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這場聽證會信息量太大,四大科技巨頭“黑歷史”被扒光

Danielle Abril
2020-07-30

特朗普表示,如果國會在本次聽證會后不采取具體的行動,他將會親自介入。

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當?shù)貢r間7月29日,美國國會針對科技巨頭公司舉行了一場反壟斷聽證會。會上,F(xiàn)acebook和亞馬遜兩家公司都受到了嚴苛的指控,稱它們在壯大自己的商業(yè)帝國時咄咄逼人,各種不正當競爭的手段也是無所不用其極——而這兩家公司也不得不花費大量時間為自己辯護。

這場長達五個半小時的線上聽證會由美國司法部下屬的反壟斷委員會主持,國會議員們在此有機會對一些科技巨頭公司的CEO提出質(zhì)疑——包括蘋果公司CEO蒂姆?庫克、亞馬遜的CEO杰夫?貝佐斯、Facebook的CEO馬克?扎克伯格和谷歌母公司Alphabet的CEO桑達爾?皮查伊。利用這個機會,議員們對四家科技巨頭公司提出了深刻問詢,而其中針對Facebook和亞馬遜的反壟斷指控最為強烈——議員們稱這兩家公司的所作所為“最令人發(fā)指”。

國會議員們尖銳地抨擊了亞馬遜對第三方賣家的欺壓行為,稱其做法和“毒販”并無二致。Facebook也受到了類似的指控:委員會拿出了該公司此前在Instagram收購案中的相關(guān)材料,稱Facebook為達成收購Instagram的目的,展開了“破壞性的攻勢”,頗具“數(shù)字圈地”的色彩,以鞏固其市場霸主的地位。

盡管扎克伯格不同意這些針對Facebook公司及其做法的指控,但他實際上也暗中承認,將競爭對手的創(chuàng)意挪用到自己的產(chǎn)品開發(fā)中,的確是Facebook的慣常做法。

扎克伯格說:“我們確實會適當借鑒他人的點子,并將其引入到我們自己的產(chǎn)品中。”

相比之下,蘋果公司在聽證會中沒有招致太多火力,得以毫發(fā)無損地全身而退。至于谷歌,盡管國會也提到其通過“竊取信息”(包括Yelp評論)遏制小企業(yè)的問題,但大多數(shù)的質(zhì)疑還是來自谷歌與中美兩國政府的合作、數(shù)據(jù)隱私等相關(guān)問題。

在這次反壟斷聽證會上,這四位全球科技巨頭的CEO首次共同出席國會作證——這也是亞馬遜CEO貝佐斯第一次出席此類場合。同樣的場面,在聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會和司法部繼續(xù)對四家公司進行反壟斷調(diào)查時也曾上演。這些科技巨頭如今面臨著監(jiān)管機構(gòu)和用戶日益嚴格的監(jiān)督——它們收集了用戶多少數(shù)據(jù)信息?這些信息將被用在何處?它們的權(quán)力膨脹到了何種地步?這些問題都讓人們產(chǎn)生了深深的憂慮。

華盛頓第七國會區(qū)的民主黨眾議員代表普拉米拉?賈亞帕爾談到,F(xiàn)acebook此前以不光彩的手段收購了Instagram,如今又試圖故技重施,收購SnapChat。她指責(zé)這家社交媒體巨頭在收購談判中竊取了對手的產(chǎn)品。而當扎克伯格說他并不記得對競爭對手施加過任何威脅時,賈亞帕爾提醒他想一想自己出庭前的宣誓,并表示委員會已經(jīng)收到了相關(guān)電子郵件證據(jù),暗示扎克伯格,事件的真相可能恰恰和他聲稱的相反。

當國會提到他們有電郵證據(jù)揭露Instagram收購案的真相時,扎克伯格說:“我不同意對‘竊取對手創(chuàng)意’之類的定性——顯然,我們本來也有意在Instagram主打的[移動端照片類社交軟件]領(lǐng)域展開競爭。”

與此同時,賓夕法尼亞州第五區(qū)的民主黨眾議員代表瑪麗?斯坎倫則對亞馬遜提出質(zhì)疑,稱其為收購競爭對手Diapers.com而采取的計劃太具有“侵略性”。她質(zhì)問亞馬遜CEO貝佐斯在為何在收購中暫時下調(diào)價格,從而讓Diapers.com毫無招架之力。而后收購?fù)瓿蓵r,又再度推高了價格。

貝佐斯則回應(yīng)道:“我一點也不記得,我們給出的價格一直很有競爭力。”

