在美國政府和一些大型科技公司爭論了數年之后,五角大樓取消了2019年授予微軟公司(Microsoft Corp.)的一份價值100億美元的云計算合同。這意味著,五角大樓計劃讓微軟和其競爭對手亞馬遜公司(Amazon.com Inc.)共同分配這項交易。
“隨著技術環境的變化,現在已經很明顯,拖延了很久的JEDI云合同不再能夠滿足填補國防部能力缺口的要求。”美國國防部在7月6日發布的一份聲明中說。這一項目被稱為“聯合企業防御基礎設施”(Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure,簡稱JEDI)。這份原本打算將微軟作為唯一供應商的合同,從一開始就受到了激烈的爭議。
現在,五角大樓宣布了一個“多供應商”項目的計劃,并表示其“打算從‘有限的來源’中尋求建議,即微軟和亞馬遜網絡服務(Amazon Web Services)”。亞馬遜和微軟是目前五角大樓認為唯二有能力滿足其要求的公司。五角大樓還指出,如果其他供應商可以證明它們符合合同條款,也將予以考慮。
股票方面,微軟延續了早些時候的跌勢。這一消息傳出之后,股價一度下跌1.2%,至當日低點。亞馬遜則保住了漲幅,截至紐約時間下午12時32分,其股價上漲了3.3%。
今年早些時候,JEDI云計算項目的前景受到了質疑。五角大樓官員稱,如果美國聯邦索賠法院(U.S. Court of Federal Claims)拒絕駁回亞馬遜的指控,他們可能會取消合同。亞馬遜稱,前總統唐納德?特朗普的政治干預,導致該公司失去了利潤豐厚的云計算交易。今年4月,法官帕特里夏?坎貝爾-史密斯拒絕了政府和微軟要求撤銷亞馬遜部分訴訟的請求,允許訴訟繼續進行。
新的云計算合同又被稱為“聯合戰士云能力”(Joint Warfighter Cloud Capability),將被授予多個供應商,為期五年。美國國防部表示,尚未確定更換云項目的最高獎勵金額,但預計將達到數十億美元。
據五角大樓稱,微軟和亞馬遜不會立刻獲得這筆交易,它們必須提交關于將如何滿足政府要求的提案。五角大樓的一份簡報顯示,美國國防部計劃實施的要求包括在多個分類級別處理敏感數據的能力、戰術環境中云服務的全球可用性,以及網絡安全控制的加強。
五角大樓的代理首席信息官約翰?舍曼在接受電話采訪時說,持續不斷的訴訟并不是五角大樓做出改變的原因?!斑@真的是出于任務需要?!彼f,“因為JEDI是在三年半前完成構思的。但現在,就云技術的發展而言,我們已經邁上了一個新的臺階。”
7月6日,美國司法部向亞馬遜和微軟通報了這項新戰略。司法部一直在為國防部的立場辯護。舍曼稱,“我們(國防部)尚未與它們達成一致”,盡管最初的反饋顯示“沒有任何負面消息”。
舍曼說,他將聯系甲骨文公司(Oracle Corp.)、IBM公司(International Business Machines Corp.)和Alphabet公司旗下的谷歌(Google),以概述新計劃?!拔磥砣齻€半月,我們將對更多的(微軟)競爭對手以及它們是否能夠滿足要求進行市場調查?!?/p>
最初的合同首字母縮略為JEDI,目的是喚起“星球大戰”(Star Wars)的意象。該項目作為全球軍事服務的主要數據存儲庫,在過去十年間,這一數據存儲庫的價值高達100億美元。美國國防部表示,其正在采用商業云服務,將計算能力和存儲托管在由外部公司運營的遠程數據中心,以便在戰場上取得戰術優勢,并加強對新興技術的使用。
五角大樓解除JEDI合同、并實施新的云項目的行為可以被視為一種最明確的官方認證,即在聯邦政府看來,微軟和亞馬遜仍然是云服務市場的領導者。而微軟能夠贏下JEDI合同,也表現了該公司正在趕超亞馬遜的跡象。一些分析師稱,這可能是“史上最大的云合同獎”。
法律糾紛
多年來,這份合同邀請過科技巨頭、立法者和白宮來對此進行審查。五角大樓決定將這筆交易授予唯一一家供應商,而不是將其分解為幾個分包合同,這促使云計算領域內的同行對家們競相開展了激烈的幕后游說和公關活動,以取代亞馬遜的地位——在2018年的云計算合約競標結果揭幕時,亞馬遜被視為最初的領跑者。
2020年9月,甲骨文公司提起訴訟,指控這項采購方案的排他性,但最終敗訴。這家軟件制造商聲稱五角大樓的合同要求過于狹窄,而且競爭會因為牽涉到亞馬遜的利益沖突而受到致命影響。甲骨文在訴訟中稱,在履行合同的過程中,亞馬遜為兩名原先在五角大樓工作的員工提供了工作機會。
美國聯邦巡回上訴法院(U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit)確認了下級法院的裁決,即五角大樓在擬定合同時犯的任何錯誤都不會損害甲骨文公司的利益,因為不管怎么樣,甲骨文都沒有資格得到這份合同。甲骨文已經就該裁決向美國最高法院提出上訴,但最高法院尚未決定是否要審查此案。
