭爛額,她居然對丈夫說:“你昨天下午跟我待了整整三天。”

“卸下鎧甲”

但是,那些很早就與林奇共事的人,除了了解她的職業道德和她永不疲倦的工作狀態之外,對她本人卻并不十分了解。(林奇有一個助理已經跟了她7年了,有一次凱文向助理提到林奇有三個兄弟姐妹,這個助理竟然還是頭一次聽說自己的老板有兄弟姐妹。)在麥哲倫健康服務公司工作期間,林奇的員工甚至不知道她的母親艾琳早已死于自殺。林奇表示:“我很尷尬,我覺得人們可能會為此對我評頭論足,他們可能已經這樣做了。”

這種情況直到2015年才有所改變,這一年,林奇當上了安泰保險的總裁。她表示,直到坐上這個位子,她的看法才真正有所改變。她終于擁有了足夠高的地位,可以卸下自我防護了。“我覺得自己就像卸下了鎧甲,”林奇回憶道:“我做回了真正的自己,我不再隱瞞任何事了。”

雖然林奇認為,自己當初之所以選擇了醫療行業,很大程度是由于姨媽米莉的病,但在她童年時期,她曾多次目睹母親受精神疾病折磨的樣子,這段經歷也很大程度影響了她的工作方式。這么多年來,林奇一直不愿談論母親的死——不僅在公眾面前,就是私下里也是如此。她擔心別人對她評頭論足,認為她是一個沒有父母、“一事無成”的孩子。早在12歲的時候,林奇就對美國醫療體系的失敗有了切膚之痛。母親在去世前,曾與精神疾病做了多年的斗爭,但她并非總能及時接受所需的治療。由于母親去世時林奇的年紀還小,所以這件事并未像姨媽米莉去世前的經歷一樣,讓她深刻改變對美國醫療體系的看法。但當她開始在醫療行業嶄露頭角時,當她開始思考美國醫療制度哪些最迫切地需要改革時,母親的形象就又會在她心頭浮現。

以前,與林奇共過事的人大都認為林奇是一個善解人意、愿意傾聽的人。不過他們也表示,林奇看起來很有防備感,似乎不愿意過多說自己的事。但現在不同了。現在林奇比美國企業界的任何高管都愿意談論那些最艱難的話題。她愿意將母親患有精神疾的經歷說出來。(“她有病”,林奇在談及母親時說:“我并不真正了解她。”)她也愿意討論為工作做出的犧牲,并提到了之前離婚和失去朋友的經歷。(“友誼、愛情都需要時間去陪伴,如果你的工作像我一樣忙碌,那么我要告訴你,我可能已經在這個過程中失去了一些東西。”)她也愿意談論自己為什么決定不要孩子,一方面是因為她全心全意投身于自己的事業,另一方面則是因為自己在孩提時代失去了唯一的父母,由此帶來了終身的心理創傷。(“我自己經歷過那種痛苦,我不想讓別人也要經歷同樣的痛苦。”)

喬納森?梅休是CVS公司負責企業轉型的高級副總裁,他與林奇相識已經20年了,當時兩人都在信諾公司工作。他表示:“這段經歷使她變得堅強和剛硬——包括她對自己的預期。但對其他人來說,這段經歷也使她變得更有同情心,更以人為本、以消費者為中心。”

出于以上原因,林奇一直高度關注醫保公司(現在是醫保服務提供商和各大藥店)對精神病患者的做法。她講述了發生在麥哲倫健康服務公司的一個故事:有一位大學生患有飲食失調癥,2010年,麥哲倫公司曾為是否要報銷他的治療費用而發生過分歧,但林奇最終還是拍板報銷,并親自給這個學生打了電話,鼓勵他接受治療。(林奇表示,這個學生已經康復了,現在是一名教師。)可以想象,林奇在打這通電話時,心里肯定想到了自己那位長期沒有受到應有治療的母親。

扎根于地方

林奇之所以要講出自己的故事,也是為了與員工建立信任。隨著CVS在疫苗接種大戰中扮演愈發重要的角色,公司也迫切需要與顧客群體建立同樣的信任感。

“藥劑師可以提供重要的慰藉和信心。” 前陸軍藥劑師約翰·格拉本斯坦上校說。格拉本斯坦1996年編寫了美國藥劑師協會的免疫培訓項目教材,該項目至今仍在培訓藥劑師如何接種疫苗。

