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全球職位空缺異常嚴重,勞動力短缺難以緩解

全球正在經歷人口結構轉型,這意味著在可預見的未來,勞動力市場仍相當緊張。

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圖片來源:JUSTIN SULLIVAN - GETTY IMAGES

盡管全球經濟增長放緩,信貸市場收緊,但世界各地的職位空缺仍然居高不下或不斷上升。世界各國已采取措施解決這些不尋常的員工短缺問題,但零敲碎打的解決方案忽視了全球勞動力市場的轉型、自大流行病以來發生的根本性變化以及全球人口結構轉型的后果。

自2022年以來,全球經濟增長放緩,各種沖擊和沖突破壞全球經濟發展,并持續帶來威脅。隨著各地信貸條件收緊,企業仍在通脹中掙扎,預計未來幾年失業率將穩步上升。

然而,全球職位空缺(企業急于填補的空缺職位)的數量仍然出人意料地居高不下,甚至接近歷史最高水平。即使在近幾個月來職位空缺呈下降趨勢的市場,如澳大利亞、加拿大、丹麥、新加坡、英國和美國,職位空缺仍然異常之高,高于疫情前的平均水平。在其他國家,例如比利時、塞浦路斯、德國、希臘、拉脫維亞、立陶宛和西班牙,職位空缺率一直保持在高位或持續上升。

如果我們考慮到公司可能因為之前未能找到合格的員工而不愿發布新職位空缺,那么實際的職位空缺數量可能會更高。在德國,雖然登記的職位空缺數量約為70萬個,但政府估計實際數字接近200萬。

員工擁有的技能與雇主需要的技能不匹配,是填補職位空缺的一大障礙?,F實情況是嚴峻的:盡管就業市場上機會不斷涌現,但由于技能不匹配,即使在失業率居高不下或不斷攀升的情況下,許多職位空缺仍無人填補。

技能短缺

在加拿大安大略省,制造業正在努力填補職位空缺,目前有超過18900個空缺職位,未來兩年電動汽車行業即將出現超過7000個空缺職位。2022年底,澳大利亞也遇到了類似的情況,職位空缺超過了失業人數。在新加坡,大流行病后的勞動力市場的特點是現有工作崗位與勞動者技能不匹配,導致每一個失業者對應1.6個職位空缺。在整個歐洲,建筑行業長期以來面臨的難以找到足夠多的熟練工人的問題,因疫情后需求激增而加劇,這標志著一場更廣泛的全球挑戰。

熟練勞動力的嚴重短缺現已被視為經濟增長的障礙。在德國,經濟增長前景目前為0.7%,遠低于2%的長期平均水平,部分原因是勞動力短缺。急于實現增長和抓住新市場機遇的企業發現自己因難以找到具備合適技能的工人而發展受限?,F有工作崗位與求職者技能之間的差距不僅凸顯了當前勞動力發展戰略效率低下,也凸顯了對教育和職業培訓項目轉型的迫切需求。各國的行業代表認為,這些項目必須迅速實現轉變,以適應快速變化的市場需求。推動低碳技術發展和數字化發展步伐正在擴大對新專業技能的需求。

爭相尋求解決方案

職位空缺和工人短缺的增加反映了數個潛在趨勢。在經歷了2020年的低迷之后,全球經濟出現了強勁反彈,2021年和2022年分別增長了6.3%和3.4%,這反過來又刺激了就業崗位的增加。第二個原因可能與新冠肺炎疫情導致的移民潮減少有關。大流行病促使許多工人離開東道國,而移民系統也在努力解決簽證辦理延誤的問題,結果造成了工人缺口。第三,工資停滯是一個長期存在的問題。例如,在澳大利亞,盡管工資有所增長,但卻未能跟上不斷上漲的生活成本。最后,具體的國情也發揮了作用,比如英國脫歐后面臨的勞動力市場挑戰。

