????相比其他大多數(shù)工業(yè)化國家的雇員，美國人工作時間更長，假期更短，退休更晚，因此很多美國人成為了職業(yè)倦怠的高發(fā)人群。職業(yè)倦怠是指長期工作壓力造成的身心疲憊。

????以色列特拉維夫大學(xué)（Tel Aviv University）商學(xué)院和醫(yī)學(xué)院的研究人員展開合作，試圖弄清楚職業(yè)倦怠和心臟病之間有無關(guān)聯(lián)。結(jié)果，他們有了驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)：壓力大的員工患心臟病的幾率比壓力小的員工高出79%。

????領(lǐng)導(dǎo)這項研究的沙龍?托克說：“這個發(fā)現(xiàn)令人震驚，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了我們的預(yù)料。”這項研究成果發(fā)表在《心身醫(yī)學(xué)》（Psychosomatic Medicine）雜志上。研究結(jié)果顯示，職業(yè)倦怠是“非常強(qiáng)烈的冠心病指標(biāo)，超過了其他的已知風(fēng)險因素，包括血脂水平、身體活動和吸煙等”。

????“造成職業(yè)倦怠的某些因素在職場中很常見，包括壓力大、工作重、缺乏對工作進(jìn)展的控制、缺乏情緒支持和工作時間長，”她說。“這些東西會導(dǎo)致筋疲力竭，最終損害身體健康。”

????先前的研究已經(jīng)表明，職業(yè)倦怠會導(dǎo)致很多健康問題，包括肥胖、失眠和焦慮等。在這項研究中，為了分析職業(yè)倦怠是否與冠心病（也就是冠狀動脈斑塊積聚導(dǎo)致心絞痛和心臟病發(fā)作）有關(guān)，研究人員對“看起來健康”的8,838名男女雇員進(jìn)行了為期三年半的跟蹤調(diào)查，衡量了每個參與者的“倦怠水平”，還檢查了他們的心臟病癥狀。這項研究同時還考慮了其他的風(fēng)險因素，例如性別、年齡、心臟病家族史和吸煙與否等。

????“跟蹤調(diào)查期間，93個新的冠心病病例得到確診，”研究報告寫道。“職業(yè)倦怠使患病風(fēng)險提高了40%……倦怠水平最高的那20%參與者的患病風(fēng)險更是高出了79%。”

????“這些研究結(jié)果對預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)很有價值，”托克指出。“如果醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)知道他們的病人承受著很大的工作壓力，他們可以仔細(xì)監(jiān)測病人是否有冠心病癥狀。”

????睿仕管理顧問公司（Right Management）最近進(jìn)行的調(diào)查顯示，92%的受訪員工在過去五年里的工作壓力大于經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退之前。怎么才能知道他們是否患上了職業(yè)倦怠？特拉維夫大學(xué)的這項研究讓參與者用“從不”、“有時”、“經(jīng)常”或“總是”來回答以下這五個問題：

????1. 早晨上班時你是否覺得疲倦和無精打采嗎？

????2. 你是否覺得精疲力竭，就好像電池沒電了？

????3. 你的思維是否緩慢，或者注意力不集中？

????4. 你是否難以認(rèn)真思考工作中的復(fù)雜問題？

????5. 你是否覺得在感情上跟同事或客戶很疏離，無法回應(yīng)他們的需求？

????如果“經(jīng)常”或“總是”的回答高于兩次，就是個危險的信號。托克指出，經(jīng)過時間驗證的減壓方法可以提供幫助，比如加強(qiáng)鍛煉、增加睡眠等。但是，換份工作或許更管用。（財富中文網(wǎng)）

????譯者：千牛絮

????Americans work longer hours, take fewer vacations, and retire later than employees in most other industrialized countries, so it figures that many of us are prime candidates for job burnout -- the physical and cognitive exhaustion that comes from too much stress at work over a long period of time.

????Even so, when researchers at the business and medical schools at Tel Aviv University teamed up to see if they could find a link between job burnout and heart disease, they got a surprise: The most disenchanted employees developed heart problems at a 79% higher rate than their less-stressed peers.

????"This is alarming and much more extreme than we expected," says Sharon Toker, who led the study, which was published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine. The findings suggest that job burnout is "a stronger predictor of coronary heart disease than many other known risk factors, including blood lipid levels, physical activity, and smoking.

????"Some of the factors that contribute to burnout are common experiences in the workplace, including high stress, a heavy workload, a lack of control over job situations, a lack of emotional support, and long work hours," she adds. "These things lead to wear and tear, which will eventually weaken the body."

????Earlier research had shown that job burnout can lead to a range of health problems, including obesity, insomnia, and anxiety. For this study, to analyze whether staying too long in a job that makes you miserable could be connected to developing coronary heart disease (CHD) -- the buildup of plaque in the arteries that causes angina and heart attacks -- researchers tracked a population of 8,838 "apparently healthy" employed men and women for three-and-a-half years. Each participant was "measured for burnout levels" and examined for symptoms of heart disease. The study controlled for other risk factors such as sex, age, family history of heart disease, and smoking.

????"During the follow-up period, 93 new cases of CHD were identified," the report says. "Burnout was associated with a 40% increased risk ... But the 20% of participants with the highest burnout scores had a 79% increased risk."

????"These results are valuable for preventive medicine," Toker notes. "Health care providers who know that their patients are experiencing high levels of stress at work can monitor them closely for signs of coronary heart disease as well."

????Let's say that you -- like 92% of employees surveyed in a recent poll from consultant Right Management -- have been more stressed out at work over the past five years than you were before the recession. How can you tell whether you're headed for a serious case of burnout? The Tel Aviv University study posed these five questions, asking participants to answer with "never," "sometimes," "often," or "always":

????1. How often are you tired and lacking energy to go to work in the morning?

????2. How often do you feel physically drained, as if your batteries were dead?

????3. How often is your thinking process sluggish or your concentration impaired?

????4. How often do you struggle to think over complex problems at work?

????5. How often do you feel emotionally detached from coworkers or customers, and unable to respond to their needs?

????Two or more responses of "often" or "always" are a red flag. Toker notes that time-tested stress reducers like exercise and more sleep could help. Looking for a different job might help even more.