在90年代中期以前,美國的藥劑師并不會定期給病人接種任何疫苗,因為這通常是醫生和護士的工作。1994年,華盛頓州率先在美國開展了藥劑師接種疫苗的培訓。兩年后,格拉本斯坦寫了他的培訓手冊,指導藥劑師任務從正確的位置、角度、深度下針,通過上臂注射,完成疫苗接種任務。從2000年開始,在藥店里接種疫苗,尤其是流感疫苗,已經是一件司空見慣的事了。現如今,有3500萬美國人會在藥店里接種流感疫苗。

很多美國人一年才會去看一次醫生,但每周都要去當地藥店好幾次,更不用說周末和逢年過節。雖然新冠疫苗已經以創紀錄的速度研發出來了,但越是這樣,很多美國人越是心存疑慮,不敢或不愿到藥店接種。據CVS統計,美國養老院里約有60%的工作人員拒絕接種新冠疫苗。格拉本斯坦表示:“有些人對接種疫苗的倡議根本不做任何反應。而藥劑師則可以問同一個人兩次、三次甚至四次,直到他們最終同意。”

普通人的生活離不開一家當地的藥房,這也是很多專家對CVS的大規模接種能力有信心的原因。顧客的定期造訪,意味著藥房可以拿到顧客的信息,從而使他們找到高優先級的接種對象。“藥劑師知道哪些人有慢性病,他們能列出本地的糖尿病和心臟病患者的名單,因為他們知道哪些人買過胰島素、二甲雙胍和地高辛。” 格拉本斯坦說。憑借數字化的基礎設施,CVS還能讓患者開展在線預約,并且與患者持續保持聯系。任何一個CVS的顧客只要收到了短信提醒,就知道自己該去扎第二針了。

但新冠病毒畢竟不是流感病毒,新冠疫苗也不是流感疫苗。CVS必須在藥店里設置一個專門空間,對剛接種完疫苗的顧客進行15分鐘的醫學觀察。這也是新冠疫苗的特殊要求,因為美國的新冠疫苗確實出現了少量過敏反應。如果接種需求量還像前幾個月那么高,CVS還要確保在線預約功能正常運轉,并且確保顧客能夠預約到位子。藥劑師也必須妥善做好安排計劃,這樣才不會浪費額外的疫苗,或者導致對溫度極為敏感的新冠疫苗發生變質。

對CVS公司來說,大規模接種新冠疫苗,既給公司帶來了機遇,也帶來了風險。如果由于某種原因,它的疫苗大規模接種沒有順暢推進下去,那么這種負面印象將會伴隨消費者很多年。

美國企業界最受關注女性

通常來說,作為CVS公司的CEO,林奇不會在一項疫苗計劃上花費太多時間,但新冠疫苗就不同了。林奇認為,這次疫苗接種工作預計將耗費她的大量精力。CVS公司的首席醫官特羅因·布倫南是該公司疫苗接種計劃的負責人,在過去一年里,林奇與布倫南一直在并肩工作,并且把她豐富的運營知識運用到了公司的抗疫戰略里。除了向公眾開放接種,他們還要保護CVS的零售員工的健康和安全。另外,他們還要設立4800個新冠病毒檢測點,解決檢測結果周轉過慢等問題,同時還要確保其他藥品和必要醫療器材的充足供應。

不過像我們中的很多人一樣,林奇已經把眼光投向了疫情以后。她已經喊出了“進軍100”的口號——即將公司股價從去年的65美元提高到100美元。(CVS的股價在2018年并購安泰時遭遇重創,理由是華爾街認為它的收購價過高。不過從那時起,CVS的股價已經緩慢回升。)林奇還計劃推進CVS醫療服務的數字化,以及推出專家數字掛號等服務,這些都超過了疫情的范疇。她還打算加快推進“替代醫療點”計劃,也就是用CVS的門店取代醫院的一部分職能。而在這個過程中,她必須鞏固CSV在消費者和投資者眼中的新形象。林奇表示:“當人們想到健康問題時,我希望他們想到的是CVS Health。”

林奇也是當前美國商界最受關注的女性之一。對這一點最有感觸的,當屬CVS價值910億美元的零售藥店部門負責人、曾于2017年至2019年擔任家居品牌Crate & Barrel首席執行官的尼拉?蒙哥馬利。她表示:“地位最高的女性——在任何一個時間段,總會有這么一個人吧?在我事業的早期階段,我常常以為,自己只是開始承擔起另一項重要工作,跟別人沒什么區別。但隨著時間的推移,你會發現并非如此。如果你是‘第一人’,你就要承擔更多的壓力,受到更多的審視。”