對此,各國政府已開始采取措施,招聘更多的移民工人或將其身份合法化。去年年底,希臘通過了一項新立法,授予數千名無證移民居留權,條件是他們必須找到工作。德國高層官員甚至承認,如果沒有移民勞工,德國就無法彌補日益擴大的勞動力缺口。德國已經實施了數項立法改革,旨在使德國對移民工人更具吸引力,包括簡化入籍途徑、加快簽證辦理速度以及在就業市場上承認外國學歷。更多的國家可能會效仿。

此外,德國還在探索新的工作安排,如每周工作四天。在德國,自今年2月起,已有數十家公司開始試行每周四天工作制。他們認為,壓縮工作周最終會提高員工的積極性和生產率,從而幫助緩解勞動力短缺問題。其他歐洲國家也在進行類似的試驗。與此同時,至少在一個德國城市,上市公司正在招聘學生,以幫助緩解工人短缺問題。值得注意的是,美國一些州正在考慮放寬童工法,允許企業雇傭更多青少年,原因是移民政策被認為更具爭議性。

全球人口結構轉型

與此同時,經濟放緩可能會暫時掩蓋職位空缺增加的潛在趨勢。以英國為例,持續的經濟萎縮同時導致失業率上升和現有職位數量減少。同樣,在丹麥,2023年底的經濟衰退似乎導致了職位空缺的減少。隨著這些經濟體最終反彈,我們很可能會看到勞動力短缺和職位空缺再次反彈。

然而,單靠零敲碎打的措施并不能解決問題,因為全球正在進行長期的人口結構轉型。在發達經濟體中,由于人口老齡化,未填補的空缺職位將會增加。官方估計,到2035年,德國老齡化社會將缺少700萬熟練工人。日本的勞動適齡人口在1998年達到頂峰,此后一直在穩步下降。美國正處于就業機會激增的邊緣,預計到2030年將新增1190萬個就業崗位,然而,盡管美國經濟迫切需要工人,但國內仍將出現300萬的勞動力缺口。

世界各地的人口都在加速老齡化,這一趨勢即使在傳統的勞動力輸出國和低收入國家也未能幸免,非洲是唯一的例外。這一現實表明,針對這些傳統移民輸出國的更開放的移民政策——在當前的政治形勢下,這一重大政策轉變實際上是無法實現的——并不足以改變局勢。中美洲國家目前的生育率低于更替水平,這與許多移民來源國和低收入國家將“未富先老”的擔憂相呼應。為非洲移民工人進入高收入勞動力市場提供便利固然重要,但同樣重要的是對他們的教育和培訓進行投資,確保非洲工人充分利用海外機會。

危機中的勞動力

除了世界老齡化之外,大辭職潮也是真實存在的,自疫情爆發以來,許多工人離開了勞動力市場。在美國,在2021年和2022年,有5000萬名工人離職,這一情況前所未有,反映出新冠肺炎疫情后人們對工作的不滿情緒日益高漲。雖然最初被認為主要是出現在美國的趨勢,但數據表明,這種普遍的不滿情緒已經蔓延到世界其他地區。2022年法國的自愿辭職人數達到創紀錄的270萬,整個歐洲也出現了類似的趨勢,但亞洲的辭職人數有所下降。在澳大利亞,有越來越多的跡象表明類似的工人不滿情緒。即使在最近辭職率有所下降的美國,個人護理服務等某些行業的辭職率仍高于平均水平。

我們觀察到的勞動力短缺現象在一定程度上可以追溯到新冠肺炎疫情的破壞性影響,包括“長新冠”的持續影響。在美國,不僅要悼念因病毒而失去生命的超過25萬名勞動適齡人口,而且還發現勞動力持續減少,各年齡組退出就業的人數是原來的兩倍多。移民社區受到的影響尤為嚴重,其新冠死亡率更高,進一步加劇了現有移民勞動力的減少。