國會議員們還擔(dān)憂,亞馬遜是否正在通過內(nèi)部渠道獲取第三方賣家的數(shù)據(jù),以建立自己的產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈,來與這些品牌展開競爭。盡管根據(jù)亞馬遜的政策,該平臺不得查看私人賣家的數(shù)據(jù),但事實上,它仍然保留了對這些數(shù)據(jù)進行匯總分析的權(quán)限。

“我不能保證這一政策從未被違反過。”貝佐斯說,“我們會對此事介入調(diào)查,暫時不能妄下判斷。”

而來自佐治亞州第六選區(qū)的民主黨代表露西?麥巴斯則播放了一段錄音。錄音中,一家銷量頗高的亞馬遜馳名私營書商表示,自己的店鋪被亞馬遜官方無故撤下了平臺,此后書店所提交的申訴請求,包括直接投遞給貝佐斯的那些,都沒有得到過回應(yīng)。

“我們并沒有違反平臺的任何規(guī)定。”書店老板在錄音中哀求道,“我們店一共有14個人,大家還要生活下去,求求你們讓我繼續(xù)正常經(jīng)營吧。”

雖然本次聽證會尚未提及往后具體的監(jiān)管措施,但毋庸置疑的是,美國國會正在為科技巨頭公司的壟斷問題而擔(dān)憂。紐約州民主黨代表杰羅爾德?納德勒認為,在一個民主社會中,出現(xiàn)過度集中的權(quán)力是非常危險的,這四家科技公司尤其需要被密切關(guān)注。

然而,威斯康星州第五選區(qū)共和黨代表吉姆?森森布倫納認為,比起修改反壟斷法,國家更應(yīng)該把重心放在現(xiàn)有法律的執(zhí)行上面。“國會應(yīng)該挑選出合適的‘贏家’與‘輸家’,這一點我們總做不好。”他指出:“我們不需要修改反壟斷法,我已經(jīng)得出了結(jié)論。”

另一方面,特朗普表示,如果國會在本次聽證會后不采取具體的行動,他將會親自介入。“他們早該干預(yù)了,如果國會還是不能監(jiān)管這些大型科技公司,我就會頒布行政命令來親自執(zhí)行。”特朗普于本周三聽證會開始前在推特上寫道,“多年來,他們在華盛頓一直只說不做,美國人民已經(jīng)聽膩了!”

國會兩黨在這個問題上的側(cè)重點也不盡相同,這么多年來一直在“科技公司是否未被監(jiān)管”、“是否要修改法律”上爭論不休。民主黨人最關(guān)注的是科技公司的權(quán)力及隱私保護問題,而共和黨人更加關(guān)心各大平臺是否壓制了那些保守派的觀點。

縱觀整場會議,很多國會議員都借此機會強調(diào)和“個人利益”這個話題相關(guān)的內(nèi)容,即便這些問題本身與反壟斷法無關(guān),“數(shù)據(jù)隱私”、“內(nèi)容適度”、“政治偏見”這些關(guān)鍵詞被反復(fù)提及。亞馬遜CEO貝佐斯甚至認為社交媒會傷害到國家民主,“社交媒體是一個微妙的、具有毀滅性的機器。”他說。

事實上,四位CEO都堅持表示自己公司的服務(wù)與產(chǎn)品能讓消費者獲益。同時,他們也聊到了當下激烈的競爭環(huán)境。談及企業(yè)的對手時,貝佐斯提到了沃爾瑪、塔吉特和開市客的名字,而扎克伯格則將TikTok、蘋果、谷歌這些社交媒體及信息服務(wù)平臺納入了名單。

“根據(jù)我對法律的理解,不能只因為一個公司大,就說它不好。”扎克伯格在會議前的發(fā)言中說道,“很多大公司沒有競爭意識,所以它們倒閉了。”

美國眾議院附屬委員會主席及羅德島州民主黨代表大衛(wèi)?塞西林表示,該委員會將在聽證會結(jié)束后發(fā)布一份具體的調(diào)查報告,并制定適當?shù)慕鉀Q方案。

“這類大型企業(yè)都是巨大的壟斷勢力,有些需要被拆解,有些需要被適當監(jiān)管。”塞西林說道。(財富中文網(wǎng))

編譯:陳怡軒、陳聰聰

當?shù)貢r間7月29日,美國國會針對科技巨頭公司舉行了一場反壟斷聽證會。會上,F(xiàn)acebook和亞馬遜兩家公司都受到了嚴苛的指控,稱它們在壯大自己的商業(yè)帝國時咄咄逼人,各種不正當競爭的手段也是無所不用其極——而這兩家公司也不得不花費大量時間為自己辯護。