但林奇并不孤單。就在她正式就任CEO之前的幾天,CVS的主要競爭對手沃博聯宣布,前沃爾瑪和星巴克高管羅莎琳德·布魯爾將擔任其下任CEO。沃博聯的當前市值為1400億美元,在“財富500強”排名第19位。(布魯爾也將成為目前“財富500強”企業中唯二的黑人女性CEO之一。)

就像林奇反復強調的那樣,醫療是一件很私人的事。在我就她失去兩名親人的事發問之前,我提到我26歲時也失去了父母。在采訪結束后,林奇匆匆趕往下一個活動,這時她已經遲到了——她很討厭遲到。但她還是在電話里對我說:“20多歲的時候失去父母,我理解這種感覺——如果你愿意談談的話。”

早在28歲的時候,還在從事財務工作的林奇就樹立了一個雄心勃勃的目標,要從內部改革美國的醫療體系。直到今天,這依然是她的目標,而且她依然雄心不減。但如果真的有人能實現這個目標,那么這個領導者肯定是一個了解什么東西才真正重要的人。

“我們每一天有機會影響人們的生活,我不會對此等閑視之,”林奇說:“畢竟我經歷過,對吧?”(財富中文網)

譯者:樸成奎

In the winter of 1991, Karen Lynch sat by her Aunt Millie’s hospital bed. Lynch wasn’t the eldest of her family’s four siblings, but in the 16 years since their mother’s death, the 28-year-old had become Millie’s primary caretaker. When a priest arrived to deliver Millie’s last rites, Lynch was the only family member present. Hospital staff escorted her out of the room for the ceremony but brought her back in when Millie, fiery to her last days, protested.

For more than two years, Lynch had lived in western Massachusetts with Millie, the woman who had raised her since she was 12 years old. Lynch left behind her life as a public accountant at Ernst & Young’s Boston office after Millie’s diagnosis, getting transferred to an office closer to home to be with her aunt as she saw doctor after doctor about her progressing breast and lung cancer.

Millie was covered by Medicare, so it wasn’t medical expenses that kept Lynch up late at night—although she didn’t fully understand the bills that kept streaming in. Instead, she obsessed over the cancer itself, researching the disease in an attempt to grasp what was happening to her aunt.

“Everything was unfamiliar. It was confusing, it wasn’t logical,” Lynch recalls. “When her doctors would talk to me, I wouldn’t understand the medication terminology or the discharge instructions. I didn’t know what each prescription was for. And I didn’t know what kinds of questions to ask or where to get help.”

Millie was more than an aunt to Lynch. When Lynch’s mother, Irene, died by suicide in 1975, Millie took in and raised Lynch and her three siblings, who were, in effect, orphaned (their father left when the children were young). A widow and single mother of one who spent her days in a local factory making baby clothes for the brand Carter’s, Millie dedicated herself to her nieces and nephew, Lynch says, reminding them: “Don’t let your past experiences dictate your future.”

In 1991, with Millie still battling her illness, Lynch took her first job in the health care sector, a position in health plan financial reporting at Cigna. The move was, in part, inspired by her struggle to care for her aunt. “I was lost in the system,” says Lynch. “I didn’t want other people to not know how to navigate it.”

Three decades later, Lynch, now 58, finds herself in a rare position to change the experiences of some of those who are struggling in much the same way she was when she sat at Millie’s side. On Feb. 1, she took over as president and CEO of CVS Health, a chain of more than 9,900 pharmacy locations that is in the midst of a multiyear effort to transform itself from retailer to health care company—a change it says will make care more transparent and accessible to its massive customer base.

The $269 billion Goliath—ranked No. 5 in the Fortune 500—is getting closer to achieving its goal amid the coronavirus pandemic, the most serious public health crisis in 100 years. Lynch joined the company when CVS acquired Aetna in 2018. Last spring, CVS tapped her to manage its COVID response, a role that proved to be a stepping-stone to the top job. She takes the lead at a critical moment—and one that comes with the extra weight of becoming the most high-ranking female CEO ever to appear in the Fortune 500. (Until Lynch became CEO, the largest U.S. company run by a woman was General Motors, led by Mary Barra.)