疫情爆發后,人們的工作偏好發生了明顯變化,越來越多的人要求減少工作時間、提高靈活性、更好地平衡工作與生活。在美國,相當多的雇員表示,辭職不是可行的選擇,他們明確表達了對更靈活的工作條件、遠程工作機會和實現工作與生活平衡的偏好,這也是疫情對工作場所規范影響所留下的持久傳統。在新加坡,員工們愿意用薪酬來換取靈活性。因此,這一趨勢,尤其是在年輕員工、高收入者和女性中,導致美國工作時間減少,進一步加劇了勞動力短缺。

職位空缺激增并不只是一種反?,F象,它預示著一場席卷全球勞動力市場的深刻變革。這一轉變不僅包括人口結構的轉型,還包括后疫情時代工作偏好的變化。

現有的解決方案可能會短暫緩解情況,經濟衰退可能會暫時掩蓋這些挑戰,但最終的解決方案將需要史無前例的全球合作?,F在是時候采取大膽的、創造性的方法來調動多樣化的勞動力資源了:利用非洲快速增長的勞動適齡人口,挖掘低收入國家年齡較大但仍具有生產力的工人的潛力,以及重新雇傭富裕國家的退休人員和帶有不滿情緒的年輕員工。

認識到我們面臨的挑戰的相互關聯性至關重要。我們是全球單一勞動力市場的一部分。我們面臨的問題是共同的,因此必須戮力同心,尋找解決方案。(財富中文網)

米格爾維·彼得拉斯凱特維(Migl? Petrauskait?)是烏干達對外直接投資研究員,現任烏干達財政部高級經濟學家。

埃爾溫·R·瓊森(Erwin R. Tiongson)是喬治敦大學(Georgetown University)全球人類發展項目的實踐教授和副主任。

譯者:中慧言-王芳

盡管全球經濟增長放緩,信貸市場收緊,但世界各地的職位空缺仍然居高不下或不斷上升。世界各國已采取措施解決這些不尋常的員工短缺問題,但零敲碎打的解決方案忽視了全球勞動力市場的轉型、自大流行病以來發生的根本性變化以及全球人口結構轉型的后果。

自2022年以來,全球經濟增長放緩,各種沖擊和沖突破壞全球經濟發展,并持續帶來威脅。隨著各地信貸條件收緊,企業仍在通脹中掙扎,預計未來幾年失業率將穩步上升。

然而,全球職位空缺(企業急于填補的空缺職位)的數量仍然出人意料地居高不下,甚至接近歷史最高水平。即使在近幾個月來職位空缺呈下降趨勢的市場,如澳大利亞、加拿大、丹麥、新加坡、英國和美國,職位空缺仍然異常之高,高于疫情前的平均水平。在其他國家,例如比利時、塞浦路斯、德國、希臘、拉脫維亞、立陶宛和西班牙,職位空缺率一直保持在高位或持續上升。

如果我們考慮到公司可能因為之前未能找到合格的員工而不愿發布新職位空缺,那么實際的職位空缺數量可能會更高。在德國,雖然登記的職位空缺數量約為70萬個,但政府估計實際數字接近200萬。

員工擁有的技能與雇主需要的技能不匹配,是填補職位空缺的一大障礙?,F實情況是嚴峻的:盡管就業市場上機會不斷涌現,但由于技能不匹配,即使在失業率居高不下或不斷攀升的情況下,許多職位空缺仍無人填補。

技能短缺

在加拿大安大略省,制造業正在努力填補職位空缺,目前有超過18900個空缺職位,未來兩年電動汽車行業即將出現超過7000個空缺職位。2022年底,澳大利亞也遇到了類似的情況,職位空缺超過了失業人數。在新加坡,大流行病后的勞動力市場的特點是現有工作崗位與勞動者技能不匹配,導致每一個失業者對應1.6個職位空缺。在整個歐洲,建筑行業長期以來面臨的難以找到足夠多的熟練工人的問題,因疫情后需求激增而加劇,這標志著一場更廣泛的全球挑戰。

