最近,一項新的民意調查顯示，在美國“嬰兒潮”時代出生的人里，有40%在同一家單位工作了20年以上。但他們的兒孫輩則不太可能在同一家公司干這么久了。

此次民調由美聯(lián)社（Associated Press）和NORC公共事務研究中心聯(lián)合開展，共訪問了1000余名50歲以上的美國中老年人。結果顯示，41%的受訪者已經在同一家公司工作了20年以上，其中還有18%的受訪者甚至在同一家公司至少工作了30年。

不過即便是對于“嬰兒潮”一代來說，這種趨勢也是有年齡分層的，一般年齡越大者，在同一家公司里工作的時間就越長。而傳統(tǒng)的養(yǎng)老金體系似乎也是讓他們不愿挪窩的主要原因之一。

研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，在這些至少在同一家公司干了20年的人中，至少有半數(shù)都對退休感到非常興奮，但其中也有三分之一的人對退休后的生活感到焦慮。

這個星期四，61歲的大衛(wèi)?麥奎因就要光榮退休了。他已經在一家名叫MiTek的建筑工程公司工作了30年。他的公司位于圣路易斯的郊區(qū)。他表示，他并非沒有動過跳槽的念頭，但他很喜歡自己的同事，也舍不得自己辛辛苦苦才熬到的公司高層職務，況且他還拿到了公司的股權。

“我很早就開始工作了，而且我這一輩子都是急急忙忙的。而我現(xiàn)在急著去做的，就是早點過上不急急忙忙的日子?！?/p>

麥奎因的例子也代表了很多“嬰兒潮”一代人的人生軌跡，他們比后來的幾代人對單位有著更深的感情。不過在這些中老年人中，也依然是有年齡分層的：在65歲及以上者中，有半數(shù)在同一家單位工作了20年以上；而在50到64歲者之中，只有三分之一的人在同一家單位干滿了20年。

之所以會有這種區(qū)別，或許與工作態(tài)度的關系并不大，而更主要是由于職務和福利的變化。

調查顯示，在那些在同一家公司干了20年以上的人中，大約有三分之二能夠拿到養(yǎng)老金。而對于那些從沒在同一家公司干過那么長時間的人來說，他們之中只有三分之一的人拿到了養(yǎng)老金。

這種“鐵飯碗”式的養(yǎng)老金福利計劃如今正在緩慢消失。來自美國勞工統(tǒng)計局（The Bureau of Labor Statistics）的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2011年，能夠享受此類養(yǎng)老金計劃的私營企業(yè)員工僅有18%，比起90年代早期的35%幾乎下降了一半。目前在美國企業(yè)中更常見的，是401(k)之類的養(yǎng)老金計劃，因為這一類的養(yǎng)老金計劃更便于人員在企業(yè)間的流動。

美國勞工統(tǒng)計局的數(shù)據(jù)還表明，員工的年紀越大，一般在同一家公司工作的時間就越長。比如美國勞工統(tǒng)計局2014年1月的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，對于45到54歲的人群，他們在一家公司平均效力的時間為7.9年；而對于55到54歲的人群，在一家公司平均效力的時間則為10.4年。

麻省理工學院（Massachusetts Institute of Technology）老年研究中心（AgeLab）主任喬伊?科夫林指出：“看看人們現(xiàn)在擁有多少不同的選擇。我是說，五年前，誰聽說過社交媒體分析師這份工作？”

科夫林認為，勞動力市場人才流失率的升高，意味著企業(yè)必須更加努力地雇傭和挽留他們所需要的人才，而這就會形成杠桿。

“而‘千禧一代’會本能地以另一種角度看問題。他們曾親眼見到父母被這些大企業(yè)裁員，所以他們對大企業(yè)的信任程度也比較低。”

克里斯蒂娜?格雷羅上世紀80年代中期曾在奧斯汀的布拉肯里奇醫(yī)院（Brackenridge Hospita）當過護工，后來在該院申請了一份臨床助理的工作。

她的這份工作干了17年，后來她跳槽到了附近的一家兒童醫(yī)院。據(jù)她回憶，當時她之所以做出跳槽的決定，是因為把兒童抱到病床上要比移動成人更容易些，對腰部的壓力更小。