As Lynch walks into that glaring spotlight, she has the unique opportunity to show that CVS has created an infrastructure capable of meeting one of the biggest health challenges of the century: vaccinating America.

Rough rollout

While there’s no such thing as a good time for a pandemic, for CVS, the opportunity to prove its health care bona fides by inoculating millions of Americans against a deadly virus arrives at an opportune moment. In the early 2010s, the company looked around at its nearly 10,000 store locations—a massive brick-and-mortar footprint at a time when toothpaste, toilet paper, and even prescriptions were increasingly easy to get online—and concluded that it needed a new strategy. Its solution: pivot from store to one-stop health care provider. In 2014, the company took a big step in that direction by banning tobacco from its shelves, and went on to launch a network of “health hubs.” Chronic conditions account for 90% of the United States’ $3.8 trillion in annual health care spending. CVS aims to reimagine its long-standing MinuteClinics, where customers often address one-time health care needs, as places to manage those ongoing conditions.

A successful COVID-19 vaccine rollout could accelerate a transformation in the way shoppers see CVS, convincing them not just to, say, pick up their insulin prescription at CVS, but to see one of the company’s health care professionals about managing their diabetes. “Three years ago, it might have been hard to imagine that you would go to your doctor at a CVS,” says Lance Wilkes, an equity analyst for Bernstein Research. “If you’re trying to change public perception, and the public felt comfortable going into that setting, COVID vaccination would be a significant step.”

Already, the critical role CVS will play in vaccinating the public is clear. The company says that when it has the supply and the go-ahead, it will be able to provide 20 million to 25 million inoculations a month—almost 30% of the estimated 90 million vaccinations a month expected to be distributed through the entire retail pharmacy industry. On Feb. 11, CVS waded into the very first stages of these kinds of vaccinations, and it’s now offering immunizations to eligible populations at about 1,200 locations in 29 states.

But, as is so often the case where this virus is concerned, little has gone according to plan in the rollout so far. CVS’s first true test in the vaccination war was as a partner in the former Trump administration’s Operation Warp Speed. Alongside competitor Walgreens, it was tasked in October with vaccinating staff and residents of long-term-care facilities—one of the populations most vulnerable to serious illness and death from coronavirus infection. CVS signed on to handle 60% of the 70,000 facilities enrolled in the program nationwide and scrambled to staff up. The company hired 10,000 technicians to join its staff of 50,000 immunizers (part of the company’s total workforce of almost 300,000) and began administering vaccines in December.

Despite all the preparation, hardly anybody was completely happy with the resulting rollout. State and local officials, nursing homes, and experts on public health, vaccines, and health care operations—Fortune spoke with 15 sources across those categories—were flummoxed by the corporate and governmental bureaucracy surrounding the nursing home rollout. Neither the government nor CVS released a timeline for the project or a deadline for completing it (at press time, the effort was still ongoing). But even without such a benchmark, critics are unanimous: The rollout has gone far too slowly. Tinglong Dai, an associate professor of operations management with a specialty in health at Johns Hopkins’ Carey Business School, says that, given the complexity of the task, assigning such a large share to a single company was a mistake: “With broader participation of local and independent pharmacies, we could have prevented many deaths and infections.”

To be fair, the critique is not specific to CVS; Walgreens experienced many of the same problems; indeed, experts say the lack of data on the rollout makes it difficult to glean whether one company did a better job than its competitor. One nursing home Fortune spoke to complained of scheduling a vaccine clinic with CVS only to later see it canceled, while Graham Briggs, a public health official for Olmsted County, Minn., says he lacked visibility into who in his community had been vaccinated since the federal program only reports vaccination data on a state level. The lack of available data left critics wondering whether the fault lay with the pharmacy chains’ execution of the program, or the government’s decision to enact this unprecedented partnership in the first place.

For its part, CVS points to the difficulties of what it was asked to do: implement a first-of-its-kind endeavor full of complications like the need to go room by room to vaccinate bed-bound patients and the uncertainty of treating dementia patients who don’t understand why they’re being asked to wear a mask or get a shot. The company has called the effort “a success,” citing an 84% decrease in nursing home COVID-19 deaths between late December and late February; second doses at assisted-living facilities are now 91% complete. (Walgreens says it has now completed a “majority” of its assigned vaccinations.) As of press time, with the effort nearing the finish line, CVS and Walgreens together had administered 7.4 million doses through the federal program.