熟練勞動力的嚴重短缺現已被視為經濟增長的障礙。在德國,經濟增長前景目前為0.7%,遠低于2%的長期平均水平,部分原因是勞動力短缺。急于實現增長和抓住新市場機遇的企業發現自己因難以找到具備合適技能的工人而發展受限?,F有工作崗位與求職者技能之間的差距不僅凸顯了當前勞動力發展戰略效率低下,也凸顯了對教育和職業培訓項目轉型的迫切需求。各國的行業代表認為,這些項目必須迅速實現轉變,以適應快速變化的市場需求。推動低碳技術發展和數字化發展步伐正在擴大對新專業技能的需求。

爭相尋求解決方案

職位空缺和工人短缺的增加反映了數個潛在趨勢。在經歷了2020年的低迷之后,全球經濟出現了強勁反彈,2021年和2022年分別增長了6.3%和3.4%,這反過來又刺激了就業崗位的增加。第二個原因可能與新冠肺炎疫情導致的移民潮減少有關。大流行病促使許多工人離開東道國,而移民系統也在努力解決簽證辦理延誤的問題,結果造成了工人缺口。第三,工資停滯是一個長期存在的問題。例如,在澳大利亞,盡管工資有所增長,但卻未能跟上不斷上漲的生活成本。最后,具體的國情也發揮了作用,比如英國脫歐后面臨的勞動力市場挑戰。

對此,各國政府已開始采取措施,招聘更多的移民工人或將其身份合法化。去年年底,希臘通過了一項新立法,授予數千名無證移民居留權,條件是他們必須找到工作。德國高層官員甚至承認,如果沒有移民勞工,德國就無法彌補日益擴大的勞動力缺口。德國已經實施了數項立法改革,旨在使德國對移民工人更具吸引力,包括簡化入籍途徑、加快簽證辦理速度以及在就業市場上承認外國學歷。更多的國家可能會效仿。

此外,德國還在探索新的工作安排,如每周工作四天。在德國,自今年2月起,已有數十家公司開始試行每周四天工作制。他們認為,壓縮工作周最終會提高員工的積極性和生產率,從而幫助緩解勞動力短缺問題。其他歐洲國家也在進行類似的試驗。與此同時,至少在一個德國城市,上市公司正在招聘學生,以幫助緩解工人短缺問題。值得注意的是,美國一些州正在考慮放寬童工法,允許企業雇傭更多青少年,原因是移民政策被認為更具爭議性。

全球人口結構轉型

與此同時,經濟放緩可能會暫時掩蓋職位空缺增加的潛在趨勢。以英國為例,持續的經濟萎縮同時導致失業率上升和現有職位數量減少。同樣,在丹麥,2023年底的經濟衰退似乎導致了職位空缺的減少。隨著這些經濟體最終反彈,我們很可能會看到勞動力短缺和職位空缺再次反彈。

然而,單靠零敲碎打的措施并不能解決問題,因為全球正在進行長期的人口結構轉型。在發達經濟體中,由于人口老齡化,未填補的空缺職位將會增加。官方估計,到2035年,德國老齡化社會將缺少700萬熟練工人。日本的勞動適齡人口在1998年達到頂峰,此后一直在穩步下降。美國正處于就業機會激增的邊緣,預計到2030年將新增1190萬個就業崗位,然而,盡管美國經濟迫切需要工人,但國內仍將出現300萬的勞動力缺口。

世界各地的人口都在加速老齡化,這一趨勢即使在傳統的勞動力輸出國和低收入國家也未能幸免,非洲是唯一的例外。這一現實表明,針對這些傳統移民輸出國的更開放的移民政策——在當前的政治形勢下,這一重大政策轉變實際上是無法實現的——并不足以改變局勢。中美洲國家目前的生育率低于更替水平,這與許多移民來源國和低收入國家將“未富先老”的擔憂相呼應。為非洲移民工人進入高收入勞動力市場提供便利固然重要,但同樣重要的是對他們的教育和培訓進行投資,確保非洲工人充分利用海外機會。

