????對(duì)于美國(guó)無(wú)業(yè)青年?duì)顩r的報(bào)道經(jīng)常見(jiàn)諸報(bào)端，但7月份關(guān)于就業(yè)市場(chǎng)健康狀況的報(bào)告，卻讓我們對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的規(guī)模有了新的認(rèn)識(shí)。

????有經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為，年輕人失業(yè)狀況并沒(méi)有人們描寫(xiě)的那么糟糕，因?yàn)樵S多在校生要么是自謀職業(yè)，要么就是還沒(méi)有開(kāi)始求職，因此不能算入勞動(dòng)力當(dāng)中。今年7月份的一份報(bào)告讓我們更清晰地了解到如今年輕人所面臨的問(wèn)題——大多數(shù)年輕人都臨時(shí)離開(kāi)學(xué)校，開(kāi)始求職。

????經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條期間，16至24歲既未上學(xué)、也沒(méi)有全職工作的年輕人比例有所減少。與其他年齡段不同，這種減少的趨勢(shì)并未加強(qiáng)：7月，36%的年輕人擁有全職工作，相比經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)之前2007年同期減少了10%。當(dāng)然，在七月份，年輕人紛紛開(kāi)始暑期實(shí)習(xí)，因此統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)中反映了從事帶薪實(shí)習(xí)的年輕人，和從事無(wú)薪實(shí)習(xí)但有兼職工作的年輕人。

????進(jìn)步政策研究所（Progressive Policy Institute）研究年輕人失業(yè)問(wèn)題的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家戴安娜?卡魯說(shuō)：“他們沒(méi)有上學(xué)，那他們到底在干什么？”她指出，7月份的就業(yè)報(bào)告顯示，16至24歲未上學(xué)的無(wú)業(yè)者比例為17.1%，而六年前僅有11%。而且，個(gè)別年齡段的工人因?yàn)榧磳⑼诵荻辉俦挥?jì)入勞動(dòng)力當(dāng)中，而大量年輕人此時(shí)放棄求職的狀況尤為令人不安：7月份，840萬(wàn)名16至24歲的年輕人停止求職，而一年前的這一數(shù)字只有680萬(wàn)。

????不論經(jīng)濟(jì)創(chuàng)造就業(yè)崗位的速度有多緩慢，這么多年輕人，尤其是沒(méi)有上學(xué)的年輕人，生活依然如此艱難，這確實(shí)令人非常吃驚。7月份新增就業(yè)崗位主要集中在零售、酒店和酒吧。而這些自然不是薪酬最高的崗位，但它們所需要的技能更低，肯定能吸引那些受教育水平較低的年輕人。原因或許在于卡魯所謂的“大擠壓”，即由于缺乏要求中等技術(shù)水平的崗位，迫使許多工人接受薪酬更少、技術(shù)要求更低的工作，結(jié)果把教育水平和經(jīng)驗(yàn)更少的年輕人擠出了就業(yè)市場(chǎng)。

????這種趨勢(shì)產(chǎn)生了連鎖效應(yīng)。任何人失業(yè)都會(huì)非常困難，但對(duì)于剛剛起步的年輕人，一旦失業(yè)，他們的狀況將格外艱難；無(wú)論從哪個(gè)方面來(lái)說(shuō)，他們的狀況或許最為嚴(yán)峻。調(diào)查顯示，由于年輕人之前的經(jīng)歷，再加上錯(cuò)過(guò)了發(fā)展技能的機(jī)會(huì)，因此失業(yè)的年輕人在失業(yè)之后的許多年里，他們的收入也會(huì)相對(duì)較低。據(jù)美國(guó)進(jìn)步中心（ Center for American Progress）四月份的一份報(bào)告估計(jì)，在經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退最嚴(yán)重的時(shí)期經(jīng)歷過(guò)長(zhǎng)期失業(yè)的年輕人，未來(lái)十年的收入會(huì)減少超過(guò)200億美元，相當(dāng)于人均22,000美元。

????而這種情況會(huì)對(duì)美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)造成深遠(yuǎn)的影響，我們?cè)趶淖》康狡?chē)銷(xiāo)售的各行各業(yè)都看到過(guò)這一點(diǎn)。如果有人質(zhì)疑經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)速度為何跟不上就業(yè)增長(zhǎng)速度，認(rèn)真研究一下美國(guó)年輕人或許會(huì)有所幫助。（財(cái)富中文網(wǎng)）

????譯者: 劉進(jìn)龍/汪皓

????What it is to be young and unemployed in America has been widely reported, but July's report on the health of the jobs market offers a new snapshot of the scale of the problem.

????Some economists have argued youth unemployment isn't as bad as it's made out to be, since many enrolled in school or college are neither employed nor looking for a job and therefore aren't counted as part of the workforce. Of all other months, July provides one of the more accurate pictures of what young people face today -- it's a time when most are taking a break from school and looking for work.

????During the Great Recession, the share of 16- to 24-year-olds who were neither enrolled in school nor working full-time fell. Unlike the rest of the population, the decline hasn't improved much: In July, 36% of young people worked full-time, 10% less than the same month in 2007 before the economic downturn. To be sure, July is a time when young people have taken on summer internships, and so the statistics reflect those with paid internships, as well as those with unpaid internship but have taken part-time jobs.

????"They're not in school, so what are they doing?" says Diana Carew, economist at Progressive Policy Institute, who studies youth unemployment. She points out that July's jobs report shows that the share of unemployed 16- to 24-year-olds not in school stood at 17.1%, compared with 11% six years ago. And while workers in general have been leaving the labor force, partly because they're aging into retirement, it's especially worrisome when young people drop out: In July, 8.4 million 16- to 24-year-olds stopped looking for work altogether, a rise from 6.8 million a year earlier.

????However slowly the economy has been creating jobs, it's still surprising why so many young people, particularly those who aren't in school, are still having a tough time. The bulk of jobs created in July were in retail, restaurants, and bars. These certainly aren't the highest-paying gigs, but they demand fewer skills and would naturally attract those with less education. What's played out is what Carew calls "The Great Squeeze," where the dearth of middle-skilled jobs have forced many workers to settle for whatever they can get, taking lower-skilled jobs for less pay and therefore squeezing those with less education and experience out of the workforce.

????The trend has ripple effects. It's hard for most anyone to be out of work, but it's particularly harsh for young people trying to get their start; in many ways, they will likely suffer the most. Factoring in foregone experience and missed opportunities to develop skills, research shows that workers unemployed as young adults earn lower wages for many years following joblessness. It has been estimated that those who experience long-term unemployment during the worst of the recession will lose more than $20 billion in earnings over the next decade, which translates to $22,000 per person, according to an April report by the Center for American Progress.

????And all this has wide-ranging implications for the economy, as we've seen in everything from home to car sales. If anyone wonders why the economy isn't growing as fast as the pace of jobs growth, it might help to give America's young people a closer look.