As the architect of CVS’s COVID-19 strategy, Lynch arguably bears significant responsibility for the first wave of this effort—though she did not personally strike the deal with the federal government. As CEO, she’s undeniably charged with ensuring that it ends in a stronger and smoother manner than it began. And already, Lynch is looking ahead. What comes next—vaccinating the rest of the country—is a challenge on a far grander scale, but Lynch insists that is exactly what she and the company have been preparing for. Says the CEO: “Put us in the game.”

A ‘game of stamina’

In 2019, Lynch flew over the handlebars of her bicycle onto a cobblestone street while on a cycling trip in the Netherlands. It was a nasty spill that broke her hip and hand, and damaged her ribs. Lynch and her husband, Kevin, flew back to the U.S. for surgery that would pin her hip back together. For Lynch, the protracted hospital stay was, if nothing else, a perfect opportunity to become her own focus group. Is this what the experience of breaking a hip was like for other Aetna customers? How could she make the experience of breaking a hip better?

Lynch’s instinct to turn even her own health setback into an opportunity to troubleshoot her business is an indication of just how deep her drive to fix and improve goes. As an executive at first Cigna, then Magellan Health Services, then Aetna, she made her name taking on troubled businesses, like the dental and vision unit at Cigna, which she took from a 12% loss to an annual growth rate of 4% over three years in the late 2000s. She became so well known as an adept handler of crises that she was chosen to anticipate them, overseeing natural disaster preparation drills at Aetna. Before she finally moved to Aetna in 2012, the insurer had tried to hire her three times, says Meg McCarthy, Aetna’s former chief information officer. (Lynch says it was four.)

But for all the daredevil thrills of tackling disasters—natural and otherwise—there’s little doubt that a more humdrum set of skills was one of the things that drew the CVS board to Lynch. She ran two of the largest integrations in the industry: the $7.3 billion merger of Medicaid and Medicare insurer Coventry Health Care with Aetna in 2013 and 2014 and then the $70 billion mega-merger of Aetna with CVS.

Mergers, and particularly health care mergers, are complicated and unforgiving affairs. Before Coventry, Aetna’s last major integration had been the ’90s acquisition of U.S. Healthcare, which led to complaints and departures from customers and doctors. To avoid another such mess, Lynch dedicated herself entirely to the process; during the Coventry merger, she held an 8 a.m. meeting between players from both companies every workday for nearly two years. Along the way, especially as Aetna combined with CVS, she worked to learn aspects of the incoming businesses that she hadn’t yet encountered coming up in the insurance industry—including the retail side of CVS. That knowledge would prove vital for eventually landing the CEO job.

Lynch’s ability to marry merger minutiae with the big picture got attention. “She ensures execution of the operating details, and she has an excellent track record of driving growth and innovation,” says Larry Merlo, Lynch’s predecessor as CEO and a member of the board of directors as it chose his successor. Those who have followed Lynch’s career were not surprised to see those years of operations focus pay off. “For her, it’s been a game of stamina—and she has great endurance,” says Scott Walker, the CFO of Aetna, who first encountered Lynch 27 years ago, when he was an auditor at PwC and she was an executive working for his client Cigna.

After spending a day with Lynch, no one would question that endurance. The CEO wakes at 4:45 and is on her Peloton bike by 5:15. She’s usually taking calls by 7 a.m., working through the evening, when she’ll get back on a bike—a real one—to ride five or six miles with her husband, Kevin, at their homes in Cape Cod or Florida (before the pandemic, Lynch spent much of her time in Woonsocket, R.I., where CVS is headquartered). She works every single day, “without exception,” says Kevin, who’s been married to Lynch for five years and first met her when they were 18 and 19, waitress and cook in a summer romance at a 24/7 Cape Cod diner. (They reconnected in 2004, when he was negotiating a Cigna contract for the hospital system HCA and discovered that Lynch would be on the other side of the table. He gave her a call; she made him go to lunch with her assistant first to vet why he was reaching out.) Kevin tells the story of a former report of Lynch’s who, working on a project, told her husband he spent “three days with her yesterday afternoon.”