危機中的勞動力

除了世界老齡化之外,大辭職潮也是真實存在的,自疫情爆發以來,許多工人離開了勞動力市場。在美國,在2021年和2022年,有5000萬名工人離職,這一情況前所未有,反映出新冠肺炎疫情后人們對工作的不滿情緒日益高漲。雖然最初被認為主要是出現在美國的趨勢,但數據表明,這種普遍的不滿情緒已經蔓延到世界其他地區。2022年法國的自愿辭職人數達到創紀錄的270萬,整個歐洲也出現了類似的趨勢,但亞洲的辭職人數有所下降。在澳大利亞,有越來越多的跡象表明類似的工人不滿情緒。即使在最近辭職率有所下降的美國,個人護理服務等某些行業的辭職率仍高于平均水平。

我們觀察到的勞動力短缺現象在一定程度上可以追溯到新冠肺炎疫情的破壞性影響,包括“長新冠”的持續影響。在美國,不僅要悼念因病毒而失去生命的超過25萬名勞動適齡人口,而且還發現勞動力持續減少,各年齡組退出就業的人數是原來的兩倍多。移民社區受到的影響尤為嚴重,其新冠死亡率更高,進一步加劇了現有移民勞動力的減少。

疫情爆發后,人們的工作偏好發生了明顯變化,越來越多的人要求減少工作時間、提高靈活性、更好地平衡工作與生活。在美國,相當多的雇員表示,辭職不是可行的選擇,他們明確表達了對更靈活的工作條件、遠程工作機會和實現工作與生活平衡的偏好,這也是疫情對工作場所規范影響所留下的持久傳統。在新加坡,員工們愿意用薪酬來換取靈活性。因此,這一趨勢,尤其是在年輕員工、高收入者和女性中,導致美國工作時間減少,進一步加劇了勞動力短缺。

職位空缺激增并不只是一種反常現象,它預示著一場席卷全球勞動力市場的深刻變革。這一轉變不僅包括人口結構的轉型,還包括后疫情時代工作偏好的變化。

現有的解決方案可能會短暫緩解情況,經濟衰退可能會暫時掩蓋這些挑戰,但最終的解決方案將需要史無前例的全球合作?,F在是時候采取大膽的、創造性的方法來調動多樣化的勞動力資源了:利用非洲快速增長的勞動適齡人口,挖掘低收入國家年齡較大但仍具有生產力的工人的潛力,以及重新雇傭富裕國家的退休人員和帶有不滿情緒的年輕員工。

認識到我們面臨的挑戰的相互關聯性至關重要。我們是全球單一勞動力市場的一部分。我們面臨的問題是共同的,因此必須戮力同心,尋找解決方案。(財富中文網)

米格爾維·彼得拉斯凱特維(Migl? Petrauskait?)是烏干達對外直接投資研究員,現任烏干達財政部高級經濟學家。

埃爾溫·R·瓊森(Erwin R. Tiongson)是喬治敦大學(Georgetown University)全球人類發展項目的實踐教授和副主任。

譯者:中慧言-王芳

Job vacancies have stayed high or have been rising in various parts of the world, despite slower global growth and tighter credit markets. Countries around the world have taken measures to address these unusual worker shortages–but piecemeal solutions overlook the transformation of the global labor market, the fundamental ways it has changed since the pandemic, and the consequences of the demographic transition worldwide.

Global growth has slowed since 2022, as various shocks and conflicts have damaged and continue to threaten the global economy. With tighter credit conditions everywhere and businesses still reeling from inflation, unemployment is projected to rise steadily in the coming years.