格雷羅今年已經61歲了，她說：“我也曾想過找份其他的工作。但是那時候，幾乎每家醫(yī)院都要求我必須先回學校念書，至少要拿到GED文憑（大致相當于高中畢業(yè)證）。所以這也是我一直沒換工作的一個主要原因?！?/p>

據(jù)美聯(lián)社和NORC公共事務研究中心的這份調查顯示，“嬰兒潮”一代人中的相對年輕者，在過去五年里更傾向于回到學校再讀讀書。在50到64歲中的人中，這種比例高達30%；而在65歲以上的人中，則只有19%。

其中，大多數(shù)人都是為了接受額外的培訓，原因要么是因為公司要求，要么是因為他們想學習一些新鮮或有趣的知識。只有17%表示他們之所以去接受培訓，是想開始一份新的事業(yè)。

今年65歲的喬伊?亞伯拉罕在福特汽車公司（Ford Motor Co）干了36年的法務工作，他表示，他可以肯定地說，他在這三十多年里也“躲過了不少子彈?！?/p>

亞伯拉罕現(xiàn)在已經退休了。他表示，考慮到他從福特獲得的加薪和福利，換工作顯然是不值得的。另外，他也很喜歡他的同事。（財富中文網）

譯者：樸成奎

A new poll says more than 40% of America’s baby boomers stayed with their employer for more than 20 years. But it’s unlikely that their children or grandchildren will experience the same job tenure.

The survey of more than 1,000 Americans 50 and older by the Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research shows that 41% of those employed workers have spent two decades with the same company, including 18% who’ve stayed at least 30 years.

But it’s a trend more common among the older baby boomers than younger ones, and traditional pensions appear to be one of the driving factors.

Among those who have had at least 20 years with a single employer, the survey found that about half are excited about retirement, but a third are anxious about their post-work lives.

David McQuinn, 61, is retiring Tuesday after 30 years with MiTek, a construction and engineering firm in suburban St. Louis. He says there were times he thought about leaving but he liked his co-workers and his senior position and also owned stock in the company.

“I started working young and I’ve been a man in a hurry my whole life,” he says, “and now I’m in a hurry to not be in a hurry.”

His experience exemplifies a trait among boomers: more attachment to the company than the younger generations. But even among older Americans there’s a gap in employment tenure: Half of those aged 65 and up but only a third of those age 50 to 64 have stayed with the same employer for at least two decades.

The shift may be less about differences in attitude than changes in jobs—and benefits.

About two-thirds of those who stayed with one employer for 20 or more years had a pension, according to the survey, compared with only a third of those who had never stayed that long with one employer.

Those defined benefit pension plans are slowly disappearing. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that only 18% of private workers were covered by these plans in 2011, down from 35% in the early 1990s. More common now are plans like 401(k)s, which are more portable from one employer to another.

The agency has reported that a larger proportion of older workers than younger workers had more tenure on the job. For example it said, in January 2014, the average tenure with the current employer was 7.9 years for people 45 to 54, compared to 10.4 years for those 55 to 64.

“Think of all the choices people have today. I mean, who ever heard of a social-media analyst five years ago?” says Joe Coughlin, the director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s AgeLab.

Coughlin says higher churn in the labor market also means companies will have to work harder to hire and retain the workers they need, and this creates leverage.

“Millennials think this way instinctively,” he said. “They’ve seen their parents laid off by these large corporations, so there is less trust.”

Christina Guerrero worked in the mid-1980s as a housekeeper at Austin’s Brackenridge Hospital before applying for and getting a job as a clinical assistant.

She kept that job for 17 years, before moving to a neighboring children’s hospital. Lifting children into hospital beds, she recalls, was easier on her back then moving adults.

“I thought about looking for other jobs, but almost any hospital these days would require me to go back to school to finish my GED, so that was a big reason for staying put,” says Guerrero, now 61.

According to the AP-NORC survey, younger baby boomers were much more likely to have gone back to school in the past five years: 30% of those age 50-64, compared to 19% of those 65 and older.

Most went for additional training because their employer required it or they wanted to learn something new or fun. Only 17% said they received training to start a new career.

Joe Abraham, 65, says he’s sure he “dodged a few bullets along the way” during his 36-year career as an attorney at Ford Motor Co.

Now retired, he says the raises and benefits he got from Ford were not worth giving up for something else. Plus, he just liked his colleagues.