這場長達五個半小時的線上聽證會由美國司法部下屬的反壟斷委員會主持,國會議員們在此有機會對一些科技巨頭公司的CEO提出質(zhì)疑——包括蘋果公司CEO蒂姆?庫克、亞馬遜的CEO杰夫?貝佐斯、Facebook的CEO馬克?扎克伯格和谷歌母公司Alphabet的CEO桑達爾?皮查伊。利用這個機會,議員們對四家科技巨頭公司提出了深刻問詢,而其中針對Facebook和亞馬遜的反壟斷指控最為強烈——議員們稱這兩家公司的所作所為“最令人發(fā)指”。

國會議員們尖銳地抨擊了亞馬遜對第三方賣家的欺壓行為,稱其做法和“毒販”并無二致。Facebook也受到了類似的指控:委員會拿出了該公司此前在Instagram收購案中的相關(guān)材料,稱Facebook為達成收購Instagram的目的,展開了“破壞性的攻勢”,頗具“數(shù)字圈地”的色彩,以鞏固其市場霸主的地位。

盡管扎克伯格不同意這些針對Facebook公司及其做法的指控,但他實際上也暗中承認,將競爭對手的創(chuàng)意挪用到自己的產(chǎn)品開發(fā)中,的確是Facebook的慣常做法。

扎克伯格說:“我們確實會適當借鑒他人的點子,并將其引入到我們自己的產(chǎn)品中。”

相比之下,蘋果公司在聽證會中沒有招致太多火力,得以毫發(fā)無損地全身而退。至于谷歌,盡管國會也提到其通過“竊取信息”(包括Yelp評論)遏制小企業(yè)的問題,但大多數(shù)的質(zhì)疑還是來自谷歌與中美兩國政府的合作、數(shù)據(jù)隱私等相關(guān)問題。

在這次反壟斷聽證會上,這四位全球科技巨頭的CEO首次共同出席國會作證——這也是亞馬遜CEO貝佐斯第一次出席此類場合。同樣的場面,在聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會和司法部繼續(xù)對四家公司進行反壟斷調(diào)查時也曾上演。這些科技巨頭如今面臨著監(jiān)管機構(gòu)和用戶日益嚴格的監(jiān)督——它們收集了用戶多少數(shù)據(jù)信息?這些信息將被用在何處?它們的權(quán)力膨脹到了何種地步?這些問題都讓人們產(chǎn)生了深深的憂慮。

華盛頓第七國會區(qū)的民主黨眾議員代表普拉米拉?賈亞帕爾談到,F(xiàn)acebook此前以不光彩的手段收購了Instagram,如今又試圖故技重施,收購SnapChat。她指責(zé)這家社交媒體巨頭在收購談判中竊取了對手的產(chǎn)品。而當扎克伯格說他并不記得對競爭對手施加過任何威脅時,賈亞帕爾提醒他想一想自己出庭前的宣誓,并表示委員會已經(jīng)收到了相關(guān)電子郵件證據(jù),暗示扎克伯格,事件的真相可能恰恰和他聲稱的相反。

當國會提到他們有電郵證據(jù)揭露Instagram收購案的真相時,扎克伯格說:“我不同意對‘竊取對手創(chuàng)意’之類的定性——顯然,我們本來也有意在Instagram主打的[移動端照片類社交軟件]領(lǐng)域展開競爭。”

與此同時,賓夕法尼亞州第五區(qū)的民主黨眾議員代表瑪麗?斯坎倫則對亞馬遜提出質(zhì)疑,稱其為收購競爭對手Diapers.com而采取的計劃太具有“侵略性”。她質(zhì)問亞馬遜CEO貝佐斯在為何在收購中暫時下調(diào)價格,從而讓Diapers.com毫無招架之力。而后收購?fù)瓿蓵r,又再度推高了價格。

貝佐斯則回應(yīng)道:“我一點也不記得,我們給出的價格一直很有競爭力。”

國會議員們還擔(dān)憂,亞馬遜是否正在通過內(nèi)部渠道獲取第三方賣家的數(shù)據(jù),以建立自己的產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈,來與這些品牌展開競爭。盡管根據(jù)亞馬遜的政策,該平臺不得查看私人賣家的數(shù)據(jù),但事實上,它仍然保留了對這些數(shù)據(jù)進行匯總分析的權(quán)限。

“我不能保證這一政策從未被違反過。”貝佐斯說,“我們會對此事介入調(diào)查,暫時不能妄下判斷。”