Yet the number of job vacancies–unoccupied roles businesses are eager to fill–remains surprisingly high or even close to record highs in various parts of the world. Even in the markets where job vacancies have been trending down in recent months–such as in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Singapore, the U.K., and the U.S.–they remain unusually high and above their pre-pandemic average. Elsewhere, for example in Belgium, Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, and Spain, they have stayed high or have been rising.

The real number of vacancies could be even higher if we consider that firms may be discouraged from posting new vacancies, having previously failed to find qualified workers. In Germany, although the number of registered vacancies is about 700,000, the government estimates that the real number is closer to 2 million.

The mismatch between the skills that workers have and what employers need presents a significant barrier to filling job vacancies. The reality is stark: While the job market burgeons with opportunities, a mismatch in skills leaves many positions unfilled, even in the face of high or rising unemployment.

A skills shortage

In Ontario, Canada, the manufacturing sector is struggling to fill the roles, with over 18,900 vacant positions and an impending influx of more than 7,000 jobs in the electric vehicle sector looming over the next two years. At the end of 2022, Australia encountered a similar scenario, with job vacancies surpassing the count of unemployed individuals. In Singapore, the post-pandemic labor market is characterized by a mismatch between the jobs available and the skills of the workforce, resulting in 1.6 job vacancies for every unemployed individual. Across Europe, the longstanding struggle to find enough skilled workers in the construction sector has been exacerbated by a surge in demand following the pandemic, signaling a broader, global challenge.

The acute shortage of skilled labor is now seen as a barrier to economic growth. In Germany, economic growth prospects are now at 0.7%–far below its long-term average of 2%–partly due to a worker shortage. Businesses eager to grow and capitalize on new market opportunities find themselves hamstrung by the difficulty of sourcing workers with the right skills. This gap between available jobs and the skills of job seekers not only underscores the inefficiencies in current workforce development strategies but also highlights an urgent need for educational and vocational training programs to pivot. Industry representatives across countries have argued such programs must now evolve swiftly to match the demands of a rapidly changing marketplace, one where the push for low-carbon technologies and the pace of digitalization are accelerating the demand for new, specialized skills.

The scramble for solutions

The rise in job vacancies and worker shortages reflects several underlying trends. After a downturn in 2020, the global economy saw a robust rebound, surging by 6.3% in 2021 and?3.4% in 2022, which, in turn, spurred an uptick in job postings. The second piece of the puzzle could be related to reduced immigration flows due to COVID-19. The pandemic prompted many workers to leave their host countries, while immigration systems grappled with delays in visa processing, creating worker gaps as a result. Third, wage stagnation has been a persistent issue. For instance, in Australia, even as wages have seen some increase, they have failed to match the rising cost of living. Finally, specific national circumstances also play a role, such as the U.K.’s labor market challenges post-Brexit.

In response, governments have started taking steps to recruit more immigrant workers or formalize their status. At the end of last year, Greece approved new legislation granting thousands of undocumented migrants residence rights, provided they secure employment. Top officials in Germany have gone so far as to admit that the country could not close its widening workforce gap without migrant labor. Berlin has implemented several legislative changes aimed at making Germany more appealing to migrant workers, including simplifying the path to citizenship, accelerating visa processing, and recognizing foreign qualifications in the job market. More countries may follow suit.

New work arrangements, such as a four-day workweek, are also being explored. In Germany, since February, dozens of companies have been piloting a four-day workweek. The idea is that a shorter workweek could ultimately make workers more motivated and productive, helping ease labor shortages in the process. Other European countries are running similar trials. Meanwhile, in at least one German city, public companies are hiring students to help alleviate the shortage of workers. Remarkably, some U.S. states have been considering easing child labor laws and allowing more teenagers to be hired by establishments because migration policy is thought to be more controversial.

A global demographic transition

In the meantime, an economic slowdown could temporarily conceal the underlying trend of increasing job vacancies. Take the U.K., where the ongoing economic contraction is simultaneously driving up unemployment rates and diminishing the number of available positions. Similarly, in Denmark, the recession towards the end of 2023 appears to have contributed to a decrease in job openings. As these economies eventually rebound, we are likely to see a resurgence of labor shortages and vacancies.