‘I felt like I was shedding armor’

But beyond her obvious work ethic and hard-charging schedule, those who worked with Lynch in the earlier stages of her career don’t seem to know much about her. (Kevin once mentioned his wife’s three siblings in passing to her assistant of seven years, who didn’t know her boss had any.) Even when Lynch was running Magellan Health Services, a behavioral health company, her staff didn’t know that she’d lost her mom, Irene, to suicide. “I was embarrassed,” says Lynch. “I thought people would judge me by it. They probably do.”

That changed in 2015, when Lynch became the president of Aetna. She says the title changed her perspective; she was finally high up enough to start to let her guard down. “I felt like I was shedding armor,” Lynch recalls. “I was my true, authentic self. I wasn’t hiding anything.”

While Lynch credits her experience navigating her Aunt Millie’s illness with setting her on her professional course, watching her mother suffer from mental illness throughout her early childhood is the experience that shapes much of how she does the job. For years, Lynch wasn’t ready to talk about her mother’s death—not just in public, but privately too. She worried about being judged, being seen as a girl without parents, who’s “not going to make anything of herself.” By 12, Lynch had already seen the failures of the American health care system up close: Her mom had struggled with mental illness for years before her death and wasn’t always able to access the kind of treatment she needed, Lynch remembers. Because Lynch was so young when her mother died, the experience didn’t rewrite her view of the American health care system in the same way sitting by her aunt’s hospital bed did. But once she started rising in the industry, it was always there as she thought about which parts of the health care system were in the most urgent need of transformation.

People who worked with Lynch before she started speaking out describe her as empathetic and willing to listen. But they also suggest that she seemed guarded, that she did not share much of herself. That description no longer applies. More than almost any other executive in corporate America, Lynch is now willing to talk about the hardest topics. She’ll share the realities of growing up with a parent suffering from mental illness. (“She was ill,” Lynch says of her mom. “I didn’t really know her.”) She’ll discuss the sacrifices the job takes, mentioning an earlier divorce and lost friendships. (“Friendships, relationships require spending time with people. When you’re working as much as I’ve worked in my career, I’ve probably lost some along the way.”) She’ll talk about her decision not to have children—because of both her single-minded dedication to her career and the trauma of losing her only parent as a child. (“The pain that I experienced—I didn’t want to have to help someone navigate that.”)

“It’s both hardened and toughened her—her personal level of expectation for herself,” says Jonathan Mayhew, who is the executive vice president for transformation at CVS and met Lynch two decades ago when they both worked for Cigna. “And yet for others, it’s created a compassionate sort of human, consumer orientation.”

For those reasons, Lynch has always paid a high level of attention to the way insurers—and now health care providers and pharmacies—treat mental health. She tells the story of a Magellan customer, a college student, who struggled with an eating disorder; Lynch became invested in Magellan’s deliberation in 2010 over whether to cover a stay in a treatment center and called the student to provide encouragement for her treatment journey (the CEO notes that the student has since recovered and is now a teacher). It’s hard to imagine that Lynch’s mother’s lack of consistent access to that kind of treatment wasn’t on her mind when she made that call.

Going local

By telling her story, Lynch has aimed to build trust with her workforce. As CVS becomes a bigger and bigger part of the vaccination fight, the company is going to need to create that same feeling among its customers.

“Pharmacists can be a major source of reassurance and trust,” says Col. John Grabenstein, a former Army pharmacist who, in 1996, wrote the American Pharmacists Association’s immunization training program, which still teaches pharmacists how to vaccinate today.

Before the mid-1990s, pharmacists in the U.S. didn’t vaccinate patients with any kind of regularity; it was usually a job for doctors or nurses. Washington State was the first, in 1994, to train its pharmacists in vaccine administration. Two years later, Grabenstein wrote his training manual, instructing pharmacists to insert the needle with the correct placement, correct angle, correct depth—not too high in the upper arm. Vaccination in pharmacies, especially against the flu, became more common throughout the 2000s. Today, 35 million Americans get their flu shots at a pharmacy.

Unlike an annual visit to a doctor’s office, many Americans step inside their local pharmacy several times a week, on weekends, on holidays. And many Americans—as CVS learned when about 60% of staff at long-term-care facilities at first declined to receive a coronavirus shot—are hesitant to get a new vaccine that was developed in record time. “Some people don’t respond to the first offer,” says Grabenstein. “A pharmacist can ask the same person a second time, a third time, a fourth time, until they finally say yes.”