而來自佐治亞州第六選區(qū)的民主黨代表露西?麥巴斯則播放了一段錄音。錄音中,一家銷量頗高的亞馬遜馳名私營書商表示,自己的店鋪被亞馬遜官方無故撤下了平臺,此后書店所提交的申訴請求,包括直接投遞給貝佐斯的那些,都沒有得到過回應(yīng)。

“我們并沒有違反平臺的任何規(guī)定。”書店老板在錄音中哀求道,“我們店一共有14個人,大家還要生活下去,求求你們讓我繼續(xù)正常經(jīng)營吧。”

雖然本次聽證會尚未提及往后具體的監(jiān)管措施,但毋庸置疑的是,美國國會正在為科技巨頭公司的壟斷問題而擔(dān)憂。紐約州民主黨代表杰羅爾德?納德勒認為,在一個民主社會中,出現(xiàn)過度集中的權(quán)力是非常危險的,這四家科技公司尤其需要被密切關(guān)注。

然而,威斯康星州第五選區(qū)共和黨代表吉姆?森森布倫納認為,比起修改反壟斷法,國家更應(yīng)該把重心放在現(xiàn)有法律的執(zhí)行上面。“國會應(yīng)該挑選出合適的‘贏家’與‘輸家’,這一點我們總做不好。”他指出:“我們不需要修改反壟斷法,我已經(jīng)得出了結(jié)論。”

另一方面,特朗普表示,如果國會在本次聽證會后不采取具體的行動,他將會親自介入。“他們早該干預(yù)了,如果國會還是不能監(jiān)管這些大型科技公司,我就會頒布行政命令來親自執(zhí)行。”特朗普于本周三聽證會開始前在推特上寫道,“多年來,他們在華盛頓一直只說不做,美國人民已經(jīng)聽膩了!”

國會兩黨在這個問題上的側(cè)重點也不盡相同,這么多年來一直在“科技公司是否未被監(jiān)管”、“是否要修改法律”上爭論不休。民主黨人最關(guān)注的是科技公司的權(quán)力及隱私保護問題,而共和黨人更加關(guān)心各大平臺是否壓制了那些保守派的觀點。

縱觀整場會議,很多國會議員都借此機會強調(diào)和“個人利益”這個話題相關(guān)的內(nèi)容,即便這些問題本身與反壟斷法無關(guān),“數(shù)據(jù)隱私”、“內(nèi)容適度”、“政治偏見”這些關(guān)鍵詞被反復(fù)提及。亞馬遜CEO貝佐斯甚至認為社交媒會傷害到國家民主,“社交媒體是一個微妙的、具有毀滅性的機器。”他說。

事實上,四位CEO都堅持表示自己公司的服務(wù)與產(chǎn)品能讓消費者獲益。同時,他們也聊到了當下激烈的競爭環(huán)境。談及企業(yè)的對手時,貝佐斯提到了沃爾瑪、塔吉特和開市客的名字,而扎克伯格則將TikTok、蘋果、谷歌這些社交媒體及信息服務(wù)平臺納入了名單。

“根據(jù)我對法律的理解,不能只因為一個公司大,就說它不好。”扎克伯格在會議前的發(fā)言中說道,“很多大公司沒有競爭意識,所以它們倒閉了。”

美國眾議院附屬委員會主席及羅德島州民主黨代表大衛(wèi)?塞西林表示,該委員會將在聽證會結(jié)束后發(fā)布一份具體的調(diào)查報告,并制定適當?shù)慕鉀Q方案。

“這類大型企業(yè)都是巨大的壟斷勢力,有些需要被拆解,有些需要被適當監(jiān)管。”塞西林說道。(財富中文網(wǎng))

編譯:陳怡軒、陳聰聰

Facebook and Amazon spent much of Wednesday’s congressional antitrust hearing about Big Tech trying to defend accusations that they have participated in aggressive and unfair practices while growing their massive empires.

The five-and-half-hour virtual hearing, hosted by the House Judiciary antitrust subcommittee, gave Congress members the chance to question Apple CEO Tim Cook, Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg, and Sundar Pichai, CEO of Google’s parent company Alphabet. While Congress members used the opportunity to dig into all four companies, Facebook and Amazon ultimately faced some of the most damning antitrust allegations.

Congress said competitors referred to Amazon as a drug dealer that bullies third-party sellers. And the subcommittee brought up former statements in which Facebook was referred to as going into “destroy mode” amid its attempts to buy Instagram and was characterized as being on a “digital land grab” to maintain its market dominance.

While Zuckerberg disagreed with the description of his company and its practices, he did suggest that Facebook regularly works on products that are inspired by his competitors.