However, piecemeal measures alone will not solve the issue, as a longer-term demographic transition is unfolding worldwide. Across advanced economies, unfilled vacancies are set to rise due to aging populations. Official estimates suggest Germany’s aging society will be short seven million skilled workers by 2035. Japan’s working-age population peaked in 1998, and the numbers have been on a steady decline ever since. The U.S. stands on the precipice of a job surge, with forecasts promising 11.9 million new roles by 2030, yet the domestic labor force is on track to fall short by 3 million, even as the economy clamors for workers.

Populations?worldwide are aging quickly, a trend not spared even among traditional labor-sending and lower-income countries, with Africa being the lone exception. This reality indicates that more open migration policies aimed at these traditional sending countries–a significant policy shift virtually unattainable in the current political landscape–would not suffice. Countries in Central America now have fertility rates below replacement, echoing the concern that many migrant countries of origin and lower-income countries will be “old before they get rich.” While facilitating access for African migrant workers to high-income labor markets will be important, equally vital is the investment in their education and training, ensuring that African workers make full use of opportunities overseas.

A workforce in crisis

In addition to an aging world, the Great Resignation was real, with many workers having left the workforce since the pandemic. In the U.S., an unprecedented 50 million workers stepped down in 2021 and 2022, reflecting a growing dissatisfaction with work following the COVID-19 pandemic. Although initially perceived as predominantly an American trend, the data suggest that this general dissatisfaction has spread to other parts of the world. France witnessed a record 2.7 million voluntary resignations in 2022, with similar trends observed across Europe, though Asia saw a decline in resignations. In Australia, there are growing signs of similar worker discontent. And even in the U.S. where quit rates have recently fallen, certain industries like personal care services continue to report higher-than-average resignation rates.

The labor shortages we observe can partly be traced back to the devastating impact of COVID-19, including the lingering effects of long COVID. In the U.S., the workforce has not only mourned the loss of over a quarter-million working-age individuals to the virus but has also seen a lasting reduction, with a figure more than twice as large across various age groups withdrawing from employment. Particularly affected were migrant communities, which suffered higher COVID-19 mortality rates, further exacerbating the decrease in available migrant labor.

Following the pandemic, a pronounced shift in work preferences has emerged, with a growing demand for reduced hours, enhanced flexibility, and better work-life balance. In the U.S., a substantial number of employees, for whom resignation isn’t a viable choice, have voiced a clear preference for more flexible working conditions, remote opportunities, and improved work-life balance–an enduring legacy of the pandemic’s impact on workplace norms. In?Singapore, workers are willing to trade off pay for flexibility. As a result, this trend, particularly among younger workers, higher earners, and women, has led to a reduction in working hours in the U.S., further exacerbating labor shortages.

The surge in vacancies isn’t just an anomaly–it signals a profound transformation sweeping across global labor markets. This shift encompasses not only the demographic transition but also the changes in work preferences post-pandemic.

Existing solutions may offer brief relief, and economic downturns could hide these challenges temporarily, but ultimately, the resolution will require global coordination unlike we have seen before. It’s time for daring, creative approaches to mobilize diverse labor pools: harnessing Africa’s rapidly growing working-age population, tapping into the underutilized potential of older but still productive workers from lower-income countries, and re-engaging the retirees and dissatisfied younger workers of wealthier countries.

Recognizing the interconnectedness of the challenges before us is crucial. We are part of a singular, global labor market. The problems we face are shared, and so must be the solutions we will figure out, together.

Migl? Petrauskait? is an ODI Fellow serving as Senior Economist at Uganda’s Ministry of Finance.

Erwin R. Tiongson is Professor of the Practice and Deputy Director of Georgetown University’s Global Human Development Program.

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