“敵人”貝佐斯
微軟于2019年10月贏下合同后,招致了諸多同行的嫉妒。亞馬遜網絡服務提起訴訟,稱美國國防部無視亞馬遜的卓越技術,而且不顧微軟在履行合約要求時存在的“關鍵失誤”,依然將合同授給了微軟。亞馬遜在訴訟中稱,五角大樓之所以會犯這些錯誤,是因為特朗普的不當干預,特朗普認為亞馬遜的聯合創始人杰夫?貝佐斯是他的“政治敵人”——貝佐斯也是《華盛頓郵報》(Washington Post)的所有者。美國國防部則否認,在其決定將合約授予微軟的過程中受到政治因素的影響。
亞馬遜的訴訟是基于特朗普和國防部的一系列評論和行動,這家電子商務巨頭聲稱,這表明五角大樓在將合約授予微軟時屈服于政治壓力。亞馬遜還舉了一個例子,其中引用了美國國防部前部長吉姆?馬蒂斯的前演講撰稿人蓋伊?斯諾德格拉斯在一本書中的說法。他說,特朗普在2018年夏天告訴馬蒂斯,要在競標中排擠亞馬遜,來“搞垮這家公司”。斯諾德格拉斯寫道,馬蒂斯沒有按照特朗普的要求去做。
該公司還提到了特朗普在2019年7月的一場新聞發布會上的評論,當時他以微軟、甲骨文和IBM公司的投訴為由,公開質疑JEDI合同的投標是否是正當競爭。
為了支持自己的說法,亞馬遜要求法院允許其向特朗普、國防部前部長馬蒂斯、馬克?埃斯珀以及五角大樓首席信息官達納?迪西提出質疑??藏悹?史密斯法官尚未對該動議作出裁決。
2020年4月,美國國防部監察長稱,沒有證據表明,五角大樓將這筆交易授予微軟的決定是特朗普干預的結果,盡管它表示,其調查受到白宮官員的限制。監管機構還澄清了關于其中存在亞馬遜利益沖突的指控。
隨著與JEDI有關的法律和監管之爭仍在持續,美國國防部強調,它還有其他十多個云服務項目,與甲骨文、亞馬遜、通用動力信息技術公司(General Dynamics Information Technology)和微軟等公司都有合作伙伴關系。(財富中文網)
編譯:楊二一、陳聰聰
在美國政府和一些大型科技公司爭論了數年之后,五角大樓取消了2019年授予微軟公司(Microsoft Corp.)的一份價值100億美元的云計算合同。這意味著,五角大樓計劃讓微軟和其競爭對手亞馬遜公司(Amazon.com Inc.)共同分配這項交易。
“隨著技術環境的變化,現在已經很明顯,拖延了很久的JEDI云合同不再能夠滿足填補國防部能力缺口的要求?!泵绹鴩啦吭?月6日發布的一份聲明中說。這一項目被稱為“聯合企業防御基礎設施”(Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure,簡稱JEDI)。這份原本打算將微軟作為唯一供應商的合同,從一開始就受到了激烈的爭議。
現在,五角大樓宣布了一個“多供應商”項目的計劃,并表示其“打算從‘有限的來源’中尋求建議,即微軟和亞馬遜網絡服務(Amazon Web Services)”。亞馬遜和微軟是目前五角大樓認為唯二有能力滿足其要求的公司。五角大樓還指出,如果其他供應商可以證明它們符合合同條款,也將予以考慮。
股票方面,微軟延續了早些時候的跌勢。這一消息傳出之后,股價一度下跌1.2%,至當日低點。亞馬遜則保住了漲幅,截至紐約時間下午12時32分,其股價上漲了3.3%。
今年早些時候,JEDI云計算項目的前景受到了質疑。五角大樓官員稱,如果美國聯邦索賠法院(U.S. Court of Federal Claims)拒絕駁回亞馬遜的指控,他們可能會取消合同。亞馬遜稱,前總統唐納德?特朗普的政治干預,導致該公司失去了利潤豐厚的云計算交易。今年4月,法官帕特里夏?坎貝爾-史密斯拒絕了政府和微軟要求撤銷亞馬遜部分訴訟的請求,允許訴訟繼續進行。
新的云計算合同又被稱為“聯合戰士云能力”(Joint Warfighter Cloud Capability),將被授予多個供應商,為期五年。美國國防部表示,尚未確定更換云項目的最高獎勵金額,但預計將達到數十億美元。
據五角大樓稱,微軟和亞馬遜不會立刻獲得這筆交易,它們必須提交關于將如何滿足政府要求的提案。五角大樓的一份簡報顯示,美國國防部計劃實施的要求包括在多個分類級別處理敏感數據的能力、戰術環境中云服務的全球可用性,以及網絡安全控制的加強。
五角大樓的代理首席信息官約翰?舍曼在接受電話采訪時說,持續不斷的訴訟并不是五角大樓做出改變的原因?!斑@真的是出于任務需要?!彼f,“因為JEDI是在三年半前完成構思的。但現在,就云技術的發展而言,我們已經邁上了一個新的臺階?!?/p>
7月6日,美國司法部向亞馬遜和微軟通報了這項新戰略。司法部一直在為國防部的立場辯護。舍曼稱,“我們(國防部)尚未與它們達成一致”,盡管最初的反饋顯示“沒有任何負面消息”。