“We've certainly adapted features that others have led in,” Zuckerberg said.

Apple walked away relatively unscathed. Though Congress did address Google stifling small businesses by "stealing" information, including Yelp reviews, Google mostly fielded questions about issues like its work with the U.S. and Chinese governments and data privacy

The antitrust hearing was the first time the four CEOs of some of the largest global tech companies testified before Congress at the same time—and a first for Bezos. It also occurred as the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice continue their antitrust investigations into the four companies. The tech companies have faced rising global scrutiny from regulators and users who are concerned with the amount of data these companies collect, how they manage that data, and their growing power.

U.S. Rep. Pramila Jayapal, a Democrat representing Washington’s 7th congressional district, addressed how Facebook handled its purchase of Instagram and its attempt to buy SnapChat. She accused the social media giant of cloning competitors’ products amid acquisition negotiations with the company. When Zuckerberg said he could not recall any threats to competitors, Jayapal reminded him he was under oath and that the subcommittee had emails suggesting otherwise.

“I want to respectively disagree with the characterization,” Zuckerberg said in reference to emails about Instagram. “It was clear this [mobile cameras] was a space we were going to compete in.”

Meanwhile, Rep. Mary Scanlon, a Democrat who represents Pennsylvania’s 5th district, addressed Amazon’s “aggressive” plan to win over competitor Diapers.com. She questioned Bezos about why the company temporarily slashed prices, making it impossible for Diapers.com to compete. Then when Amazon completed the purchase, the company drove the price up, Scanlon said.

“I don't remember that at all,” Bezos said in response. “We match competitive prices.”

Congress members also expressed concern over whether Amazon is accessing third-party seller data in order to build its own product lines to compete with those brands. Amazon has a policy against viewing individual sellers' data, though it does analyze the data in aggregate.

“I can’t guarantee that policy has never been violated,” Bezos said. “We continue to look into that. We’re not sure we’ve gotten to the bottom of that.”

At one point, Lucy McBath, a Democratic representative from Georgia’s 6th district, played a recording of a top Amazon bookseller who claimed her competing business had been removed from Amazon’s marketplace without reason—and none of her requests for assistance, including those directly to Bezos, were answered.

“We followed all the rules,” the bookseller said in the recording. “There are 14 lives at stake. Please, please, please help us get back on track.”

And while the hearing didn’t point to any specific regulatory action that may follow, it did show that across the aisle, Congress is concerned with the compounding issues related to the tech companies. Jerrold Nadler, a Democrat representing New York, suggested that the concentration of power is dangerous to a Democratic society, and that four tech companies, in particular, deserved a closer look.

But Jim Sensenbrenner, a Republican representing Wisconsin's 5th district, indicated that Congress needed to focus on enforcement of antitrust laws versus altering them. “Congress does a poor job of picking winners and losers,” he said. “I have reached the conclusion we do not need to change our antitrust laws.”

If Congress doesn’t act following the hearing, President Donald Trump has said he intends to step in. “If Congress doesn’t bring fairness to Big Tech, which they should have done years ago, I will do it myself with Executive Orders,” he tweeted prior to the hearing on Wednesday. “In Washington, it has been ALL TALK and NO ACTION for years, and the people of our Country are sick and tired of it!”

Congress members in both parties have been arguing that Big Tech has largely been unregulated and that new laws need to be put in place to rein them in. Democrats have been mostly concerned with the companies’ power and their access to people’s personal data, while Republicans have been concerned with issues like suppressing conservative views across the tech platforms.

As expected, many Congress members took the opportunity to hammer home issues of personal interest, even if they weren’t related to antitrust concerns. Data privacy, content moderation, and political bias were common topics of discussion. Bezos also took the opportunity say, “social media is a nuanced destruction machine,” and is a harm to democracy.

Meanwhile, the four CEOs tried to show that their products and services help consumers, and that they all face competition from numerous other companies. For example, Bezos referred to Walmart, Target, and Costco as primary competitors to Amazon. And Zuckerberg listed companies including TikTok, Apple, and Google, which provide competing social media and messaging services.

“As I understand our laws, companies aren’t bad just because they are big,” Zuckerberg said in his prepared remarks that were released ahead of the hearing. “Many large companies that fail to compete cease to exist.”

Rep. David Cecilline, chair of the subcommittee and a Democratic congressman representing Rhode Island, ended the hearing with next steps. The subcommittee is expected to publish a report with the findings of their investigation and proposed solutions.

“These companies that exist today have monopoly power," he said. "Some need to be broken up, all need to be properly regulated.”

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