The omnipresence of a local pharmacy in people’s lives is one factor that gives experts more confidence in CVS’s ability to vaccinate the U.S. general population than they had in its specialized long-term-care effort. Customers’ regular visits give pharmacies information that can help them reach high-priority patients. “The pharmacists know the people on chronic medication. They can make a roster of people with diabetes, people with heart disease, because they know the insulin users, the metformin users, the digoxin users,” says Grabenstein. With its digital infrastructure, CVS also has the capability for patients to schedule appointments online and to stay in touch—as any CVS customer who receives text reminders to pick up a prescription knows—to get them to return for a second dose.

But just as the coronavirus is not the flu, the coronavirus vaccine is not the flu vaccine. CVS pharmacies will have to set up space in the stores to observe patients for 15 minutes after they get the shot—a requirement unique to the COVID vaccine because of rare allergic reactions. If demand remains as high as it has been for months, CVS will have to ensure its online appointment-scheduling system remains functional and slots remain open. Pharmacists will need to schedule and plan so they don’t waste extra doses or allow the temperature-sensitive vaccines to go bad.

And for CVS, as much as vaccinating the general public presents an opportunity, it is also a risk. If for any reason the pharmacy’s vaccination rollout doesn’t go smoothly, that memory will stick with consumers for years to come.

The most-watched woman in corporate America

Normally, the CEO of CVS Health wouldn’t be spending much of her time on the pharmacy’s vaccination program. COVID, of course, is different. Lynch estimates that vaccine efforts are requiring “a fair amount” of her attention. While CVS Health chief medical officer Troyen Brennan is the executive officially tasked with executing the company’s vaccine rollout, Lynch has spent the past year working side by side with Brennan, applying her operational expertise to the pharmacy’s COVID strategy. Beyond the vaccination plans, that has entailed protecting the health and safety of CVS’s retail employees, setting up 4,800 COVID testing locations, troubleshooting issues like slow turnarounds for test results, and making sure medication and other essentials are always available to customers.

But like many of us, Lynch is also looking beyond the pandemic. She’s on what she calls the “march to 100”—that is, a $100 stock price, up from the $65 the stock averaged over the past year (the share price has slowly recovered from the hit it took after the 2018 Aetna acquisition, when Wall Street judged that the company overpaid for the insurer). Lynch has plans to digitize CVS’s health care delivery, providing services like digital appointments with medical professionals well beyond the pandemic. She aims to accelerate the use of alternative sites of care—that is, CVS stores instead of doctors’ offices—for patients. And along the way, she must solidify this new version of CVS in the minds of both consumers and investors. “When people think about health, I want them to think about CVS Health,” Lynch says.

Lynch will be doing all this as one of the most closely watched women in corporate America. The person in Lynch’s orbit who may have the best sense of what that will be like is Neela Montgomery, the former CEO of Crate & Barrel from 2017 to 2020, who is now leading CVS’s $91 billion retail pharmacy unit. “The highest-ranking female—someone’s got to be it at any given time,” Montgomery says. “Earlier in my own career, I used to think, I’m just stepping into the next big job, the same as anyone else. But you realize over time, that’s not true. Effectively, if you’re the first one, you’re always going to carry more weight and come under more scrutiny.”

But Lynch won’t be alone. Days before her start date in the role, CVS competitor Walgreens Boots Alliance announced a marquee hire of its own: Former Walmart and Starbucks executive Rosalind “Roz” Brewer will be chief executive for the $140 billion business, ranked No. 19 on the 500 list. (Brewer will be one of just two Black women currently leading Fortune 500 businesses.)

As Lynch says again and again, health care is personal. Before I began asking questions about Lynch’s experience losing two of her closest family members, I mentioned that I lost a parent at 26. Finishing our interview, running late to her next appointment—and she hates running late—Lynch stayed on the line to make an offer: “Losing a parent in your mid-twenties, I get it—if you ever want to talk about it.”

Changing the health care system from within was an ambitious goal for Lynch when she was a 28-year-old accountant, and remains an ambitious goal today. But if anyone can pull it off, it’s a leader who understands exactly what’s at stake.

“I don’t take it lightly that we have an opportunity to impact people’s lives every single day,” she says. “I’ve lived it, right?”

財富中文網所刊載內容之知識產權為財富媒體知識產權有限公司及/或相關權利人專屬所有或持有。未經許可,禁止進行轉載、摘編、復制及建立鏡像等任何使用。
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