舍曼說,他將聯系甲骨文公司(Oracle Corp.)、IBM公司(International Business Machines Corp.)和Alphabet公司旗下的谷歌(Google),以概述新計劃。“未來三個半月,我們將對更多的(微軟)競爭對手以及它們是否能夠滿足要求進行市場調查?!?/p>
最初的合同首字母縮略為JEDI,目的是喚起“星球大戰”(Star Wars)的意象。該項目作為全球軍事服務的主要數據存儲庫,在過去十年間,這一數據存儲庫的價值高達100億美元。美國國防部表示,其正在采用商業云服務,將計算能力和存儲托管在由外部公司運營的遠程數據中心,以便在戰場上取得戰術優勢,并加強對新興技術的使用。
五角大樓解除JEDI合同、并實施新的云項目的行為可以被視為一種最明確的官方認證,即在聯邦政府看來,微軟和亞馬遜仍然是云服務市場的領導者。而微軟能夠贏下JEDI合同,也表現了該公司正在趕超亞馬遜的跡象。一些分析師稱,這可能是“史上最大的云合同獎”。
法律糾紛
多年來,這份合同邀請過科技巨頭、立法者和白宮來對此進行審查。五角大樓決定將這筆交易授予唯一一家供應商,而不是將其分解為幾個分包合同,這促使云計算領域內的同行對家們競相開展了激烈的幕后游說和公關活動,以取代亞馬遜的地位——在2018年的云計算合約競標結果揭幕時,亞馬遜被視為最初的領跑者。
2020年9月,甲骨文公司提起訴訟,指控這項采購方案的排他性,但最終敗訴。這家軟件制造商聲稱五角大樓的合同要求過于狹窄,而且競爭會因為牽涉到亞馬遜的利益沖突而受到致命影響。甲骨文在訴訟中稱,在履行合同的過程中,亞馬遜為兩名原先在五角大樓工作的員工提供了工作機會。
美國聯邦巡回上訴法院(U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit)確認了下級法院的裁決,即五角大樓在擬定合同時犯的任何錯誤都不會損害甲骨文公司的利益,因為不管怎么樣,甲骨文都沒有資格得到這份合同。甲骨文已經就該裁決向美國最高法院提出上訴,但最高法院尚未決定是否要審查此案。
“敵人”貝佐斯
微軟于2019年10月贏下合同后,招致了諸多同行的嫉妒。亞馬遜網絡服務提起訴訟,稱美國國防部無視亞馬遜的卓越技術,而且不顧微軟在履行合約要求時存在的“關鍵失誤”,依然將合同授給了微軟。亞馬遜在訴訟中稱,五角大樓之所以會犯這些錯誤,是因為特朗普的不當干預,特朗普認為亞馬遜的聯合創始人杰夫?貝佐斯是他的“政治敵人”——貝佐斯也是《華盛頓郵報》(Washington Post)的所有者。美國國防部則否認,在其決定將合約授予微軟的過程中受到政治因素的影響。
亞馬遜的訴訟是基于特朗普和國防部的一系列評論和行動,這家電子商務巨頭聲稱,這表明五角大樓在將合約授予微軟時屈服于政治壓力。亞馬遜還舉了一個例子,其中引用了美國國防部前部長吉姆?馬蒂斯的前演講撰稿人蓋伊?斯諾德格拉斯在一本書中的說法。他說,特朗普在2018年夏天告訴馬蒂斯,要在競標中排擠亞馬遜,來“搞垮這家公司”。斯諾德格拉斯寫道,馬蒂斯沒有按照特朗普的要求去做。
該公司還提到了特朗普在2019年7月的一場新聞發布會上的評論,當時他以微軟、甲骨文和IBM公司的投訴為由,公開質疑JEDI合同的投標是否是正當競爭。
為了支持自己的說法,亞馬遜要求法院允許其向特朗普、國防部前部長馬蒂斯、馬克?埃斯珀以及五角大樓首席信息官達納?迪西提出質疑。坎貝爾?史密斯法官尚未對該動議作出裁決。
2020年4月,美國國防部監察長稱,沒有證據表明,五角大樓將這筆交易授予微軟的決定是特朗普干預的結果,盡管它表示,其調查受到白宮官員的限制。監管機構還澄清了關于其中存在亞馬遜利益沖突的指控。
隨著與JEDI有關的法律和監管之爭仍在持續,美國國防部強調,它還有其他十多個云服務項目,與甲骨文、亞馬遜、通用動力信息技術公司(General Dynamics Information Technology)和微軟等公司都有合作伙伴關系。(財富中文網)
編譯:楊二一、陳聰聰
The Pentagon scrapped a $10 billion cloud-computing contract awarded in 2019 to Microsoft Corp. after several years of wrangling between the government and some of the biggest U.S. tech companies over the deal, indicating it plans to divide the work between Microsoft and rival Amazon.com Inc. instead.
“With the shifting technology environment, it has become clear that the JEDI Cloud contract, which has long been delayed, no longer meets the requirements to fill the DoD’s capability gaps,” the Defense Department said in a statement on July 6. The project, known as the Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure and intended as a sole-source contract, had been fiercely disputed from the start.
Instead, the Pentagon announced plans for a “multi-vendor” project and said it “intends to seek proposals from a limited number of sources, namely Microsoft and Amazon Web Services,” the only two companies it deems capable of meeting its requirements. It said other vendors will be considered if they can show they meet the contract terms.
Microsoft extended an earlier decline, dropping as much as 1.2% to a session low after the news. Amazon held onto its gains, and was up 3.3% at 12:32 p.m. in New York.
The future of the JEDI cloud program was thrown into doubt earlier this year when Pentagon officials said they may scrap the contract if the U.S. Court of Federal Claims declined to dismiss Amazon’s claims that political interference from former President Donald Trump cost the company the lucrative cloud deal. In April, Judge Patricia Campbell-Smith rejected requests by the government and Microsoft to dismiss part of Amazon’s lawsuit, allowing the litigation to continue.
The new cloud contract, dubbed the Joint Warfighter Cloud Capability, will be awarded to multiple vendors for a period of five years. The Defense Department said it hasn’t yet determined a maximum award amount for the replacement cloud project, but expects it to be in the billions of dollars.
Microsoft and Amazon won’t be awarded the deal automatically and will have to submit proposals on how they will satisfy the government’s requirements, according to the Pentagon. Among the requirements the Defense Department is planning to impose are the ability to handle sensitive data at multiple classification levels, global availability of cloud services in tactical environments and enhanced cyber security controls, according to a Pentagon fact sheet.
The prospect of endless litigation wasn’t the driving force behind the Pentagon’s change, said Acting Chief Information Officer John Sherman in a telephone interview. “This is really about mission need,” he said. “Because JEDI was conceived over three and a half years ago, we have moved to a different place” in terms of cloud advances.
Amazon and Microsoft were notified on July 6 of the new strategy through the Justice Department, which has been defending the Defense Department’s position. “We don’t have agreement yet” with them, although the initial feedback indicated “nothing negative,” Sherman said.
Sherman said that he will be reaching out to Oracle Corp., International Business Machines Corp. and Alphabet Inc.’s Google to outline the new plan. “The door remains wide open for the next three and a half months as we conduct market research” on additional competitors and whether they can meet the requirements.
The original contract, with its JEDI acronym, was intended to evoke “Star Wars” imagery. That project, valued at as much as $10 billion over a decade, was intended to serve as the primary data repository for military services worldwide. The Defense Department has said it’s adopting commercial cloud services, in which computing power and storage are hosted in remote data centers run by outside companies, to give it a tactical edge in the battlefield and strengthen its use of emerging technologies.
The Pentagon’s dissolution of the JEDI contract and implementation of a new cloud project offers one of the clearest public validations that Microsoft and Amazon remain the leaders in the cloud services market for the federal government. When Microsoft won the JEDI contract, it was seen as sign the company was catching up to Amazon, with some analysts touting it as possibly “the largest cloud contract award in history.”
Legal wrangling
Over the years, the contract had invited scrutiny from major tech companies, lawmakers and the White House. The Pentagon’s decision to award the deal to a sole provider, rather than breaking it up into several subcontracts, prompted vigorous behind-the-scenes lobbying and a public relations campaign by rivals to unseat Amazon, which was seen as the original front-runner when the cloud contract competition was unveiled in 2018.
In September 2020, Oracle Corp. lost an appeal of a lawsuit challenging its exclusion from the procurement. The software maker alleged the Pentagon’s contract requirements were overly narrow and that the competition was fatally tainted by conflicts of interest involving Amazon. Oracle’s lawsuit claims that Amazon offered two former Pentagon employees jobs at the company while they were working on the contract.
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed a lower court ruling that Oracle wasn’t harmed by any errors the Pentagon made in developing the contract proposal because it wouldn’t have qualified for the contract anyway. Oracle has appealed that ruling to the Supreme Court, which hasn’t decided whether to review the case.
Bezos as “Enemy”
After Microsoft’s upset victory in October 2019, Amazon Web Services filed a lawsuit asserting that the Defense Department ignored Amazon’s superior technology and awarded the contract to Microsoft despite its “key failures” to comply with requirements. The Pentagon made those errors because of improper interference by Trump, who considered Amazon co-founder Jeff Bezos—who also owns the Washington Post—his “political enemy,” according to Amazon’s lawsuit. The Defense Department denied that politics influenced its decision to award Microsoft the deal.
Amazon’s lawsuit relied on a laundry list of comments and actions by Trump and the Defense Department that the e-commerce giant claims shows the Pentagon bowed to political pressure when it awarded the deal to Microsoft. In one case, Amazon cites claims in a book by ex-Defense Secretary Jim Mattis’s former speechwriter, Guy Snodgrass. He said Trump told Mattis in the summer of 2018 to “screw Amazon” by locking it out of the bid. Mattis didn’t do what Trump asked, Snodgrass wrote.
The company also pointed to Trump’s comments during a news conference in July 2019, when he openly questioned whether the JEDI contract was being competitively bid, citing complaints from Microsoft, Oracle and International Business Machines Corp.
To bolster its case, Amazon asked the court to let it question Trump, former Defense Secretaries Mattis and Mark Esper and Dana Deasy, who was the Pentagon’s chief information officer. Judge Campbell-Smith has yet to issue a ruling on that motion.
In April 2020, the Defense Department’s inspector general said there was no evidence that the Pentagon’s decision to award the deal to Microsoft was the result of interference from Trump, though it said its probe was curtailed by White House officials. The watchdog also cleared the project of conflict of interest allegations involving Amazon.
As the legal and regulatory battles over JEDI dragged on, the Defense Department stressed that it has more than a dozen other cloud projects, including partnerships with Oracle, Amazon, General Dynamics Information Technology and Microsoft.